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ix | |
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xi | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxvii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xxix | |
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1 | (14) |
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The Emergence of Women as an Issue in Refugee Law |
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1 | (3) |
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Equality as a Variable in Refugee Law |
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4 | (2) |
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Gender, Ethnicity, Discourse |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (3) |
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Female Applicants in Statistics and General Policy |
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15 | (30) |
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The Share of Women in Refugee Populations |
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15 | (2) |
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The Treatment of Women in Asylum Procedures |
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17 | (2) |
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Representativity of the Statistical Data |
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19 | (2) |
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Statistical Data on The Netherlands 1989-1995 |
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21 | (6) |
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Representativity of the Sample |
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27 | (3) |
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An Introduction to the Sample |
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30 | (8) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (7) |
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The Construction of the Female Applicant in Decision Making |
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45 | (62) |
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The Construction of Asylum Applicants |
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45 | (10) |
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The case of Anne (Sri Lanka) |
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46 | (8) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (10) |
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The appropriate mother or wife |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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The case of Karen (Zaire) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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The Concept of the Political Act |
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65 | (29) |
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Emotions or mere personal preferences |
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65 | (5) |
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The case of Betty (China) |
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70 | (4) |
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Desire to improve living circumstances or economic gain |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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Merely subordinate or minor acts |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (9) |
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The attribution of flight motives |
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88 | (4) |
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Conclusion: What is political? |
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92 | (2) |
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The Concept of ``Normal'' Violence |
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94 | (8) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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The case of Laurie (Bosnia-Herzegovina) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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The attribution of motives to potential persecutors |
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100 | (1) |
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Conclusion: What is persecution? |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (5) |
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The Construction of the Female Applicant in Jurisprudence |
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107 | (42) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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The Failure of State Protection |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (10) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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The Singled Out-Criterion and the Motivation Doctrine |
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125 | (3) |
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Conclusion: ``Normal'' Versus ``Women's'' Cases |
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128 | (21) |
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Counter-Strategies and the Reactions of Governments |
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149 | (40) |
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Resistance to Ethnicisation by Bosnian Applicants |
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149 | (2) |
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Lawyers: The Dissident and the Victim |
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151 | (12) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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The dissident versus the victim |
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155 | (1) |
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The case of the Jones family (Turkey) |
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156 | (7) |
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The Feminist Critique of Refugee Law |
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163 | (9) |
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163 | (2) |
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The human rights approach |
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165 | (4) |
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The anti-essentialist critique |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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The Governmental Reaction: Gender Guidelines |
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172 | (8) |
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Guidelines in Canada, Australia, the United States and The Netherlands |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (4) |
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180 | (9) |
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189 | (20) |
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Gender and Ethnicity in the Family, Sexuality and Reproduction |
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190 | (3) |
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Gender in the Absence of Discrimination |
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193 | (3) |
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The Uses of Women in Present Day Refugee Law |
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196 | (6) |
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202 | (7) |
| ANNEXES |
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209 | (28) |
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Annex 1 Data on the largest countries of origin |
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211 | (6) |
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Annex 2 Representativity of the sample |
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217 | (2) |
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Annex 3 Number of applications 1989-1994 from the countries in the sample |
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219 | (2) |
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Annex 4 Cases from sample by category and outcome |
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221 | (4) |
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Annex 5 Reduction of data for computation of correlations |
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225 | (2) |
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Annex 6 Comparing data on different countries of refuge |
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227 | (2) |
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Annex 7 Translation, prepared by UNHCR, of Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) Work Instruction No. 148: Women in the asylum procedure |
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229 | (6) |
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Annex 8 Outline of the Dutch asylum procedure and terminology |
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235 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
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237 | (16) |
| Index |
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253 | |