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E-raamat: Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Biomonitoring of Bacteria, Protozoa, COVID-19, and Other Viruses [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Spellman Environmental Consultants, Norfolk, Virginia, USA)
  • Formaat: 320 pages, 18 Tables, black and white; 33 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, black and white; 34 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003170105
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 170,80 €*
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  • Tavahind: 244,00 €
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Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Biomonitoring of Bacteria, Protozoa, COVID-19, and Other VirusesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 320 pages, 18 Tables, black and white; 33 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, black and white; 34 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003170105
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003170105

It is common practice to evaluate wastewater to understand drug consumption, from antibiotics to illegal narcotics, and even to analyze dietary habits and trends. Evaluating contaminants in wastewater enables researchers, environmental scientists, and water quality experts to gain valuable information and data. Wastewater-based epidemiology is an emerging science that has proven to be a cost- and time-effective biomonitoring tool. This book provides a roadmap for detecting wastewater-borne pathogenic contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and others. It provides a basic, fundamental discussion of how sampling and monitoring of wastewater using epidemiological concepts and practices can aid in determining the presence of the COVID-19 virus in a community, for example, and may help predict future outbreaks.

Features

• Offers a unique discussion of the detection of bacteria, fungi, and COVID-19, and other viruses in wastewater

• Presents the fundamentals of wastewater chemistry and microbiology

• Explains biomonitoring, sampling, testing, and health surveillance in a practical manner

Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Biomonitoring of Bacteria, Fungi, COVID-19, and Other Viruses

is an invaluable resource to a wide array of readers with varying interests and backgrounds in water science and public health.

Preface xv
Author Bio xvii
Part 1 Setting the Stage
Chapter 1 And What's in the Pipes Will Tell
3(8)
Introduction
3(4)
Dr. John Snow
3(1)
Cholera
4(1)
Flashback to 1854 London
5(1)
Pump Handle Removal-to Water Treatment (Disinfection)
6(1)
Fast Forward to the Present (2020)
7(2)
Signatures of Viruses
8(1)
References
9(2)
Chapter 2 Fundamental Epidemiology
11(12)
Introduction
11(1)
Why/How
11(1)
Epidemiology: What Is It?
11(4)
Both a Science and an Art
14(1)
Key Terms and Definitions
15(5)
Terms and Definitions (CDC, 2012)
15(5)
The Bottomline
20(1)
References
20(3)
Part 2 Statistical Methods
Chapter 3 Statistics and Biostatistics Review
23(4)
Extraction of Data
23(1)
It's All About Measurement
24(1)
Line List/Listing
24(1)
Sample Line List Template
24(1)
Variables
25(1)
Reference
26(1)
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts
27(8)
Introduction
27(1)
Probability and Statistics
28(2)
Measure of Central Tendency
30(1)
Symbols, Subscripts, Basic Statistical Terms, and Calculations
30(1)
The Mean
31(1)
Median
32(1)
Mode
32(1)
Range
32(2)
References
34(1)
Chapter 5 Distribution
35(14)
The 411 on Distribution
35(1)
Normal or Gaussian Distribution
35(3)
Measures of Spread and Standard Deviation
38(4)
Range
39(1)
How to Identify the Range
39(1)
Percentiles
40(1)
Qaurtiles
40(1)
Interquartile Range
40(1)
Standard Deviation
41(1)
Coefficient of Variation
42(1)
Standard Error of the Mean
43(1)
Covariance
44(1)
Simple Correlation Coefficient
44(2)
Variance of a Linear Function
46(2)
References
48(1)
Chapter 6 Sampling-Measurement Variables
49(58)
Simple Random Sampling
49(4)
Standard Errors
50(1)
Confidence Limits
50(1)
Sample Size
51(2)
Stratified Random Sampling
53(2)
Sample Allocation
53(1)
Sample Size
54(1)
Sampling-Discrete Variables
55(1)
Random Sampling
55(1)
Sample Size
55(1)
Cluster Sampling for Attributes
56(2)
Transformations
57(1)
Chi-Square Tests
58(2)
Test of Independence
58(1)
Test of a Hypothesized Count
59(1)
Bartlett's test of Homogeneity of Variance
60(1)
Comparing Two Groups by the t Test
61(6)
The t Test for Unpaired Plots
61(3)
Sample Size
64(1)
The t Test for Paired Plots
65(2)
Number of Replicates
67(1)
Comparison of Groups by Analysis of Variance
67(6)
Complete Randomization
67(3)
Multiple Comparisons
70(3)
F Test with Single Degree of Freedom
71(1)
Scheffe's Test
72(1)
Unequal Replication
73(1)
Randomized Block Design
73(9)
Latin Square Design
78(1)
Factorial Experiments
79(1)
The Split-Plot Design
79(2)
Missing Plots
81(1)
Regression
82(14)
Simple Linear Regression
82(7)
How Well Does the Regression Line Fit the Data?
85(2)
Coefficient of Determination
87(1)
Confidence Intervals
87(2)
Multiple Regression
89(7)
Tests of Significance
94(1)
Coefficient of Multiple Determination
95(1)
The C-multipliers
95(1)
Curvilinear Regressions and Interactions
96(10)
Curves
96(1)
Interactions
97(10)
Group Regressions
98(1)
Testing for the Common Regressions
99(2)
Analysis of Covariance in a Randomized Block Design
101(3)
Adjusted Means
104(1)
Tests among Adjusted Means
105(1)
References
106(1)
Chapter 7 Frequency Measures: Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality Rates
107(16)
Frequency Measures
107(1)
Ratio
107(3)
Death-to-Case Ratio
109(1)
Proportion
110(4)
Working with Ratio and Proportion
110(4)
Rate
114(1)
Morbidity Frequency
115(4)
Incidence Proportion or Risk
115(2)
Attack Rate
117(1)
Incidence Rate
117(1)
Prevalence
118(1)
Proportionate Mortality
119(1)
Mortality Frequency Measures
119(2)
Mortality Rate
119(1)
Measures of Mortality
120(1)
References
121(2)
Chapter 8 Measures of Association and Public Health Impact
123(6)
Risk Ratio
123(1)
Rate Ratio
124(1)
Odds Ratio
124(1)
Measures of Public Health Impact
124(2)
Attributable Proportion
125(1)
Vaccine Efficacy
125(1)
Summary of Part 2
126(1)
Reference
126(3)
Part 3 Wastewater
Chapter 9 The Science of Wastewater
129(20)
Introduction
129(1)
Constituents and Characteristics of Wastewater
130(17)
Physical Characteristics of Water/Wastewater
130(5)
Solids
130(1)
Turbidity
131(1)
Color
132(1)
Taste and Odor
133(1)
Temperature
134(1)
Chemical Characteristics of Water
135(6)
Total Dissolved Solids
136(1)
Alkalinity
137(1)
Hardness
137(1)
Fluoride
138(1)
Metals
139(1)
Organics
139(1)
Nutrients
140(1)
Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater
141(4)
Organic Substances
141(2)
Inorganic Substances
143(2)
Biological Characteristics of Water and Wastewater
145(4)
Bacteria
146(1)
Viruses
146(1)
Protozoa
146(1)
Worms (Helminthes)
147(1)
References
147(2)
Chapter 10 Wastewater Spawned Infectious Disease
149(56)
Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, and Helminths
149(5)
The Cell
150(4)
Structure of the Bacterial Cell
151(1)
Plasma Membrane (Cytoplasmic Membrane)
152(2)
Bacteria
154(3)
Bacteria Growth Factors
155(1)
Destruction of Bacteria
156(1)
Waterborne Bacteria
156(1)
Protozoa
157(2)
Viruses
159(2)
Helminths: Worms
161(1)
The Basics of Infectious Disease Transmission
162(34)
Risk of Contracting Infectious Disease
164(2)
Basic Wastewater Treatment
166(3)
Preliminary Treatment
166(1)
Screening
167(1)
Shredding
168(1)
Comminution
168(1)
Preaeration
168(1)
Chemical Addition
168(1)
Equalization
168(1)
Aerated Systems
169(1)
Cyclone Degritter
169(1)
Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)
169(2)
Types of Sedimentation Tanks
170(1)
Septic Tanks
170(1)
Two-Story (Imhoff) Tank
170(1)
Plain Settling Tanks (Clarifiers)
170(1)
Secondary Treatment
171(6)
Treatment Ponds
172(1)
Types of Ponds
173(1)
Ponds Based on Location and Types of Wastes They Receive
173(1)
Biochemistry in a Pond
174(1)
Trickling Filters
175(1)
Rotating Biological Contactors
176(1)
RBC Equipment
176(1)
RBC Operation
177(1)
RBC Expected Performance
177(1)
Activated Sludge
177(6)
Activated Sludge Terminology
178(3)
Activated Sludge Process: Equipment
181(1)
Oxidation Ditches
182(1)
Disinfection of Wastewater
183(4)
Chlorine Disinfection
183(1)
Chlorination Terminology
184(1)
Chlorine Facts
184(1)
Hypochlorite Facts
185(1)
Ultraviolet Irradiation
185(1)
Ozonation
186(1)
Bromine Chloride
187(1)
No Disinfection
187(1)
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
187(19)
Chemical Treatment
188(1)
Microscreening
189(1)
Filtration
190(1)
Membrane Bioreactors
190(1)
Membrane Filtration
190(1)
Biological Nitrification
191(1)
Biological Denitrification
191(1)
Carbon Adsorption
191(1)
Land Application
192(1)
Biological Nutrient Removal
192(1)
Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal (EBNR)
193(1)
Rotary Vacuum Filtration
194(1)
Pressure Filtration
194(1)
Centrifugation
195(1)
Sludge Incineration
195(1)
Land Application of Biosolids
195(1)
NPDES Permits
196(1)
Bibliography
196(9)
Part 4 Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Biomonitoring, Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing
205(68)
What Is Biomonitoring and Biosurveying?
206(1)
Advantages of Using Periphyton
206(2)
Advantages of Using Fish
207(1)
Advantages of Using Macroinvertebrates
207(1)
Periphyton Protocols
208(1)
Fish Protocols
209(1)
Macroinvertebrate Protocols
210(2)
The Biotic Index
210(2)
Metrics within the Benthic Macroinvertebrates
212(1)
Biological Sampling in Streams
212(23)
Biological Sampling: Planning
213(2)
Sampling Stations
215(3)
Macroinvertebrate Sampling in Rocky-Bottom Streams
218(2)
Rocky-Bottom Habitat Assessment
220(4)
Macroinvertebrate Sampling in Muddy-Bottom Streams
224(4)
Muddy-Bottom Assessment
228(2)
Post-Sampling Routine
230(1)
Sampling Devices
230(6)
Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Monitor
230(1)
Sampling Nets i
231(1)
Sediment Samplers (Dredges)
232(1)
Plankton Sampler
233(1)
Secchi Disk
234(1)
Miscellaneous Sampling Equipment
235(1)
The Bottomline on Biological Sampling
235(1)
Preparation and Sampling Considerations
236(4)
Cleaning Procedures
236(1)
Method A: General Preparation of Sampling Containers
236(1)
Method B: Acid Wash Procedures
237(1)
Sample Types
237(1)
Collecting Samples from a Stream
237(2)
Whirl-pak® Bags
237(1)
Screw-Cap Bottles
238(1)
Sample Preservation and Storage
239(1)
Standardization of Methods
239(1)
Test Methods for Drinking Water and Wastewater
240(22)
Titrimetric Methods
240(1)
Colorimetric Methods
241(1)
Visual Methods
241(1)
Electronic Methods
241(1)
Dissolved Oxygen Testing
241(1)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
242(6)
Winkler Method (Azide Modification)
243(1)
Procedure
244(1)
Calculation
244(1)
Meter and Probe
245(1)
Methodology
245(1)
Procedure
246(2)
Biological Oxygen Demand Testing
248(1)
Sampling Considerations
249(3)
BOD Sampling, Analysis, and Testing
250(1)
BOD5 Calculation
251(1)
Temperature Measurement
252(1)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
252(1)
Hardness Measurement
252(1)
pH Measurement
253(1)
Analytical and Equipment Considerations
254(1)
pH Meters
254(1)
pH "Pocket Pals" and Color Comparators
254(1)
Turbidity Measurement
254(3)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
255(1)
Using a Secchi Disk
256(1)
Transparency Tube
257(1)
Orthophosphate Measurement
257(3)
Forms of Phosphorus
257(1)
The Phosphorus Cycle
258(1)
Testing Phosphorus
258(1)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
259(1)
Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Orthophosphate
259(1)
Nitrates Measurement
260(2)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
260(1)
Cadmium Reduction Method
261(1)
Nitrate Electrode Method
262(1)
Solids Measurement
262(9)
Solids Sampling and Equipment Considerations
263(1)
Total Suspended Solids
264(2)
Test Procedure
265(1)
TSS Calculations
266(1)
Volatile Suspended Solids Testing
266(1)
Test Procedure
267(1)
Total Volatile Suspended Solids Calculations
267(1)
Conductivity Testing
268(1)
Sampling, Testing, and Equipment Considerations
269(1)
Total Alkalinity
269(4)
Analytical and Equipment Considerations
270(1)
References
271(2)
Chapter 12 Wastewater Bacteria Sampling, Testing, and Analysis
273(16)
Fecal Coliform Bacteria Testing
273(3)
USEPA's Total Coliform Rule
274(1)
Routine Sampling Requirements
274(2)
Repeat Sampling Requirements
276(1)
Additional Routine Sample Requirements
276(13)
Other Total Coliform Rule Provisions
276(1)
Compliance
276(1)
Sampling and Equipment Considerations
277(1)
Fecal Coliform Bacteria Testing Methods
278(1)
Basic Equipment and Techniques
278(1)
Sterilization
279(1)
Sterile Dilution Water Preparation
279(1)
Serial Dilution Procedure
279(1)
Bacteriological Sampling
279(1)
Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique
280(1)
Fecal Coliform MPN Presumptive Test Procedure
281(1)
Calculation of Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL
282(2)
Membrane Filtration Technique
284(1)
Membrane Filter Procedure
284(1)
Colony Counting
285(1)
Calculations
285(2)
Interferences
287(2)
Chapter 13 Wastewater Protozoa Sampling, Testing, and Analysis
289(16)
Pathogenic Protozoa
289(1)
Giardia
290(7)
Giardiasis
290(7)
Cryptosporidium
297(5)
The Basics of Cryptosporidium
299(8)
Cryptosporidiosis
300(2)
References
302(3)
Chapter 14 Wastewater Virus Sampling, Testing, and Analysis
305(4)
Wastewater Suggests Wider Spread of Virus
305(1)
How It Works
305(1)
What Goes In Also Comes Out
306(1)
A Laborious Process
307(1)
The 411 on How It Works
307(1)
Watching How the Coronavirus Moves through the Communities
308(1)
References
308(1)
Index 309
Frank R. Spellman is a retired assistant professor of Environmental Health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. and author of over 60 books. Spellman has been cited in more than 400 publications; serves as a professional expert witness; incident/accident investigator for the U.S. Department of Justice and a private law firm; and consults on Homeland Security vulnerability assessments (VAs) for critical infrastructure including water/wastewater facilities nationwide. Dr. Spellman lectures on sewage treatment, water treatment and homeland security and health and safety topics throughout the country and teaches water/wastewater operator short courses at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA). He holds a BA in public Administration; BS in Business Management; MBA; Master of Science, MS, in Environmental Engineering and PhD Environmental Engineering.
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