Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
Editor Bio |
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xix | |
Contributors |
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xxi | |
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xxiii | |
Introduction |
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xxvii | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Microgrids |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Distributed Energy Resources |
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3 | (1) |
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Why Would You Need a Microgrid? |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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How Does a Microgrid Help? |
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8 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Microgrids |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Microgrids |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Environmental Drivers for Microgrid Development |
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17 | (20) |
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17 | (1) |
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The Hydrocarbon Age Has Arrived |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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International Policies--Kyoto and the Paris Agreement |
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22 | (2) |
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Carbon Management--Adapt or Mitigate? |
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24 | (1) |
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Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
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25 | (1) |
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Potential for Reducing Carbon Emissions |
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26 | (1) |
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The New Economics of Coal Plants |
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27 | (1) |
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Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Economy |
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28 | (1) |
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Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies |
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29 | (1) |
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Other Environmental Concerns |
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30 | (2) |
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Microgrids Are One Solution |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 The Roots of Microgrids |
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37 | (16) |
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The Early History of Microgrids |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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The World's Largest Microgrid in 1883 |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Mill Towns as a Model for Today's Microgrids |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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Green Building Assessment Methods |
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44 | (1) |
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Zero Net Energy Buildings |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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The Role of Transportation Systems |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Traditional Electrical Supply Systems |
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53 | (18) |
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Supplying the Electric Grid |
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53 | (1) |
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What Is the Electric Grid? |
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53 | (1) |
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Categories of Energy Resources |
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54 | (2) |
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Traditional Sources of Grid-Supplied Elecrical Power |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Coal-Fired Electrical Power |
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57 | (1) |
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Natural Gas-Fired Electrical Power |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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Problems with the Electric Grid |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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System Inefficiencies and Power Outages |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Regulation of the Electric Grid |
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65 | (1) |
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Connecting Microgrids with the Grid |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Microgrid Architecture and Regulation |
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71 | (20) |
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Features of Microgrid Architecture |
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71 | (1) |
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Microgrid Operational Configurations |
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71 | (2) |
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Planning for Electrical Distribution Systems |
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73 | (2) |
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Alternative Architectures for AC and DC Microgrids |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Microgrid Power Management Systems |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (3) |
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Microgrid Regulations and Standards |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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U.S. Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) |
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85 | (1) |
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IEEE Standard 1547-2018 for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with ? Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces |
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86 | (1) |
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IEEE PI547.4-2011 Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with ? Electric Power Systems |
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87 | (1) |
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IEEE P2030.7-2007 IEEE Standard for the Specification of ? Microgrid Controllers |
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87 | (1) |
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IEC 61727 ? International Electrotechnical Commission's PV ? System Requirements |
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87 | (1) |
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Microgrid Standards Being Developed |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Linking Microgrids with Renewable Generation |
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91 | (18) |
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The Impact of Renewable Energy |
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91 | (2) |
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Renewable Generation for Microgrids |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Solar Energy (Photovoltaic) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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Comparitive Cost of Generation Systems |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Energy Storage Technologies for Microgrids |
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109 | (16) |
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Energy Storage Solves Problems |
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109 | (1) |
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Electrical Energy Storage |
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110 | (1) |
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Mechanical Energy Storage |
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111 | (1) |
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Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity |
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111 | (3) |
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Compressed Air Energy Storage |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Electrical/Electrochemical Energy Storage |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Hybrid Generation Systems for Microgrids |
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125 | (16) |
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Energy Resources for Microgrids |
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125 | (1) |
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Hybrid Generation Systems |
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126 | (1) |
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What Are Hybrid Power Systems? |
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126 | (2) |
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Advantages of Hybrid Generation |
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128 | (1) |
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Examples of Hybrid Generation |
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129 | (1) |
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Diesel and Renewable Hybrid Systems |
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129 | (1) |
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Natural Gas and Renewable Energy Systems |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Solar and Geothermal Energy |
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131 | (2) |
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Nuclear and Renewable Energy |
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133 | (1) |
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Fuel Cells and Renewable Hybrid Generation |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Community and Local Microgrids |
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141 | (16) |
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141 | (1) |
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Drivers for Community-Scale Microgrids |
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141 | (1) |
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U.S. Municipal Renewable Energy Goals |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Utility Distribution Microgrids |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Examples of Community and Local Microgrids |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Borrego Springs Microgrid |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Ghana's Transition to Renewable Energy Microgrids |
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157 | (16) |
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157 | (1) |
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Access to Electricity in Africa |
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157 | (1) |
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Ghana's Renewable Energy Act |
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158 | (1) |
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Microgrid Solar PV System Viability in Ghana |
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158 | (1) |
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Perspectives on Microgrids |
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159 | (4) |
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Energy Requirements of Rural Communities |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Microgrid Policy and Regulation in Ghana |
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165 | (1) |
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Private and Government Microgrid Systems |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Impact of Microgrid Development |
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167 | (1) |
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Impact on Expenditures for Fuel |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Local Energy Supply Possibilities--Islanding Microgrid ? Case Study |
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173 | (16) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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Guaranteed Service Levels |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Local Solution: Container Microgrid |
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179 | (1) |
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Container Microgrid Assessment |
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180 | (2) |
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Decision Support for Software Development |
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182 | (1) |
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Cost of Network Development Alternatives |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Energy Blockchain--Advancing DERs in Developing Countries |
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189 | (12) |
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189 | (1) |
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Blockchain Opportunities for Energy Trading |
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190 | (2) |
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DER Challenges in Developing Countries |
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192 | (1) |
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Incentives for Developing Countries |
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193 | (1) |
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Blockchain and Smart Meters |
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193 | (1) |
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Smart Contracts and P2P Energy Trading |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Blockchain for Electric Vehicle Charging |
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196 | (1) |
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Key Challenges and Barriers |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Smart Microgrids |
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201 | (16) |
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201 | (1) |
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Smart Microgrids and Their Benefits |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Advanced Remote Microgrids |
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202 | (1) |
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Mandatory Microgrid Features |
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202 | (1) |
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Preferred Microgrid Features |
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203 | (1) |
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Differences between Smart Grids and Smart Microgrids |
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203 | (1) |
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Benefits of Smart Microgrids |
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204 | (1) |
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Technologies Used for Smart Microgrids |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Examples of Smart Microgrids |
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207 | (1) |
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Projects Under Development |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Use of Renewable Energy Technologies |
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210 | (1) |
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Sustainable Smart Microgrids |
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210 | (1) |
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Managing Multiple Renewable Microgrids |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Scoping the Business Case for Microgrids |
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217 | (28) |
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217 | (1) |
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Business Case for Renewable Energy-Based Microgrids |
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217 | (2) |
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Creative Approaches to Project Financing |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
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Renewable Energy Certificates |
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223 | (1) |
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Global Environmental Facility and Clean Development ? Mechanism |
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223 | (1) |
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Build-Transfer Agreements |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Ways to Combine Project Financing and Delivery |
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225 | (1) |
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Public-Private Partnerships |
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226 | (3) |
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Energy Savings Performance Contracts |
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229 | (1) |
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Challenges to Microgrid Development |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Development and Scalability Issues |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Cost of Generation Systems, Integration, and Maintenance |
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233 | (2) |
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Cash Flow Analysis for a Microgrid Project |
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235 | (4) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 It's Back to the Future with Microgrids |
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245 | (14) |
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It's All About Providing Electricity |
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245 | (1) |
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Bright Future for Microgrids |
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246 | (1) |
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Creating Smart Microgrids |
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246 | (2) |
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Development of Distributed Energy Resources |
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248 | (1) |
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Emerging Electrical Generation Technologies |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Electricity Generated Using Hydrogen |
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253 | (1) |
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Small-Scale Nuclear Reactors |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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Developing Applications for Microgrids |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Wireless Energy Transmission |
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258 | (1) |
Conclusion |
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259 | (1) |
References |
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259 | (4) |
Index |
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263 | |