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E-raamat: Emerging Pathogens at the Poles: Disease and International Trade Law [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Independent scholar, Australia)
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Emerging Pathogens at the Poles: Disease and International Trade LawSuurem pilt
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Emerging Pathogens at the Poles: Disease and International Trade Law explores the applicability and possible complicating issues of the SPS Protocol to the Polar Regions in light of emerging pathogeneses and unknown host and environmental susceptibility and resilience.

It examines the current literature on emerging pathogeneses in the Arctic and Antarctic and the relationship pathogeneses has with human development and movement of goods and people in spreading pathogens in the Polar Regions. Given the endemic nature of the Polar environment and the increasing interest in these regions for tourism and industry, this topic is important to address. The major component of the work is on the relevance of the SPS Protocol and the GATT 1994 Article XX(b) exception on human, animal and plant health as a barrier to trade which is examined in the context of its application to the Arctic and Antarctic. This book is an introduction to the interdisciplinary thinking required, across both science and law, in order to appreciate the significance of global trade barriers in reducing disease transmission and spread.

The spread of pathogens across boundaries has become an important geopolitical issue and the provisions of international trade law may prove decisive in limiting or exacerbating the spread of disease. Academics and students with initial knowledge of the international trade regime, or those with initial studies in health or Polar medicine, will find this cross-over a useful introduction to the complications of food, trade and disease.

Preface x
1 Trading in disease at the poles
1(11)
The animal product in trade
1(1)
1.1 International trade and the SPS protocol
1(2)
1.2 Animals and animal products as tradable products
3(2)
1.2.1 Commodity versus product, animals as goods
3(2)
1.3 Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP): Trade into and out of the Arctic and Antarctic
5(2)
1.3.1 Trade into the Arctic and Antarctic
5(1)
1.3.2 Trade out of the Arctic and Antarctic
6(1)
1.3.3 Trade within the borders
6(1)
1.4 Use of Article 6: Measures for endemic areas
7(5)
2 Emerging pathogeneses at the poles
12(1)
Genetic phylogeny at the poles
13(1)
2.1 Emerging pathogeneses of the Arctic
13(3)
2.1.1 Antigenic variation in situ
14(1)
2.1.2 Virulence factors
15(1)
2.1.3 Animal susceptibility
15(1)
2.1.4 Breaking the Arctic faunal barrier
15(1)
2.2 Emerging pathogens of the Antarctic
16(3)
2.2.1 Antigenic variation in situ
16(1)
2.2.2 Virulence factors
17(1)
2.2.3 Animal susceptibility
18(1)
2.3 Influences on emerging pathogens at the poles: Epidemiology of infectious disease
19(5)
2.3.1 Climate shift
19(2)
2.3.2 Migrating animal species: Carriers, hosts, and vectors
21(1)
2.3.3 Ballast water from ships
22(1)
2.3.4 Fomite transfer and increased human activity
22(1)
2.3.5 Land use change
23(1)
a Failure of harmonisation of food safety standards
23(1)
Zoonoses in the arctic
24(1)
2.4 Zoonoses and the one health concern
24(12)
3 Applying the SPS protocol
36(54)
Setting the standards: food and safety standards for importation and exportation
37(1)
3.1 International legal and policy instruments
37(1)
Standards assessment: naive environment of the poles
38(1)
3.2 Article 6: Endemism in the context of the poles
39(11)
3.2.1 Articles 6.1 and 6.2
42(3)
3.2.2 Article 6.3
45(1)
a Necessary evidence
46(3)
b Likely to remain so
49(1)
3.3 Article 2: The right to restrict trade
50(11)
3.3.1 Article 2.1
50(1)
3.3.2 Article 2.2
51(1)
a To the extent necessary
51(1)
b Based on scientific principles and maintained with sufficient scientific evidence
52(3)
3.3.3 Article 2.2 and Article 5.7
55(1)
3.3.4 Article 2.2 and Articles 5.1, 5.2
56(1)
3.3.5 Article 2.2 and Article 5.6
57(1)
3.3.6 Article 2.3
57(1)
a Not arbitrary or unjustifiably discriminatory
58(1)
b Mexican avocados case
59(1)
3.3.7 Article 2.4: Understanding the exception under GATT Article XX (b)
60(1)
3.4 Article 5: Risk assessment, control and inspection
61(9)
3.4.1 Article 5.1
62(3)
3.4.2 Article 5.2
65(1)
3.4.3 Article 5.3
66(1)
3.4.4 Article 5.4
66(1)
3.4.5 Article 5.5
66(1)
3.4.6 Article 5.6
67(1)
3.4.7 Article 5.7
68(2)
3.4.8 Article 5.8
70(1)
Returning to standard-setting for the endemic poles
70(1)
3.5 A principled approach to technical trade barriers: Using a precautionary approach
70(3)
3.6 Returning to standard setting under the SPS Agreement
73(1)
3.7 Article 3: Using stricter protocols - The problems with scientific evidence, technical knowledge and non-equivalence
74(6)
3.7.1 Article 3.2
76(2)
3.7.2 Article 3.3
78(1)
3.7.3 The issue of delay
79(1)
3.7.4 Regional versus international standards
79(1)
3.8 TBT Agreement
80(1)
3.9 PSI Agreement
81(1)
3.10 Article 4: The problem with equivalence
82(8)
4 Cooperation and governance
90(14)
Global health strategy
90(1)
4.1 Global health governance, infectious disease and sovereignty: Cooperation problems
91(1)
4.2 Who's Responsible? The issue of jurisdiction
92(1)
4.2.1 Governance of the Arctic: Does the SPS have a role?
92(1)
4.2.2 Governance of the Antarctic: Can the SPS have a role?
93(1)
4.3 Surveillance systems for protection against pathogen importation in the Arctic and Antarctic
93(11)
Index 104
Alexandra L. Carleton is a lawyer (BSc LLB LLM) having worked in Sydney, Australia and London, UK, and an independent researcher on matters of law and science as relating to the Arctic and Antarctic. She is a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM), as of December 2020.
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