Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Environmental Risk Assessment: A Toxicological Approach 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Edited by (University of Malaya, Malaysia)
  • Formaat: 520 pages, 68 Tables, black and white; 31 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429286001
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 263,12 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Tavahind: 375,89 €
  • Säästad 30%
Environmental Risk Assessment: A Toxicological Approach 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 520 pages, 68 Tables, black and white; 31 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429286001
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429286001
The purpose of risk assessment is to support science-based decisions about how to solve complex societal problems. Indeed, the problems humankind faces in the 21st century have many social, political, and technical complexities. Environmental risk assessment in particular is of increasing importance as health and safety regulations grow and become more complicated.

Environmental Risk Assessment: A Toxicological Approach, 2nd Edition looks at various factors relating to exposure and toxicity, human health, and risk. In addition to the original chapters being updated and expanded upon, four new chapters discuss current software and platforms that have recently been developed and provide examples of risk characterizations and scenarios.

Features:











Introduces the science of risk assessmentpast, present, and future





Provides environmental sampling data for conducting practice risk assessments





Considers how bias and conflict of interest affect science-based decisions in the 21st century





Includes fully worked examples, case studies, discussion questions, and suggestions for additional reading





Discusses new software and computational platforms that have developed since the first edition

Aimed at the next generation of risk assessors and students who need to know more about developing, conducting, and interpreting risk assessments, the book delivers a comprehensive view of the field, complete with sufficient background to enable readers to probe for themselves the science underlying the key issues in environmental risk.
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Risk Assessment with a Nod to History 1(62)
1.1 Risk Assessment: Does Consistency Achieve the Goal of Fairness?
1(5)
1.1.1 Formaldehyde: A Cautionary Tale
4(1)
1.1.2 A Future Look Back
5(1)
1.2 Knowledge versus Fear: The Precautionary Principle and Unintended Consequences
6(1)
1.3 The History of Environmental Risk Assessment in the United States
7(3)
1.3.1 Risk Assessment under NEPA
7(2)
1.3.2 The Events of the Late 1960s Facilitated the Passage of NEPA
9(1)
1.4 How Much Risk Is Enough?
10(2)
1.5 Risk Assessment Recommendations from the US National Academies of Sciences and Other Government Entities
12(17)
1.5.1 The Environmental Risk Assessment Paradigm as Defined in Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, the National Research Council"s 1983 "Red Book"
12(2)
1.5.2 The Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA"s 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), and Other Guidelines
14(2)
1.5.3 Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment: The National Research Council"s 1994 "Blue Book"
16(4)
1.5.3.1 EPA"s Use of Defaults per the "Blue Book"
16(1)
1.5.3.2 Validation of Models, Methods, and Data
16(2)
1.5.3.3 Information and Data Needs
18(1)
1.5.3.4 Accounting for Uncertainty
19(1)
1.5.3.5 Understanding and Dealing with Variability
19(1)
1.5.3.6 Aggregation of Risks
20(1)
1.5.4 Framework for Environmental Risk Management: The 1997 Federal Commission Report
20(5)
1.5.4.1 Bias and Scientific Misconduct: Another Cautionary Tale
21(1)
1.5.4.2 Realism, Cost, and the Separation of Risk Assessment and Risk Management
22(1)
1.5.4.3 EPA Addresses Variability and Uncertainty
23(1)
1.5.4.4 Compounding Conservatism
24(1)
1.5.5 Circular A-4 from the Office of Management and Budget
25(1)
1.5.6 Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment: The National Research Council"s 2009 "Silver Book"
25(4)
1.5.6.1 Improvements in Problem Formulation
26(1)
1.5.6.2 Replacing Defaults with Data
26(1)
1.5.6.3 Controversies around "Silver Book" Recommendations for Dose-Response Assessment
26(2)
1.5.7 World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO-IPCS) Guidance Document on Evaluating and Expressing Uncertainty in Hazard Characterization
28(1)
1.6 Risk Assessment as Practiced Internationally
29(3)
1.6.1 Will Risk Assessment in China Point the Way for the Developing World?
29(1)
1.6.2 Risk Assessment in the European Union
30(2)
1.6.3 Risk Assessment in Canada
32(1)
1.7 What Happens When Things Go Right
32(4)
1.7.1 The Sangamo-Weston Superfund Site
33(3)
1.7.2 Good Communication Is the Reason Things Go Right
36(1)
1.8 Perception Is Reality: Risk Communication and Stakeholder Participation
36(4)
1.8.1 Public Perception of Hexavalent Chromium: A Cautionary Tale
38(2)
1.8.2 Why the Movie Erin Brockovitch Changed the Public"s View of Chromium
40(1)
1.9 Association versus Causation
40(3)
1.10 Key Concepts in Modern Risk Assessment
43(2)
1.10.1 Mode of Action
43(1)
1.10.2 Point of Departure
43(1)
1.10.3 Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)
44(1)
1.10.4 Biomarker
44(1)
1.10.5 Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE)
44(1)
1.10.6 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling
44(1)
1.10.7 New Approach Methods (NAMs)
45(1)
1.11 Emerging Risks
45(2)
1.11.1 Climate Change
46(1)
1.11.2 Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs)
46(1)
1.12 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
47(1)
1.12.1 The Current Debate about Chemical Safety
47(1)
1.12.2 Risk Assessment History: Robert F. Kennedy"s Speech at the University of Kansas
48(1)
1.12.3 Animal and Human Carcinogens
48(1)
Further Reading
48(1)
References
48(15)
Chapter 2 Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification: All Parts of Risk Assessment 63(50)
2.1 What Is Risk, and How Can We Estimate Risk?
63(5)
2.1.1 Three Types of Risk: Aleatory, Epistemic, and Ontological
64(1)
2.1.2 Risk of Being Struck by Lightning
64(4)
2.1.2.1 Frequentist or Actuarial Risk of Lightning
64(1)
2.1.2.2 Predicted Risk of Lightning: Using a Model
65(2)
2.1.2.3 Perceived Risk of Lightning
67(1)
2.1.2.4 Predicted Risk of Lightning While Swimming in an Indoor Pool
67(1)
2.2 Designing Risk Assessments: Planning and Scoping versus Problem Formulation
68(8)
2.2.1 History of Problem Formulation
69(1)
2.2.2 The Need for Problem Formulation Is Not Limited to Ecological Risk Assessment
70(2)
2.2.3 The Importance of Problem Formulation for All Risk Assessments
72(4)
2.3 Hazard versus Risk
76(6)
2.3.1 What Is Hazard Identification?
77(1)
2.3.2 Uncertainty Classifications Used in Hazard Identification
78(2)
2.3.3 Weight of Evidence
80(2)
2.4 Epidemiologic Studies for Hazard Identification
82(7)
2.4.1 Biomonitoring and the Use of Biomarkers
82(1)
2.4.2 Biomarkers of Exposure and Biomarkers of Effect
83(2)
2.4.3 Historical Reconstruction of Exposure
85(3)
2.4.3.1 False Positives in Epidemiologic Studies
85(1)
2.4.3.2 Quantiles and Statistical Power
86(1)
2.4.3.3 Reverse Causation
87(1)
2.4.4 Example of Hazard Identification from Epidemiology
88(1)
2.5 Animal Bioassays as the Basis for Hazard Identification
89(1)
2.6 In Vitro Testing and Informatics as the Basis for Hazard Identification
90(4)
2.6.1 Toxicity Pathways, Adverse Outcome Pathways, and Mode of Action (MOA)
91(1)
2.6.2 Implementing Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century (TT21C)
92(1)
2.6.3 Can in Vitro Assays Cover All Toxicity Pathways?
92(1)
2.6.4 In Vitro Assays May in Time Be Useful for Hazard Characterization
93(1)
2.6.5 What Do in Vitro Assays Actually Measure, and How Should They Be Used?
93(1)
2.6.6 High-Throughput Exposure for Selecting Chemicals
94(1)
2.7 In Silico Prediction Models as the Basis for Hazard Identification
94(3)
2.7.1 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
95(1)
2.7.2 Read-Across: Using What Is Already Known
96(1)
2.7.3 Integrated Testing and Assessment
96(1)
2.8 Conclusions
97(1)
2.9 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
97(3)
2.9.1 Understanding Statistical Power
97(2)
2.9.2 Discussion of the Differences in Problem Formulation between NATO and the "Silver Book"
99(1)
2.9.3 Exploring QSAR, Part 1
99(1)
2.9.4 Exploring QSAR, Part 2
99(1)
2.9.5 Small World/Large World
99(1)
References
100(13)
Chapter 3 A Risk Analyst"s Toolbox 113(16)
3.1 Proof versus Inference: How Much Is Enough?
113(1)
3.2 Understanding and Communicating Uncertainty
114(1)
3.3 A Bayesian Perspective
115(2)
3.3.1 P-Values versus Larger World Inferences
116(1)
3.3.2 Systematic Review and Data Quality
116(1)
3.4 Value of Information: Just How Much Effort Does the Problem Formulation Support?
117(1)
3.4.1 Expert Elicitation and Structured Peer Review
117(1)
3.5 Computational Tools for a Risk Analyst
118(3)
3.5.1 The R Statistical Computing Language
118(1)
3.5.2 Python
118(1)
3.5.3 Microsoft Excel and Add-Ins
118(1)
3.5.4 EPA"S Benchmark Dose Software
119(1)
3.5.5 PROAST: A BMDS Alternative
119(1)
3.5.6 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling
119(2)
3.5.6.1 History of PBPK Modeling
119(1)
3.5.6.2 Software for PBPK Modeling
120(1)
3.6 Specific Methods and Algorithms
121(3)
3.6.1 Working with Probability Distributions
121(2)
3.6.1.1 The Uniform Distribution
122(1)
3.6.1.2 The Standard Normal Distribution
122(1)
3.6.1.3 The Normal Distribution
122(1)
3.6.1.4 The Lognormal Distribution
122(1)
3.6.1.5 The Weibull Distribution
123(1)
3.6.1.6 Correlations and Dependencies
123(1)
3.6.2 Graphics
123(1)
3.7 Transparency and Communication of Modeling Results
124(1)
3.7.1 Exploration of a Range of Approaches
124(1)
3.7.2 Clarity and Transparency about Methods, Assumptions, and Data
124(1)
3.7.3 Taking Responsibility for the Choices Made
124(1)
Further Reading
125(1)
References
125(4)
Chapter 4 Exposure Assessment 129(62)
4.1 Scenarios and Receptors
129(2)
4.2 Individual and Population Exposure
131(6)
4.2.1 The Concept of Reasonable Maximum Exposure (RME)
132(2)
4.2.2 Matching Exposure Duration to the Adverse Effect
134(1)
4.2.3 Point-of-Contact Exposure
135(1)
4.2.4 Modeling Internal Exposure
135(1)
4.2.5 Biomonitoring and Biomarkers
135(1)
4.2.6 Natural Variation in Internal Exposure: The Problem of Reverse Causation
136(1)
4.3 Probabilistic Exposure Assessment: Frequency Distributions for Exposure Assessment
137(7)
4.3.1 The Lognormal Distribution
138(2)
4.3.2 Utility of the Johnson SB Distribution
140(2)
4.3.3 Other Useful Probability Distributions
142(2)
4.4 Common Sense Thinking about Exposure
144(3)
4.4.1 Common Sense about Variability
144(1)
4.4.2 Common Sense about Uncertainty
145(1)
4.4.3 Compounding Conservatism
146(1)
4.5 The Exposure Concentration Term
147(5)
4.5.1 Exposure Units
147(1)
4.5.2 Random versus Non-Random Exposure
148(1)
4.5.3 Temporal and Spatial Variation in Concentration
148(3)
4.5.3.1 Variation of Concentrations in Soil and Sediment
149(1)
4.5.3.2 Variation of Concentrations in Groundwater
149(1)
4.5.3.3 Variation of Concentrations in Surface Water
150(1)
4.5.3.4 Variation of Concentrations in Fish
150(1)
4.5.3.5 Variation of Air Concentrations
150(1)
4.5.4 How to Estimate the Concentration Term
151(1)
4.6 Incidental Soil Ingestion
152(5)
4.6.1 Mass Balance of Fecal Tracers
153(1)
4.6.2 Microactivity Studies in Children
154(1)
4.6.3 Lead Biokinetic Estimates of Soil/Dust Ingestion
155(1)
4.6.4 Adult Soil Ingestion
156(1)
4.6.5 Pica and Geophagy
157(1)
4.6.6 Recent Work by EPA on Soil Ingestion
157(1)
4.7 Drinking Water Consumption
157(1)
4.8 Dermal Absorption of Chemicals
158(3)
4.8.1 Total and Regional Skin Surface Area
159(1)
4.8.2 Fates of Substances on the Skin
159(1)
4.8.3 Solid Materials Contacting the Skin
159(2)
4.8.3.1 Uncertainty in the Dermal Exposure to Solid Media
160(1)
4.8.4 Dissolved Substances Contacting the Skin
161(1)
4.9 Inhalation Exposure
161(6)
4.9.1 Gases, Vapors, and Particles
163(1)
4.9.2 Time-Averaging of Exposure Concentrations for Inhalation
164(1)
4.9.3 Outdoor Air Modeling
164(1)
4.9.4 Indoor Air Modeling
165(1)
4.9.5 Inhalation Rates
166(1)
4.10 Fish Consumption
167(1)
4.11 The Exposome and Biomonitoring
168(1)
4.12 High-Throughput Exposure Estimation
169(1)
4.13 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
170(2)
4.13.1 Estimating Kp from Experiments with Coal Tar Shampoo
170(1)
4.13.2 Comparison of EPA"s Estimates of Fish Consumption Rates with the Recommended Daily Allowance for Protein
171(1)
4.13.3 Bootstrap Sampling
172(1)
References
172(19)
Chapter 5 Hazard Characterization and Dose-Response Assessment 191(84)
5.1 Mode of Action (MOA)
192(5)
5.1.1 Mode of Action and Cancer
192(2)
5.1.2 Mode of Action versus Mechanism of Action
194(1)
5.1.3 An Example of Mode of Action
195(1)
5.1.4 Applying the Mode of Action Concept
195(2)
5.1.4.1 Mode of Action of Oral Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium
196(1)
5.2 Non-Monotonic Dose Response, Thresholds, and Hormesis
197(1)
5.2.1 What Is Hormesis?
197(1)
5.2.2 Why Non-Monotonic Dose-Response Curves Appear
198(1)
5.3 Mode of Action Human Relevance Framework
198(10)
5.3.1 Counterfactual Identification of Key Events
199(1)
5.3.2 History of Mode of action
199(1)
5.3.3 Mode of Action and the Linear No-Threshold Hypothesis (LNT)
199(1)
5.3.4 MOA in Regulatory Guidance
200(1)
5.3.5 Tools for Understanding MOA
201(1)
5.3.6 Qualitative Concordance of Key Events between Humans and Animals
202(1)
5.3.7 Quantitative Concordance of the MOA between Humans and Animals
202(1)
5.3.8 Understanding MOA in Terms of Timing and Species Concordance
202(2)
5.3.9 Weight of Evidence Considerations
204(1)
5.3.10 Quantitative Dose-Response Modeling and Key Event Relationships
205(2)
5.3.11 MOA and High-Throughput in Vitro Testing
207(1)
5.4 Animal Toxicity Testing: Past and Future
208(3)
5.4.1 Animal Toxicity Tests
208(2)
5.4.1.1 Chronic Bioassays
208(1)
5.4.1.2 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Testing
209(1)
5.4.1.3 Mutation Assays
209(1)
5.4.1.4 Other Types of Testing
210(1)
5.4.2 Threshold of Toxicological Concern: A Simple and Pragmatic Risk-Based Screen That Uses Animal Testing Data
210(1)
5.5 Computational Methods in Hazard Assessment
211(4)
5.5.1 PBPK Modeling
212(1)
5.5.1.1 An Early PBPK Model Is Still Used for Risk Assessment of Lead
213(1)
5.5.2 Toxicodynamics
213(1)
5.5.3 Structure-Activity Relationships/Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships
214(1)
5.5.4 Read-Across
215(1)
5.6 Deriving Toxicity Reference Values: Point of Departure, Low-Dose Extrapolation, and Species Extrapolation
215(21)
5.6.1 Reference Values and Tolerable Daily Intakes
216(9)
5.6.1.1 Choosing a Point of Departure for Threshold Effects
217(2)
5.6.1.2 Dose-Response Modeling for Threshold Continuous Effects
219(3)
5.6.1.3 Dose-Response Models Used for Continuous Responses
222(1)
5.6.1.4 Traditional Application of Uncertainty Factors
223(1)
5.6.1.5 Bayesian Methods for Application of Uncertainty Factors
224(1)
5.6.2 Cancer Slope Factors and Inhalation Unit Risks
225(10)
5.6.2.1 Why the Linear No-Threshold Hypothesis Is Wrong
229(1)
5.6.2.2 Low-Dose Synergies and the Hallmarks of Cancer: Another Incorrect Notion
230(1)
5.6.2.3 A Simpler Theory of Carcinogenesis
231(1)
5.6.2.4 Dose-Response Modeling for Dichotomous Effects
231(4)
5.6.3 Adjustments to the POD for Linear Extrapolation and Use of Uncertainty Factors
235(1)
5.6.3.1 Differences in Exposure Duration
235(1)
5.6.3.2 Allometric Scaling and Species Differences
236(1)
5.7 Toxicity Reference Values from Epidemiology Studies
236(2)
5.7.1 Dose-Response Modeling for Dichotomous Endpoints
236(2)
5.7.1.1 Measures of Response
237(1)
5.7.1.2 Exposure-Response Modeling
237(1)
5.7.1.3 Relative Risk and Extra Risk
237(1)
5.7.2 Dose-Response Modeling of Continuous Responses
238(1)
5.8 Toxicity Reference Values from High-Throughput in Vitro Studies
238(4)
5.9 Toxicity Factors Used for Regulation
242(2)
5.9.1 Toxicity Databases in the US and around the World
242(2)
5.10 Mixtures
244(3)
5.10.1 EPA"s Approach to Mixture Risk Assessment
245(1)
5.10.2 Approaches to Mixture Toxicity by the European Commission
245(1)
5.10.3 Up-to-Date Approaches to Mixture Risk Assessment from the Scientific Literature
246(1)
5.11 Adverse Outcome Pathways: A Chemical-Agnostic Approach
247(1)
5.11.1 Adverse Outcome Pathways and Mode of Action
248(1)
5.12 Conclusion
248(1)
5.13 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
248(2)
5.13.1 Benchmark Dose Modeling for a Cancer Endpoint
248(1)
5.13.2 Benchmark Dose Modeling for Non-Cancer Effects
249(1)
5.13.3 Comparison of Toxicity Criteria
249(1)
5.13.4 Grid Approximation to obtain a BMD/BMDL for a Continuous Endpoint
249(1)
References
250(25)
Chapter 6 Risk Characterization 275(90)
6.1 Quantitative Estimates of Risk
275(2)
6.1.1 Estimating Risk for Systemic Toxicants (Not Associated with Cancer)
276(1)
6.1.2 Estimating Risk for Chemicals Associated with Cancer
277(1)
6.2 Dealing with Uncertainty in Risk Estimates
277(3)
6.2.1 The Nature and Classification of Uncertainty
278(1)
6.2.2 Identification and Quantification of Uncertainty
279(1)
6.2.3 Presentation of Uncertainty in Risk Estimates
280(1)
6.2.4 Quantitative Assessment of Variability and Uncertainty
280(1)
6.3 Risk Assessment as a Design Problem
280(3)
6.3.1 Value of Information Analysis
281(1)
6.3.2 Additional Thoughts about Expert Elicitation
282(1)
6.3.2.1 Methods for Expert Elicitation
282(1)
6.4 Comparison to Background
283(1)
6.4.1 Comparison to Background at Hazardous Waste Sites
283(1)
6.4.2 Comparison to Background Exposures Based on Biomonitoring Data
283(1)
6.4.3 Comparison to Background Incidence of Health Effects
284(1)
6.5 Risk Assessments for Environmental Contamination
284(61)
6.5.1 Consumption of Contaminated Fish
284(22)
6.5.1.1 Selection of COPCs
286(1)
6.5.1.2 Reduction in Total Toxaphene Concentrations in All Fish
286(1)
6.5.1.3 Concentrations in Fish
287(1)
6.5.1.4 Exposure Assessment: Human Factors
287(10)
6.5.1.5 Toxicity Assessment
297(4)
6.5.1.6 Risk Assessment Results
301(1)
6.5.1.7 Uncertainty Characterization
301(5)
6.5.1.8 Risk Assessment and Risk Management
306(1)
6.5.2 Arsenic at a Former Gold Mine Proposed as a National Historic Site
306(39)
6.5.2.1 Conceptual Site Model for the Gold Mine Site
307(2)
6.5.2.2 Exposure Units (EUs)
309(1)
6.5.2.3 Data Analysis and Selection of COPCs
310(11)
6.5.2.4 Exposure Assessment
321(1)
6.5.2.5 Exposure Assumptions
321(8)
6.5.2.6 Exposure Pathways and Receptors
329(1)
6.5.2.7 Bioavailability of Arsenic
330(1)
6.5.2.8 Toxicity Assessment
331(2)
6.5.2.9 Risk Assessment Results
333(9)
6.5.2.10 Characterization of Uncertainty
342(1)
6.5.2.11 Conclusions from the Gold Mine Risk Assessment
343(1)
6.5.2.12 Risk Characterization and Risk Management
344(1)
6.6 Risk Assessments Based on Epidemiologic Data
345(5)
6.6.1 Arsenic in Drinking Water and Lung Cancer
345(3)
6.6.2 Dioxin Exposure and the Risk of Congenital Hypothyroidism
348(2)
6.7 Holistic Approaches and the Need for Caution
350(3)
6.7.1 What Is a Holistic Risk Assessment?
351(2)
6.7.1.1 Endogenous Exposures: A Problem to Be Formulated
352(1)
6.8 Conclusions
353(1)
6.9 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
353(1)
6.9.1 Working with PROUCL
353(1)
6.9.2 The Use of Alternate Toxicity Criteria
353(1)
6.9.3 Calculation of Fish Advisories
354(1)
References
354(11)
Chapter 7 Ecological Risk Assessment 365(66)
7.1 EPA Guidance for Ecological Risk Assessment
367(3)
7.2 The Eight Steps Outlined in the Process Document
370(9)
7.2.1 Step 1: Screening Level Problem Formulation and Ecological Effects Evaluation
370(3)
7.2.1.1 Sources of Ecological Screening Values
371(1)
7.2.1.2 Ecological Screening Benchmarks for Surface Water
371(1)
7.2.1.3 Ecological Screening Benchmarks for Soil
371(1)
7.2.1.4 Ecological Screening Benchmarks for Sediment
372(1)
7.2.1.5 Natural Resource Trustees
373(1)
7.2.2 Step 2: Screening Level Exposure Estimate and Risk Calculation
373(1)
7.2.3 Step 3: Baseline Risk Assessment Problem Formulation
374(3)
7.2.3.1 Step 3a
375(1)
7.2.3.2 Step 3b
375(2)
7.2.4 Step 4: Study Design and Data Quality Objective Process
377(1)
7.2.5 Step 5: Field Verification of Sampling Design
377(1)
7.2.6 Step 6: Site Investigation and Analysis Phase
378(1)
7.2.7 Step 7: Risk Characterization
379(1)
7.3 Screening Ecological Risk Assessment for a Former Manufactured Gas Plant in a Railroad Yard
379(46)
7.3.1 Ecological Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxins and Furans (PCDD/Fs)
380(1)
7.3.2 Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
381(1)
7.3.3 Bioaccumulation of Contaminants
382(1)
7.3.4 Site Visit
383(1)
7.3.5 Scientific Management Decision Point #1
383(37)
7.3.6 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
420(1)
7.3.7 Toxicity Reference Values
421(1)
7.3.8 Risk Assessment Results
422(2)
7.3.8.1 Development of Exposure Concentrations
422(1)
7.3.8.2 Risk to Trout
422(2)
7.3.8.3 Risk to Great Blue Heron
424(1)
7.3.8.4 Risk to Mink
424(1)
7.3.9 Scientific Management Decision Point #2
424(1)
7.4 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
425(1)
7.4.1 Summary Table
425(1)
7.4.2 Toxicity Equivalence Factors for Wildlife
425(1)
7.4.3 Ecological Risk Assessment of the Former Gold Mine
426(1)
References
426(5)
Chapter 8 Bias, Conflict of Interest, Ignorance, and Uncertainty: Where Are We Heading? 431(44)
8.1 Risk and Resilience
431(7)
8.1.1 Fear and Possibilistic Thinking
432(3)
8.1.2 Key Characteristics of Carcinogens and IARC Monographs
435(2)
8.1.3 Risk Assessment Is about Probabilities, Not Possibilities
437(1)
8.2 21st-Century Risk Assessment: New Data Sources and New Methods
438(15)
8.2.1 Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
438(7)
8.2.1.1 Details of ToxCast™
439(4)
8.2.1.2 Knowledge of Mode of Action Is Necessary to Understand and Use ToxCast™ Results
443(1)
8.2.1.3 Early Prediction Models
444(1)
8.2.1.4 How Many Toxicity Pathways: Are They All Covered by ToxCast™?
444(1)
8.2.2 Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment-the "Silver Book"
445(3)
8.2.2.1 Improvements in Problem Formulation
445(1)
8.2.2.2 Replacing Defaults with Data
446(1)
8.2.2.3 "Silver Book" Recommendations for Dose Response
446(1)
8.2.2.4 Separating Incidence and Severity
447(1)
8.2.3 Cumulative Risk Assessment
448(1)
8.2.4 The Alliance for Risk Assessment
449(1)
8.2.5 Exposure: Should We Even Care about Toxicity?
449(2)
8.2.6 Mode of Action
451(1)
8.2.7 The Advent of Evidence-Based Toxicology
452(1)
8.3 Obstacles to the Advancement of Risk Assessment
453(7)
8.3.1 Conflict of Interest (COI) and Bias: They"re Everywhere!
453(3)
8.3.1.1 Shielding Oneself from Bias
455(1)
8.3.2 Misinformation and the Lack of Scientific Literacy
456(4)
8.3.2.1 Lightning Revisited
456(2)
8.3.2.2 So What Do Attorneys Know about Formaldehyde?
458(1)
8.3.2.3 Genetically Modified Organisms and European Agriculture
458(2)
8.3.3 All the Uncertainty You Could Want
460(1)
8.4 Conclusions
460(1)
8.5 Exercises for Thought and Discussion
461(1)
8.5.1 Exploring the Three Conceptual Models for Dose Response from the "Silver Book"
461(1)
8.5.2 Conflict of Interest: Your Own Investigation
461(1)
8.5.3 Cumulative Risk Assessment
461(1)
8.5.4 Your Own Investigation of Bias
462(1)
References
462(13)
Chapter 9 Emerging Risks and Final Thoughts 475(10)
9.1 Risk from Epigenetic Effects
475(2)
9.1.1 Risk Assessment Based on Epigenetics
476(1)
9.2 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
477(2)
9.2.1 Screening RfDs (sRfDs) for Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water
478(1)
9.2.2 Are the Large UFs Sufficient to Account for Serotonin Syndrome?
478(1)
9.2.3 An Unrecognized Risk from Drugs in Drinking Water
478(1)
9.3 Climate Change
479(1)
9.4 Final Thoughts
480(1)
References
480(5)
Index 485
Ted Simon, DABT earned advanced degrees in biology, including a Ph.D from Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA. After college, he held post-doctoral and teaching positions before serving as senior toxicologist in the Waste Management Division at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. His critically successful novel, A Lost Gun, was published under the nom de plume Wix Simon. He is currently working on another crime novel featuring an environmental poisoning situation inspired by his twelve years at the EPA. He also provides toxicology consulting and scientific support as principal/owner of Ted Simon LLC, Winston, Georgia, USA.
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780429286001_pe.html
Märksõnad: