Disclaimer |
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v | |
Foreword |
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vii | |
Purpose of This Book |
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xi | |
Authors and Contributors |
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xv | |
Members of Advisory Committee and Panel |
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xvii | |
Distinguished Professor Charlie Changli Xue |
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xix | |
Professor Chuanjian Lu |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
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xxxix | |
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xli | |
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1 Introduction to Cancer Pain |
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1 | (24) |
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Definition of Cancer Pain |
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1 | (1) |
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Clinical Presentation and Subtypes |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Pathological Processes and Mechanisms |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Principles of Cancer Pain Management |
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9 | (6) |
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Pharmacological Management |
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10 | (3) |
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Interventional Techniques |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Topical Pharmacological Methods |
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14 | (1) |
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Non-pharmacological Methods |
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14 | (1) |
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Prevention and Management of Adverse Effects of Analgesics |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (6) |
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2 Cancer Pain in Chinese Medicine |
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25 | (18) |
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25 | (1) |
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Aetiology and Pathogenesis |
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25 | (1) |
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Syndrome Differentiation and Treatments |
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26 | (9) |
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Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation |
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26 | (5) |
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Additional Sources for Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (4) |
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External Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment |
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35 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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37 | (3) |
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Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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3 Classical Chinese Medicine Literature |
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43 | (30) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Procedures for Search, Data Coding and Data Analysis |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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Citations Related to the Definitions of the Main Terms |
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47 | (5) |
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Citations Related to Aetiology and Syndromes |
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52 | (2) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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54 | (6) |
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Frequency of Citations of Oral CHM by Dynasty |
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54 | (1) |
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Treatment with Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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55 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas |
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55 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Herbs in Citations of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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56 | (2) |
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Citations Related to Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cancer Pain |
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58 | (2) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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60 | (3) |
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Citations Related to Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cancer Pain |
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60 | (1) |
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Discussion of Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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61 | (2) |
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Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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63 | (4) |
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Frequency of Acupuncture Citations by Dynasty |
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63 | (1) |
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Treatment with Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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64 | (1) |
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Citations of Acupuncture/Moxibustion for Cancer Pain |
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64 | (2) |
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Discussion of Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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66 | (1) |
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Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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67 | (1) |
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Classical Literature in Perspective |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (2) |
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4 Methods for Evaluating Clinical Evidence |
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73 | (16) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Comparators in Controlled Trials (RCT, CCT) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Comparators in Controlled Trials (RCT, CCT) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (4) |
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5 Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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89 | (64) |
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89 | (1) |
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Previous Systematic Reviews |
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90 | (1) |
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Identification of Clinical Studies |
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90 | (2) |
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Outline of the Data Analyses |
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92 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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92 | (18) |
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93 | (1) |
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Formulas and Herb Frequencies |
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94 | (1) |
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Risk of Bias for Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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94 | (2) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Conventional Analgesic |
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96 | (1) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Placebo plus Conventional Analgesic |
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97 | (2) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Frequency of Breakthrough Pain |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Karnofsky Performance Status |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zoledronic Acid versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zoledronic Acid |
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106 | (1) |
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Comparisons with Other Conventional Medications |
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107 | (1) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets |
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107 | (1) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Lactulose Oral Solution |
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108 | (1) |
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GRADE for Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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109 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulas for Cancer Pain |
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110 | (1) |
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Frequently Reported Herbs in Meta-analyses of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine That Showed a Favourable Effect |
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110 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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111 | (21) |
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Risk of Bias for Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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114 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Placebo |
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114 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Conventional Analgesic |
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115 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Placebo plus Conventional Analgesic |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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Analgesic Onset Time and Duration of Analgesia |
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117 | (1) |
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Frequency of Breakthrough Pain |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Karnofsky Performance Status |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Frequency of Breakthrough Pain |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Karnofsky Performance Status |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic plus Pamidronate Disodium versus Analgesic plus Pamidronate Disodium |
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129 | (1) |
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GRADE for Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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130 | (1) |
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Frequently Reported Herbs in Meta-analyses of Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine that Showed a Favourable Effect |
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131 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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132 | (2) |
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Controlled Clinical Trials of Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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134 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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135 | (2) |
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Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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137 | (1) |
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Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments Commonly Used in Clinical Practice |
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138 | (2) |
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Summary of the Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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140 | (2) |
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Discussion of Main Results |
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142 | (1) |
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Summary of Results of Randomised Clinical Trials for Main Clinical Outcomes |
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143 | (4) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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144 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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145 | (2) |
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Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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References to Included Studies |
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149 | (4) |
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6 Pharmacological Actions of the Common Herbs |
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153 | (52) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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Skin and Blood Brain Barrier Permeation Effects |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (5) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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Effects on Morphine Tolerance |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Effects on Skin Permeation |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (4) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (16) |
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7 Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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205 | (58) |
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205 | (1) |
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Previous Systematic Reviews |
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206 | (1) |
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Identification of Clinical Studies |
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207 | (2) |
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Outline of the Data Analyses |
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209 | (1) |
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Studies of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture |
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210 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture |
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210 | (15) |
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211 | (1) |
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Frequently Used Points for Acupuncture |
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211 | (1) |
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Risk of Bias for Acupuncture |
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211 | (2) |
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Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture versus Sham Controls |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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Analgesic Onset Time and Duration of Analgesia |
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220 | (1) |
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Frequency of Breakthrough Pain and Analgesic Dose |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem |
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221 | (1) |
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Acupuncture plus Kinesiotherapy versus Kinesiotherapy |
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222 | (1) |
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GRADE for Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture |
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223 | (1) |
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Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses |
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224 | (1) |
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Controlled Clinical Trial of Electroacupuncture |
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225 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Acupuncture |
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225 | (3) |
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Safety of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture |
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228 | (1) |
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Studies of Ear Acupuncture and Ear Acupressure |
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229 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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229 | (7) |
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229 | (1) |
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Frequently Used points in Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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230 | (1) |
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Risk of Bias for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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230 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture versus Sham Ear Acupuncture |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
|
Ear Acupressure plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Karnofsky Performance Status |
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234 | (1) |
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GRADE for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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235 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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236 | (1) |
|
Safety of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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237 | (1) |
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Studies of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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237 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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238 | (7) |
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238 | (1) |
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Frequently Used Ear Points in Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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238 | (1) |
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Risk of Bias for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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239 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus Sham Controls |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus No Acupuncture |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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244 | (1) |
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Pain Intensity and Duration of pain |
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245 | (1) |
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GRADE for Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture |
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245 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Clinical Trial of Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture |
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245 | (1) |
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Safety of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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Risk of Bias for Moxibustion |
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247 | (1) |
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Real Moxibustion versus Sham Moxibustion |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Moxibustion plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Acupuncture Interventions |
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250 | (1) |
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Summary of Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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251 | (2) |
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Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture |
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251 | (1) |
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Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture versus Sham Controls |
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252 | (1) |
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Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
|
|
252 | (1) |
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Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem |
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|
252 | (1) |
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Acupuncture plus Kinesiotherapy versus Kinesiotherapy |
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253 | (1) |
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Acupuncture versus Fentanyl Transdermal Patch |
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|
253 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Studies of Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture |
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|
253 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture and Ear Acupressure |
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|
253 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture versus Sham Ear Acupuncture |
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|
253 | (1) |
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Ear Acupressure plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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254 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Studies of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure |
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254 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture |
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254 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture plus Manual Acupuncture versus Sham Controls |
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254 | (1) |
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Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus No Acupuncture |
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255 | (1) |
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Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
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255 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Study of Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Moxibustion versus Sham Moxibustion |
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256 | (1) |
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Moxibustion plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Safety of Acupuncture Therapies |
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|
256 | (1) |
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|
256 | (3) |
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References to Included Studies |
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259 | (4) |
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8 Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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263 | (10) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
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Previous Systematic Reviews |
|
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264 | (1) |
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Identification of Clinical Studies |
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264 | (1) |
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Summary of Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials |
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|
266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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Summary of Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
|
|
268 | (1) |
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|
269 | (2) |
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References to Included Studies |
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|
271 | (2) |
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9 Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies |
|
|
273 | (8) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
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Identification of Clinical Studies |
|
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273 | (2) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Combination Therapies |
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|
275 | (1) |
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Controlled Clinical Trials of Combination Therapies |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Safety of Combination Therapies |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
References to Included Studies |
|
|
279 | (2) |
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10 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
281 | (36) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation |
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
|
285 | (8) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
|
|
293 | (7) |
|
Acupuncture Points Used in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies |
|
|
296 | (4) |
|
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Limitations of the Evidence |
|
|
302 | (5) |
|
Implications for Practice |
|
|
307 | (3) |
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Implications for Research |
|
|
310 | (3) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
References to Included Studies |
|
|
314 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
317 | (12) |
Index |
|
329 | |