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E-raamat: Fundamentals of Microgrids: Development and Implementation [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

  • Formaat: 268 pages, 12 Tables, black and white; 75 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003082408
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 180,03 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Tavahind: 257,19 €
  • Säästad 30%
  • Formaat: 268 pages, 12 Tables, black and white; 75 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-2020
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003082408
"Microgrids provide opportunities to develop new electrical networks targeted for the needs of communities. The fourth industrial revolution is associated with the global trend toward decentralizing energy grids. Within this context, microgrids are seen as a solution to how renewable electricity can be supplied to local areas. The Fundamentals of Microgrids: Development and Implementation provides an in-depth examination of microgrid energy sources, applications, technologies, and policies. This book considers the fundamental configurations and applications for microgrids and examines the use of microgrids as a means of meeting international sustainability goals. It focuses on questions and issues associated with microgrid topologies, development, implementation and regulatory issues. Distributed energy resources are defined, stand-a-lone generation systems are described and examples of typical microgrid configurations are provided. The key components of developing a business model for microgrid development are also considered. Describes what microgrids are and details the basics of how they work while considering benefits of microgrids and their disadvantages. Provides answers to the fundamental questions energy managers and other professionals want to know about the basics of microgrids. Details the applications for microgrids and demystifies the types of microgrid architectures that are successful. Includes real-world examples of functioning microgrids which provide models for the development of microgrids in the future. Discusses the key considerations that must be addressed to develop a business case for microgrid development"--

Microgrids provide a back-to-the-future solution for electrical energy systems. They provide opportunities to develop new electrical networks targeted for the needs of communities. The fourth industrial revolution is associated with the global trend toward decentralizing energy grids. Within this context, microgrids are seen as a solution to how renewable electricity can be supplied to local areas. The Fundamentals of Microgrids: Development and Implementation provides an in-depth examination of microgrid energy sources, applications, technologies, and policies. This book considers the fundamental configurations and applications for microgrids. This research-based work examines the use of microgrids as a means of meeting international sustainability goals. It focuses on questions and issues associated with microgrid topologies, development, implementation, and regulatory issues. When and why are microgrids needed? What type of microgrids are being developed and how are they configured? How are renewables linked to microgrids? How are energy storage systems used in microgrids? What workable models exist for hybrid generation solutions that apply to microgrids? How are microgrids evolving? What is an advanced or smart microgrid? These questions and more are answered in detail. Distributed energy resources are defined, standalone generation systems are described, and examples of typical microgrid configurations are provided. The key components of developing a business model for microgrid development are also considered.

Microgrids offer alternatives to grid-supplied electrical power. Microgrids must have the equipment necessary to generate electricity, loads or uses for the power generated, other assets such as energy storage, plus a power management system. The technologies they use enable microgrid components to work in concert to provide electrical generation systems with enhanced benefits. Microgrids use both renewable and non-renewable generation systems to improve electrical system reliability for communities, utilities, institutions, commercial entities, and military bases. Key themes addressed in this book include microgrid technologies, drivers for microgrids, types of microgrids, and their components, configurations, and applications. Drivers for microgrids include providing local electrical supply services, resolving environmental concerns, improving resiliency, and lowering the cost of electricity. When thoughtfully designed and carefully deployed, microgrids provide more resilient energy supply systems with greater environmental benefits.

FEATURES

  • This book provides answers to the fundamental questions energy managers and other professionals want to know about the basics of microgrids.
  • This book details the applications for microgrids and demystifies the types of microgrid architectures that are successful.
  • It describes what microgrids are and details the basics of how they work while considering benefits of microgrids and their disadvantages.
  • Real-world examples of functioning microgrids are provided which provide models for the development of microgrids in the future.
  • It discusses the key considerations that must be addressed to develop a business case for microgrid development.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Editor Bio xix
Contributors xxi
List of Acronyms
xxiii
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microgrids
1(16)
What Are Microgrids?
1(1)
Standalone Power
2(1)
Distributed Energy Resources
3(1)
Why Would You Need a Microgrid?
4(2)
Types of Microgrids
6(2)
How Does a Microgrid Help?
8(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Microgrids
9(2)
Advantages of Microgrids
11(1)
Disadvantages of Microgrids
12(1)
Summary
13(2)
References
15(2)
Chapter 2 Environmental Drivers for Microgrid Development
17(20)
Introduction
17(1)
The Hydrocarbon Age Has Arrived
18(2)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
20(2)
International Policies--Kyoto and the Paris Agreement
22(2)
Carbon Management--Adapt or Mitigate?
24(1)
Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
25(1)
Potential for Reducing Carbon Emissions
26(1)
The New Economics of Coal Plants
27(1)
Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Economy
28(1)
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies
29(1)
Other Environmental Concerns
30(2)
Microgrids Are One Solution
32(1)
Conclusions
33(1)
References
34(3)
Chapter 3 The Roots of Microgrids
37(16)
The Early History of Microgrids
37(1)
Hydropower Microgrids
37(1)
The World's Largest Microgrid in 1883
38(1)
Alternating Current
39(1)
Combined Heat and Power
39(1)
Mill Towns as a Model for Today's Microgrids
40(1)
Ships Are Microgrids
41(1)
Building-Scale Nanogrids
42(1)
Sustainable Buildings
42(2)
Green Building Assessment Methods
44(1)
Zero Net Energy Buildings
44(1)
Nanogrids
45(1)
Regional Grids
46(2)
The Role of Transportation Systems
48(2)
Summary
50(1)
References
51(2)
Chapter 4 Traditional Electrical Supply Systems
53(18)
Supplying the Electric Grid
53(1)
What Is the Electric Grid?
53(1)
Categories of Energy Resources
54(2)
Traditional Sources of Grid-Supplied Elecrical Power
56(1)
Large Hydropower
56(1)
Coal-Fired Electrical Power
57(1)
Natural Gas-Fired Electrical Power
58(1)
Diesel Generation
59(1)
Nuclear Power
60(2)
Problems with the Electric Grid
62(1)
Security Issues
62(2)
System Inefficiencies and Power Outages
64(1)
Environmental Issues
65(1)
Regulation of the Electric Grid
65(1)
Connecting Microgrids with the Grid
66(1)
Summary
67(1)
References
68(3)
Chapter 5 Microgrid Architecture and Regulation
71(20)
Features of Microgrid Architecture
71(1)
Microgrid Operational Configurations
71(2)
Planning for Electrical Distribution Systems
73(2)
Alternative Architectures for AC and DC Microgrids
75(1)
Components of Microgrids
76(1)
Power Sources
76(1)
Point of Common Coupling
77(1)
Microgrid Power Management Systems
77(2)
Categories of Loads
79(1)
Energy Storage Systems
79(2)
Advanced Microgrids
81(3)
Microgrid Regulations and Standards
84(1)
U.S. Clean Air Act
85(1)
U.S. Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA)
85(1)
IEEE Standard 1547-2018 for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with ? Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces
86(1)
IEEE PI547.4-2011 Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with ? Electric Power Systems
87(1)
IEEE P2030.7-2007 IEEE Standard for the Specification of ? Microgrid Controllers
87(1)
IEC 61727 ? International Electrotechnical Commission's PV ? System Requirements
87(1)
Microgrid Standards Being Developed
88(1)
Summary
88(1)
Acknowledgments
89(1)
References
89(2)
Chapter 6 Linking Microgrids with Renewable Generation
91(18)
The Impact of Renewable Energy
91(2)
Renewable Generation for Microgrids
93(1)
Small Hydropower Systems
94(1)
Biomass Energy
95(1)
Landfill Gas Extraction
95(2)
Solar Energy (Thermal)
97(1)
Solar Energy (Photovoltaic)
98(2)
Wind Power
100(1)
Geothermal Energy
100(2)
Waste-to-Energy
102(1)
Comparitive Cost of Generation Systems
103(2)
Summary
105(1)
References
106(3)
Chapter 7 Energy Storage Technologies for Microgrids
109(16)
Energy Storage Solves Problems
109(1)
Electrical Energy Storage
110(1)
Mechanical Energy Storage
111(1)
Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity
111(3)
Compressed Air Energy Storage
114(2)
Flywheel Energy Storage
116(1)
Electrical/Electrochemical Energy Storage
116(1)
Lead-Acid Batteries
117(1)
Lithium-Ion Batteries
117(1)
Sodium Sulfur Batteries
118(1)
Vanadium Redox Batteries
119(1)
Zinc-Air Batteries
119(1)
Hydrogen Energy Storage
120(1)
Thermal Energy Storage
120(1)
Summary
121(2)
References
123(2)
Chapter 8 Hybrid Generation Systems for Microgrids
125(16)
Energy Resources for Microgrids
125(1)
Hybrid Generation Systems
126(1)
What Are Hybrid Power Systems?
126(2)
Advantages of Hybrid Generation
128(1)
Examples of Hybrid Generation
129(1)
Diesel and Renewable Hybrid Systems
129(1)
Natural Gas and Renewable Energy Systems
129(1)
Solar and Wind Power
130(1)
Solar and Geothermal Energy
131(2)
Nuclear and Renewable Energy
133(1)
Fuel Cells and Renewable Hybrid Generation
134(1)
Renewable Co-Generation
135(1)
Summary
136(1)
References
137(4)
Chapter 9 Community and Local Microgrids
141(16)
Community Microgrids
141(1)
Drivers for Community-Scale Microgrids
141(1)
U.S. Municipal Renewable Energy Goals
142(1)
Types of Microgrids
143(1)
Mobile Microgrids
144(1)
Local Service Microgrids
144(1)
Military Microgrids
145(1)
Industrial Microgrids
146(1)
Utility Distribution Microgrids
147(1)
Campus Microgrids
148(1)
Virtual Power Plants
148(2)
Examples of Community and Local Microgrids
150(1)
Kodiak Island
150(1)
Borrego Springs Microgrid
151(1)
Long Island Community
152(1)
Summary
153(1)
References
154(3)
Chapter 10 Ghana's Transition to Renewable Energy Microgrids
157(16)
Ishmael Ackah
Eric Banye
Dramani Bukari
Eric Kyem
Shafic Suleman
Introduction
157(1)
Access to Electricity in Africa
157(1)
Ghana's Renewable Energy Act
158(1)
Microgrid Solar PV System Viability in Ghana
158(1)
Perspectives on Microgrids
159(4)
Energy Requirements of Rural Communities
163(1)
Methodology
164(1)
Discussion of Findings
165(1)
Microgrid Policy and Regulation in Ghana
165(1)
Private and Government Microgrid Systems
165(1)
Capacity and Reliability
166(1)
Technologies
166(1)
Tariffs and Rates
167(1)
Impact of Microgrid Development
167(1)
Impact on Expenditures for Fuel
167(1)
Impact on Women
168(1)
Impact on Education
168(1)
Conclusions and Recommendations
168(1)
Conclusions
169(1)
Recommendations
170(1)
Acknowledgments
170(1)
References
171(2)
Chapter 11 Local Energy Supply Possibilities--Islanding Microgrid ? Case Study
173(16)
Istvan Vokony
Jdzsef Kiss
Csaba Farkas
Ldszld Prikler
Attila Talamon
Introduction
173(1)
International Overview
174(2)
Guaranteed Service Levels
176(1)
Construction Aspects
176(1)
Planning Principles
177(1)
Operational Aspects
178(1)
Local Solution: Container Microgrid
179(1)
Container Microgrid Assessment
180(2)
Decision Support for Software Development
182(1)
Cost of Network Development Alternatives
183(2)
Summary
185(1)
Acknowledgments
185(1)
References
185(4)
Chapter 12 Energy Blockchain--Advancing DERs in Developing Countries
189(12)
Alain G. Aoun
Introduction
189(1)
Blockchain Opportunities for Energy Trading
190(2)
DER Challenges in Developing Countries
192(1)
Incentives for Developing Countries
193(1)
Blockchain and Smart Meters
193(1)
Smart Contracts and P2P Energy Trading
194(1)
Energy Backed Currencies
195(1)
Blockchain for Electric Vehicle Charging
196(1)
Key Challenges and Barriers
197(1)
Conclusion
198(1)
Acknowledgments
199(1)
References
199(2)
Chapter 13 Smart Microgrids
201(16)
Introduction
201(1)
Smart Microgrids and Their Benefits
201(1)
Advanced Microgrids
202(1)
Advanced Remote Microgrids
202(1)
Mandatory Microgrid Features
202(1)
Preferred Microgrid Features
203(1)
Differences between Smart Grids and Smart Microgrids
203(1)
Benefits of Smart Microgrids
204(1)
Technologies Used for Smart Microgrids
205(1)
Sensor Systems
205(1)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
206(1)
Technologies
206(1)
Residential
207(1)
Commercial
207(1)
Electricity Distribution
207(1)
Examples of Smart Microgrids
207(1)
Projects Under Development
208(1)
Projects Deployed
209(1)
Use of Renewable Energy Technologies
210(1)
Sustainable Smart Microgrids
210(1)
Managing Multiple Renewable Microgrids
211(1)
Policy Concerns
212(1)
Conclusions
213(1)
References
214(3)
Chapter 14 Scoping the Business Case for Microgrids
217(28)
Introduction
217(1)
Business Case for Renewable Energy-Based Microgrids
217(2)
Creative Approaches to Project Financing
219(2)
Cap and Trade Programs
221(2)
Renewable Energy Certificates
223(1)
Global Environmental Facility and Clean Development ? Mechanism
223(1)
Build-Transfer Agreements
224(1)
Peer-to-Peer Trading
225(1)
Ways to Combine Project Financing and Delivery
225(1)
Public-Private Partnerships
226(3)
Energy Savings Performance Contracts
229(1)
Challenges to Microgrid Development
230(1)
Policies in Flux
231(1)
Development and Scalability Issues
231(1)
Controller Technologies
232(1)
Electricity Pricing
232(1)
Cost of Generation Systems, Integration, and Maintenance
233(2)
Cash Flow Analysis for a Microgrid Project
235(4)
Summary
239(2)
References
241(4)
Chapter 15 It's Back to the Future with Microgrids
245(14)
It's All About Providing Electricity
245(1)
Bright Future for Microgrids
246(1)
Creating Smart Microgrids
246(2)
Development of Distributed Energy Resources
248(1)
Emerging Electrical Generation Technologies
249(1)
Wave Energy Systems
249(2)
Tidal Power
251(1)
Stirling-Dish Engine
252(1)
Electricity Generated Using Hydrogen
253(1)
Small-Scale Nuclear Reactors
254(2)
Plasma-Arc Gasification
256(1)
Developing Applications for Microgrids
257(1)
Artificial Intelligence
257(1)
Wireless Energy Transmission
258(1)
Conclusion 259(1)
References 259(4)
Index 263
Dr. Stephen A. Roosa has over 35 years of experience in commercial energy management, energy engineering and performance contracting. During his career he has been the corporate energy manager for a Fortune 100 company and worked in various capacities with a number of energy services companies. His past experience includes thousands of energy studies and over $250 million in energy conservation, energy management and performance contract projects that were developed for his customers.



Stephen is a past President of the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE). He currently serves as its Director of Sustainable State and Local Programs, as its Chairman of both the AEEs Certified Sustainable Development Professional Board and Renewable Energy Professional Certification Board.



Stephen holds a Ph.D. from the University of Louisville, a Master of Business Administration from Webster University and a Bachelor of Architecture degree from University of Kentucky. He co-instructed his first graduate-level course at the University of Kentucky at the age of 19, implementing its first course in the use of the built environment as an educational medium. He has since taught graduate and undergraduate courses and professional certification courses and workshops throughout the U.S and in India, Saudi Arabia, Jordon, Kuwait, South Africa and the Dominican Republic. Stephen is a Certified Energy Manager, Certified Sustainable Development Professional, Certified Building Commissioning Professional, Certified Measurement and Verification Professional, Certified Energy Monitoring and Control System Designer, Certified Demand Side Management Specialist, Certified Building Energy Management Professional, Certified Renewable Energy Professional, and a LEED Accredited Professional.



Stephen is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Strategic Energy and Environmental Planning, a bi-monthly academic and professional journal. He is also on the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Energy Management. His published books include International Solutions to Sustainable Energy, Policies and Applications and The Sustainable Development Handbook. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the Energy Management Handbook, 9th edition. He has published over 50 journal articles relating to energy conservation, energy engineering, energy management, alternative energy and sustainable development.



Stephen has received numerous related awards during his career including the AEE International Energy Manager of the Year Award, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Energy Engineers Systems Technology Award, the U.S. Army Energy Conservation Award, and the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff Citation for Energy Management. He is a member of the Energy Managers Hall of Fame and a two-time recipient of the Rockefeller Family Funds, Energy and Environmental Education Award.