Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Part I Examples in Discrete Time |
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1 | (108) |
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1 Borel's Law of Large Numbers |
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5 | (26) |
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1.1 A Protocol for Testing Forecasts |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2 A Game-Theoretic Generalization of Borel's Theorem |
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8 | (8) |
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16 | (2) |
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1.4 Slackenings and Supermartingales |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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1.6 The Computation of Strategies |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (7) |
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2 Bernoulli's and De Moivre's Theorems |
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31 | (24) |
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2.1 Game-Theoretic Expected Value and Probability |
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33 | (4) |
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2.2 Bernoulli's Theorem for Bounded Forecasting |
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37 | (2) |
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2.3 A Central Limit Theorem |
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39 | (6) |
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2.4 Global Upper Expected Values for Bounded Forecasting |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (6) |
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3 Some Basic Supermartingales |
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55 | (14) |
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3.1 Kolmogorov's Martingale |
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56 | (1) |
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3.2 Doleans's Supermartingale |
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56 | (2) |
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3.3 Hoeffding's Supermartingale |
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58 | (5) |
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3.4 Bernstein's Supermartingale |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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4 Kolmogorov's Law of Large Numbers |
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69 | (24) |
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4.1 Stating Kolmogorov's Law |
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70 | (3) |
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4.2 Supermartingale Convergence Theorem |
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73 | (7) |
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4.3 How Skeptic Forces Convergence |
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80 | (1) |
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4.4 How Reality Forces Divergence |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (4) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (4) |
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5 The Law of the Iterated Logarithm |
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93 | (16) |
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5.1 Validity of the Iterated-Logarithm Bound |
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94 | (5) |
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5.2 Sharpness of the Iterated-Logarithm Bound |
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99 | (1) |
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5.3 Additional Recent Game-Theoretic Results |
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100 | (4) |
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5.4 Connections with Large Deviation Inequalities |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (3) |
Part II Abstract Theory in Discrete Time |
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109 | (86) |
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6 Betting on a Single Outcome |
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111 | (24) |
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6.1 Upper and Lower Expectations |
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113 | (2) |
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6.2 Upper and Lower Probabilities |
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115 | (3) |
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6.3 Upper Expectations with Smaller Domains |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (4) |
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6.5 Dropping the Continuity Axiom |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (4) |
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7 Abstract Testing Protocols |
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135 | (22) |
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7.1 Terminology and Notation |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (6) |
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7.3 Global Upper Expected Values |
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142 | (3) |
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7.4 Lindeberg's Central Limit Theorem for Martingales |
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145 | (1) |
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7.5 General Abstract Testing Protocols |
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146 | (5) |
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7.6 Making the Results of Part I Abstract |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (18) |
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158 | (2) |
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8.2 Global Upper Expectation |
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160 | (2) |
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8.3 Global Upper and Lower Probabilities |
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162 | (1) |
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8.4 Global Expected Values and Probabilities |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (5) |
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9 Relation to Measure-Theoretic Probability |
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175 | (20) |
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176 | (4) |
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9.2 Measure-Theoretic Representation of Upper Expectations |
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180 | (9) |
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9.3 Embedding Game-Theoretic Martingales in Probability Spaces |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
Part III Applications in Discrete Time |
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195 | (110) |
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10 Using Testing Protocols in Science and Technology |
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197 | (32) |
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10.1 Signals in Open Protocols |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (5) |
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10.5 Parametric Statistics with Signals |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (8) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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11 Calibrating Lookbacks and p-Values |
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229 | (24) |
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11.1 Lookback Calibrators |
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230 | (5) |
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235 | (6) |
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11.3 Lookback Compromises |
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241 | (1) |
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11.4 Lookbacks in Financial Markets |
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242 | (3) |
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11.5 Calibrating p-Values |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (52) |
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12.1 Defeating Strategies for Skeptic |
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255 | (4) |
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12.2 Calibrated Forecasts |
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259 | (5) |
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12.3 Proving the Calibration Theorems |
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264 | (6) |
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12.4 Using Calibrated Forecasts for Decision Making |
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270 | (4) |
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12.5 Proving the Decision Theorems |
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274 | (12) |
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12.6 From Theory to Algorithm |
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286 | (5) |
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12.7 Discontinuous Strategies for Skeptic |
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291 | (4) |
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295 | (4) |
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299 | (6) |
Part IV Game-Theoretic Finance |
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305 | (114) |
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13 Emergence of Randomness in Idealized Financial Markets |
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309 | (30) |
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13.1 Capital Processes and Instant Enforcement |
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310 | (2) |
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13.2 Emergence of Brownian Randomness |
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312 | (8) |
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13.3 Emergence of Brownian Expectation |
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320 | (5) |
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13.4 Applications of Dubins-Schwarz |
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325 | (6) |
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13.5 Getting Rich Quick with the Axiom of Choice |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (5) |
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14 A Game-Theoretic Ito Calculus |
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339 | (32) |
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340 | (8) |
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14.2 Conservatism of Continuous Martingales |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (5) |
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14.4 Covariation and Quadratic Variation |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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14.6 Doleans Exponential and Logarithm |
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358 | (2) |
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14.7 Game-Theoretic Expectation and Probability |
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360 | (1) |
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14.8 Game-Theoretic Dubins-Schwarz Theorem |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (6) |
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15 Numeraires in Market Spaces |
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371 | (14) |
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372 | (3) |
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15.2 Martingale Theory in Market Spaces |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (6) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (3) |
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16 Equity Premium and CAPM |
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385 | (18) |
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16.1 Three Fundamental Continuous I-Martingales |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (2) |
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16.3 Capital Asset Pricing Model |
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391 | (4) |
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16.4 Theoretical Performance Deficit |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (5) |
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17 Game-Theoretic Portfolio Theory |
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403 | (16) |
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17.1 Stroock-Varadhan Martingales |
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405 | (2) |
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17.2 Boosting Stroock-Varadhan Martingales |
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407 | (6) |
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17.3 Outperforming the Market with Dubins-Schwarz |
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413 | (1) |
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17.4 Jeffreys's Law in Finance |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
Terminology and Notation |
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419 | (6) |
List of Symbols |
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425 | (4) |
References |
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429 | (26) |
Index |
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455 | |