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Elementary-Particle Physics: Revealing the Secrets of Energy and Matter [Paperback / softback]

  • Format: Paperback / softback, 192 pages, height x width: 229x152 mm
  • Pub. Date: 01-May-1998
  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309060370
  • ISBN-13: 9780309060370
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  • Format: Paperback / softback, 192 pages, height x width: 229x152 mm
  • Pub. Date: 01-May-1998
  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN-10: 0309060370
  • ISBN-13: 9780309060370
Other books in subject:
Part of the Physics in a New Era series of assessments of the various branches of the field, Elementary-Particle Physics reviews progress in the field over the past 10 years and recommends actions needed to address the key questions that remain unanswered. It explains in simple terms the present picture of how matter is constructed. As physicists have probed ever deeper into the structure of matter, they have begun to explore one of the most fundamental questions that one can ask about the universe: What gives matter its mass? A new international accelerator to be built at the European laboratory CERN will begin to explore some of the mechanisms proposed to give matter its heft. The committee recommends full U.S. participation in this project as well as various other experiments and studies to be carried out now and in the longer term.

Table of Contents



Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 What is Elementary-Particle Physics? 3 Symmetries, Forces, and Particles 4 The Past 25 Years: Establishing the Standard Model 5 The Physics of the Next Decade 6 Accelerators and Detectors: The Tools of Elementary-Particle Physics 7 The Role of New Facilities 8 Accelerator-Detector Technology and Benefits to Society 9 Interactions with and Connections to Other Branches of Physics and Technology 10 Elementary-Particle Physics in Today's Society 11 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
Executive Summary 1(15)
1 Introduction
16(5)
2 What Is Elementary-Particle Physics?
21(12)
Introduction
21(1)
Fundamental Constituents of Matter
22(3)
Earth, Air, Fire, and Water
22(1)
Chemical Elements, the Periodic Table, and Atoms
22(1)
Protons, Neutrons, and the Electron
23(1)
Today's Fundamental Constituents
23(1)
The Neutrino and Leptons
23(1)
Particle "Generations,"
24(1)
Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Particle Accelerators
25(1)
Forces
26(4)
Gravity
27(1)
Electric and Magnetic Forces; Electromagnetism
27(1)
Weak and Strong Forces
28(1)
What "Transmits" Forces?
29(1)
Unification of Forces
30(1)
Laws of Nature
30(1)
Particle Collisions
31(1)
Scattering Experiments
31(1)
Colliders
31(1)
Summary
32(1)
3 Symmetries, Forces, and Particles
33(19)
Introduction
33(1)
Symmetries
34(5)
Symmetries and Particle Physics
35(2)
Local or Gauge Symmetries
37(2)
The Standard Model
39(6)
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
42(1)
Higgs Boson
43(1)
Generation-Changing Interactions
43(2)
Beyond the Standard Model
45(4)
Symmetry Breaking and Supersymmetry
45(2)
Grand Unification
47(1)
Why Are There Three Generations?
48(1)
Physics of the Planck Scale
49(3)
String Theory
50(2)
4 The Past 25 Years: Establishing the Standard Model
52(16)
Introduction
52(1)
The World of Elementary-Particle Physics Circa 1972
52(1)
The Forces
53(6)
The Electroweak Force
53(3)
The Strong Force
56(3)
Constituent Particles
59(4)
Discovery of the Charm Quark
59(1)
Discovery of the Tau Lepton
59(2)
Discovery of the Bottom Quark
61(1)
Discovery of the Top Quark
62(1)
Counting the Number of Generations
63(1)
Particle-Antiparticle Asymmetry
63(2)
Other Studies
65(1)
Measuring the Mass of Neutrinos
65(1)
Searching for Proton Decay
66(1)
Other Physics Beyond the Standard Model
66(1)
Summary
66(2)
5 The Physics of the Next Decade
68(10)
Overview
68(2)
What Is the Origin of Mass?
70(1)
Why Are There Energy Scales that Are So Vastly Different?
71(1)
What Is the Origin of Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry?
72(1)
Patterns of Quark and Lepton Masses and Transitions
73(2)
Understanding the Strong Force
75(1)
Are There Unexpected Phenomena?
76(1)
Summary
77(1)
6 Accelerators and Detectors: The Tools of Elementary-Particle Physics
78(23)
Introduction
78(6)
Particle Accelerators
84(7)
Performance of Existing Accelerators
84(2)
Accelerator Facilities Under Construction
86(2)
Options for Future Facilities
88(3)
Detectors in Elementary-Particle Physics
91(10)
Particle Detection
92(1)
Particle Detector Topologies
93(5)
Challenges for the Next 10 to 20 Years
98(3)
7 The Role of New Facilities
101(9)
Overview
101(1)
The Landscape in 2010
102(2)
Future Colliders
104(4)
The Physics Need
105(1)
Colliders to Address the Physics Need
105(3)
The Next Steps
108(2)
8 Accelerator-Detector Technology and Benefits to Society
110(11)
Introduction
110(1)
The Machine Frontier
111(1)
Synchrotron Radiation: Using X-Ray Light to See the World in Atomic Detail
111(3)
Science and Industry in a Partnership Down to the Wire
114(1)
The Detector Frontier
115(1)
The Computing Frontier and Elementary-Particle Physics
116(3)
Technologies for the Next 20 Years
119(2)
9 Interactions with and Connections to Other Branches of Physics and Technology
121(14)
Introduction
121(1)
Cosmology
121(6)
Dark Matter
122(3)
Structure Formation
125(1)
Baryogenesis and Nucleosynthesis
126(1)
Astrophysics
127(2)
Physics of the Sun
127(1)
Supernovas
127(1)
Cosmic Rays
127(2)
Nuclear Physics
129(1)
Atomic Physics
130(1)
Condensed-Matter Physics
131(2)
Fluid Dynamics
133(1)
Mathematical and Computational Physics
133(2)
10 Elementary-Particle Physics in Today's Society
135(16)
Introduction
135(1)
Historical Background
135(4)
Particle Physics Until World War II (the First 50 Years)
135(1)
Particle Physics After World War II (the Second 50 Years)
136(1)
Impact of the Termination of the Superconducting Super Collider
137(2)
Organizational Structures
139(9)
Universities
140(1)
Laboratories
140(1)
Experimental Collaborations
141(1)
The Advisory System
142(1)
International Cooperation
143(1)
Future Challenges
144(4)
Education in Elementary-Particle Physics
148(3)
Particle Physics Graduate Education
148(1)
Outreach to the Public
149(2)
11 Conclusions and Recommendations
151(10)
Introduction
151(2)
Recommendations for U.S. Elementary-Particle Physics
153(6)
1. Recommendations Concerning the High-Energy Frontier
154(4)
2. Recommendation for Addressing Important Fundamental Physics Problems Below the TeV Mass Scale
158(1)
Conclusion
159(2)
Appendix Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 161
Committee on Elementary-Particle Physics, National Research Council