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Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine - Volume 18: Cancer Pain [Hardback]

(Rmit Univ, Australia), Editor-in-chief (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China), Editor-in-chief (Rmit Univ, Australia), (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China)
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This eighteenth volume of the Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine series aims to provide a multi-faceted ""whole evidence"" analysis of the management of pain due to a range of cancers (cancer pain) using integrative Chinese medicine. Beginning with an overview of how cancer pain is conceptualised and managed in conventional medicine, the authors then summaries the differential diagnosis and management of cancer pain in contemporary Chinese medicine based on clinical guidelines and contemporary books. The third chapter provides detailed analyses of how cancer pain and related disorders were treated with herbal medicine and acupuncture in past eras based on the classical Chinese medical literature. The subsequent chapters comprehensively review the current state of the clinical trial evidence for the integrative application of Chinese herbal medicines (Chapter 5), acupuncture (Chapter 7), other Chinese medicine therapies (Chapter 8) and combination Chinese medicine therapies (Chapter 9) in the management of cancer pain, as well as analyse and evaluate the results of these studies from an evidence-based medicine perspective. Chapter 6 reviews and summarizes experimental evidence for the bioactivity of commonly used Chinese herbs and their constituent compounds. The outcomes of these analyses are summarized and discussed in Chapter 10 which also identifies implications for the clinical practice of Chinese medicine and for future research. This book can inform clinicians and students in the fields of integrative medicine and Chinese medicine regarding contemporary practice and the current evidence base for a range of Chinese medicine therapies used in the management of colorectal cancer, including herbal formulas and acupuncture treatments, in order to assist clinicians in making evidence-based decisions in patient care. It also provides researchers with a comprehensive summary of the state of the field than can inform future. The following features mark the importance of this book in the field: An innovative ""whole evidence"" approach - This book combines multiple types of evidence from multiple sources to provide a unique and comprehensive assessment of the available evidence for Chinese medicine in cancer pain. Clinically informative and relevant - This book integrates the results of meta-analyses of clinical trial data with evidence from the classical Chinese medicine literature, and the recommendations in contemporary textbooks and clinical guidelines for the application of Chinese medicine in cancer pain using syndrome differentiation. Developed by a skilled team - The authors are internationally recognize, well-respected leaders in the field of Chinese medicine and evidence-based medicine with strong track records in research with multiple publications in the field of cancer.

Disclaimer v
Foreword vii
Purpose of This Book xi
Authors and Contributors xv
Members of Advisory Committee and Panel xvii
Distinguished Professor Charlie Changli Xue xix
Professor Chuanjian Lu xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Figures
xxxix
List of Tables
xli
1 Introduction to Cancer Pain
1(24)
Definition of Cancer Pain
1(1)
Clinical Presentation and Subtypes
2(1)
Epidemiology
2(1)
Burden of Disease
3(1)
Risk Factors
4(1)
Pathological Processes and Mechanisms
5(1)
Diagnosis
6(1)
Cancer Pain Syndromes
7(2)
Principles of Cancer Pain Management
9(1)
Pharmacological Management
10(3)
Interventional Techniques
13(1)
Radiotherapy
14(1)
Topical Pharmacological Methods
14(1)
Non-pharmacological Methods
14(1)
Prevention and Management of Adverse Effects of Analgesics
15(1)
Rehabilitation
16(1)
Palliative Care
17(1)
Prognosis
17(2)
References
19(6)
2 Cancer Pain in Chinese Medicine
25(18)
Introduction
25(1)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
25(1)
Syndrome Differentiation and Treatments
26(1)
Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation
26(5)
Additional Sources for Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation
31(1)
Manufactured Medicines
31(4)
External Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment
35(1)
Topical Applications
36(1)
Herbal Enema
37(1)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
37(3)
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
40(1)
Prevention
41(1)
Lifestyle
41(1)
Psychology
41(1)
Diet
42(1)
Prognosis
42(1)
References
42(1)
3 Classical Chinese Medicine Literature
43(30)
Introduction
43(1)
Search Terms
44(1)
Procedures for Search, Data Coding and Data Analysis
44(1)
Search Results
45(2)
Citations Related to the Definitions of the Main Terms
47(5)
Citations Related to Aetiology and Syndromes
52(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
54(1)
Frequency of Citations of Oral CHM by Dynasty
54(1)
Treatment with Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
55(1)
Most Frequent Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas
55(1)
Most Frequent Herbs in Citations of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
56(2)
Citations Related to Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cancer Pain
58(2)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
60(1)
Citations Related to Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cancer Pain
60(1)
Discussion of Chinese Herbal Medicine
61(2)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
63(1)
Frequency of Acupuncture Citations by Dynasty
63(1)
Treatment with Acupuncture and Related Therapies
64(1)
Citations of Acupuncture/Moxibustion for Cancer Pain
64(2)
Discussion of Acupuncture and Related Therapies
66(1)
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
67(1)
Classical Literature in Perspective
67(4)
References
71(2)
4 Methods for Evaluating Clinical Evidence
73(16)
Introduction
73(1)
Search Strategy
74(1)
Inclusion Criteria
75(1)
Study Type
75(1)
Participants
76(1)
Interventions
76(1)
Comparators in Controlled Trials (RCT, CCT)
77(1)
Settings
77(1)
Outcomes
77(2)
Exclusion Criteria
79(1)
Study Type
79(1)
Participants
80(1)
Interventions
80(1)
Comparators in Controlled Trials (RCT, CCT)
80(1)
Outcomes
80(1)
Risk of Bias
80(2)
Statistical Analyses
82(1)
Summary of Findings
83(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
83(2)
References
85(4)
5 Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine
89(64)
Introduction
89(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
90(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
90(2)
Outline of the Data Analyses
92(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
92(1)
Syndromes
93(1)
Formulas and Herb Frequencies
94(1)
Risk of Bias for Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
94(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Conventional Analgesic
96(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Placebo plus Conventional Analgesic
97(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
99(1)
Pain Intensity
100(1)
Analgesic Onset Time
101(1)
Frequency of Breakthrough Pain
101(1)
Analgesic Dose
102(1)
Quality of Life
103(1)
Karnofsky Performance Status
104(1)
Immune Function
105(1)
Adverse Reactions
105(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zoledronic Acid versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zoledronic Acid
106(1)
Comparisons with Other Conventional Medications
107(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets
107(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Lactulose Oral Solution
108(1)
GRADE for Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
109(1)
Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulas for Cancer Pain
110(1)
Frequently Reported Herbs in Meta-analyses of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine That Showed a Favourable Effect
110(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
111(3)
Risk of Bias for Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
114(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Placebo
114(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine versus Conventional Analgesic
115(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Placebo plus Conventional Analgesic
115(2)
Pain Intensity
117(1)
Analgesic Onset Time and Duration of Analgesia
117(1)
Frequency of Breakthrough Pain
118(1)
Analgesic Dose
118(1)
Quality of Life
118(1)
Karnofsky Performance Status
118(1)
Immune Function
119(1)
Adverse Reactions
119(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
120(1)
Pain Intensity
120(1)
Analgesic Onset Time
121(2)
Frequency of Breakthrough Pain
123(1)
Duration of Analgesia
123(1)
Analgesic Dose
124(1)
Quality of Life
125(2)
Karnofsky Performance Status
127(2)
Adverse Reactions
129(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Conventional Analgesic plus Pamidronate Disodium versus Analgesic plus Pamidronate Disodium
129(1)
GRADE for Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
130(1)
Frequently Reported Herbs in Meta-analyses of Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine that Showed a Favourable Effect
131(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
132(2)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Chinese Herbal Medicine
134(1)
Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Chinese Herbal Medicine
135(2)
Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine
137(1)
Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments Commonly Used in Clinical Practice
138(2)
Summary of the Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine
140(2)
Discussion of Main Results
142(1)
Summary of Results of Randomised Clinical Trials for Main Clinical Outcomes
143(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
144(1)
Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
145(2)
Oral plus Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine
147(1)
References
147(2)
References to Included Studies
149(4)
6 Pharmacological Actions of the Common Herbs
153(52)
Introduction
153(1)
Bing Pian
154(1)
Effects on Pain
155(1)
Skin and Blood Brain Barrier Permeation Effects
156(1)
Xi Xin
157(1)
Effects on Pain
158(1)
Methyl Eugenol
158(1)
Yan Hu Suo
158(1)
Effects on Pain
159(1)
Levo-tetrahydropalmatine
159(2)
Dehydrocorybulbine
161(1)
Levo-corydalmine
161(1)
Dehydrocorydaline
162(1)
Da Huang
163(1)
Effects on Pain
163(1)
Emodin
163(1)
Rhein and Diacerein
164(1)
Gallic Acid
165(1)
Catechin and Epicatechin
165(1)
Rutin and Quercetin
166(2)
Chuan Wu and Cao Wu
168(1)
Effects on Pain
168(2)
Effects on Morphine Tolerance
170(1)
Mo Yao
170(1)
Effects on Pain
171(1)
Germacrone
172(1)
Ru Xiang
173(1)
Effects on Pain
173(2)
Topical Application
175(1)
Clinical Studies
175(1)
Ding Xiang
176(1)
Effects on Pain
176(1)
Eugenol
177(1)
Effects on Skin Permeation
178(1)
Quan Xie
178(1)
Effects on Pain
179(2)
Xue Jie
181(1)
Effects on Pain
182(3)
Summary of Evidence
185(2)
Abbreviations
187(2)
References
189(16)
7 Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies
205(58)
Introduction
205(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
206(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
207(2)
Outline of the Data Analyses
209(1)
Studies of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
210(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
210(1)
Syndromes
211(1)
Frequently Used Points for Acupuncture
211(1)
Risk of Bias for Acupuncture
211(2)
Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture versus Sham Controls
213(3)
Pain Intensity
216(1)
Quality of Life
216(1)
Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
217(1)
Pain Intensity
218(2)
Analgesic Onset Time and Duration of Analgesia
220(1)
Frequency of Breakthrough Pain and Analgesic Dose
220(1)
Quality of Life
220(1)
Adverse Reactions
221(1)
Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem
221(1)
Acupuncture plus Kinesiotherapy versus Kinesiotherapy
222(1)
GRADE for Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
223(1)
Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses
224(1)
Controlled Clinical Trial of Electroacupuncture
225(1)
Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Acupuncture
225(3)
Safety of Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
228(1)
Studies of Ear Acupuncture and Ear Acupressure
229(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
229(1)
Syndromes
229(1)
Frequently Used points in Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
230(1)
Risk of Bias for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
230(1)
Ear Acupuncture versus Sham Ear Acupuncture
230(2)
Pain Intensity
232(1)
Analgesic Dose
232(1)
Ear Acupressure plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
233(1)
Pain Intensity
233(1)
Analgesic Dose
234(1)
Karnofsky Performance Status
234(1)
GRADE for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
235(1)
Non-controlled Clinical Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
236(1)
Safety of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
237(1)
Studies of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
237(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
238(1)
Syndromes
238(1)
Frequently Used Ear Points in Randomised Controlled Trials of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
238(1)
Risk of Bias for Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
239(1)
Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus Sham Controls
240(1)
Pain Intensity
241(1)
Quality of Life
242(1)
Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus No Acupuncture
242(1)
Pain Intensity
243(1)
Quality of Life
244(1)
Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
244(1)
Pain Intensity and Duration of pain
245(1)
GRADE for Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture
245(1)
Non-controlled Clinical Trial of Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture
245(1)
Safety of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
246(1)
Studies of Moxibustion
247(1)
Risk of Bias for Moxibustion
247(1)
Real Moxibustion versus Sham Moxibustion
248(1)
Pain Intensity
249(1)
Analgesic Dose
249(1)
Quality of Life
249(1)
Moxibustion plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
249(1)
Pain Intensity
250(1)
Quality of Life
250(1)
Safety of Moxibustion
250(1)
Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Acupuncture Interventions
250(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies
251(1)
Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture
251(1)
Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture versus Sham Controls
252(1)
Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
252(1)
Electroacupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem versus Conventional Analgesic plus Zolpidem
252(1)
Acupuncture plus Kinesiotherapy versus Kinesiotherapy
253(1)
Acupuncture versus Fentanyl Transdermal Patch
253(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Acupuncture or Electroacupuncture
253(1)
Ear Acupuncture and Ear Acupressure
253(1)
Ear Acupuncture versus Sham Ear Acupuncture
253(1)
Ear Acupressure plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
254(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure
254(1)
Ear Acupuncture or Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture
254(1)
Ear Acupuncture plus Manual Acupuncture versus Sham Controls
254(1)
Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture versus No Acupuncture
255(1)
Ear Acupressure plus Acupuncture plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
255(1)
Non-controlled Study of Ear Acupuncture plus Acupuncture
255(1)
Moxibustion
255(1)
Moxibustion versus Sham Moxibustion
256(1)
Moxibustion plus Conventional Analgesic versus Conventional Analgesic
256(1)
Safety of Acupuncture Therapies
256(1)
References
256(3)
References to Included Studies
259(4)
8 Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
263(10)
Introduction
263(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
264(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
264(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
264(2)
Chinese Remedial Massage
266(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials
266(1)
Risk of Bias
266(1)
Results
267(1)
Non-controlled Studies
267(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
268(1)
References
269(2)
References to Included Studies
271(2)
9 Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies
273(8)
Introduction
273(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
273(2)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Combination Therapies
275(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Combination Therapies
276(1)
Safety of Combination Therapies
277(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies
277(1)
References
278(1)
References to Included Studies
279(2)
10 Summary and Conclusions
281(36)
Introduction
281(1)
Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation
282(3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
285(5)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies
290(3)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
293(3)
Acupuncture Points Used in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies
296(4)
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
300(2)
Limitations of the Evidence
302(5)
Implications for Practice
307(3)
Implications for Research
310(3)
References
313(1)
References to Included Studies
314(3)
Glossary 317(12)
Index 329