| Preface to the Fourth Edition |
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| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (16) |
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1.1 Definition of geodesy |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The objective of geodesy |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3 Historical development of geodesy |
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4 | (8) |
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1.3.1 The spherical Earth model |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3.2 The ellipsoidal Earth model |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.3 The geoid, arc measurements and national geodetic surveys |
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9 | (2) |
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1.3.4 Three-dimensional geodesy |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Four-dimensional geodesy |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4 Organization of geodesy, literature |
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12 | (5) |
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1.4.1 National organizations |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.2 International collaboration |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
| 2 Reference Systems and Reference Frames |
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17 | (36) |
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2.1 Basic units and constants |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Atomic time, dynamical time systems |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Sidereal and Universal Time |
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21 | (3) |
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2.3 Reference coordinate systems: fundamentals |
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24 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Celestial Reference System |
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25 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Precession, nutation |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Terrestrial Reference System |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Polar motion, Earth rotation |
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30 | (4) |
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2.4 International reference systems and reference frames |
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34 | (12) |
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2.4.1 International Celestial Reference System and Frame |
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34 | (5) |
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2.4.2 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame |
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39 | (3) |
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2.4.3 Transformation between celestial and terrestrial reference systems, Earth orientation parameters |
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42 | (3) |
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2.4.4 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (7) |
| 3 The Gravity Field of the Earth |
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53 | (38) |
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3.1 Fundamentals of gravity field theory |
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53 | (9) |
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3.1.1 Gravitation, gravitational potential |
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53 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Gravitation of a spherically symmetric Earth |
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55 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Properties of the gravitational potential |
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57 | (3) |
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3.1.4 Centrifugal acceleration, centrifugal potential |
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60 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Gravity acceleration, gravity potential |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2 Geometry of the gravity field |
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62 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Level surfaces and plumb lines |
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63 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Local gravity field representation |
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64 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Natural coordinates |
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67 | (2) |
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3.3 Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential |
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69 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Expansion of the reciprocal distance |
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69 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Expansion of the gravitational potential |
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71 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Geometrical interpretation of the surface spherical harmonics |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Physical interpretation of the spherical harmonic coefficients |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (8) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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3.4.3 The geoid as height reference surface |
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81 | (3) |
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3.5 Temporal gravity variations |
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84 | (7) |
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3.5.1 Gravitational constant, Earth rotation |
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85 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Tidal acceleration, tidal potential |
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85 | (4) |
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3.5.3 Non-tidal temporal gravity variations |
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89 | (2) |
| 4 The Geodetic Earth Model |
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91 | (22) |
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4.1 The rotational ellipsoid |
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91 | (8) |
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4.1.1 Parameters and coordinate systems |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Spatial geodetic coordinates |
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96 | (3) |
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4.2 The normal gravity field |
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99 | (9) |
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4.2.1 The level ellipsoid, level spheroids |
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99 | (2) |
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4.2.2 The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid |
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101 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Geometry of the normal gravity field |
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105 | (3) |
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4.3 Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model |
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108 | (5) |
| 5 Methods of Measurement |
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113 | (110) |
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5.1 Atmospheric refraction |
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113 | (10) |
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114 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Tropospheric refraction |
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117 | (4) |
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5.1.3 Ionospheric refraction |
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121 | (2) |
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5.2 Satellite observations |
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123 | (39) |
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5.2.1 Undisturbed satellite motion |
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124 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Perturbed satellite motion |
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126 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Artificial Earth satellites |
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128 | (3) |
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5.2.4 Direction, range and range rate (Doppler, DORIS) measurements |
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131 | (4) |
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5.2.5 Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and others) |
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135 | (15) |
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5.2.6 Laser distance measurements |
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150 | (4) |
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5.2.7 Satellite altimetry |
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154 | (4) |
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5.2.8 Satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gravity gradiometry |
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158 | (4) |
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162 | (13) |
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5.3.1 Optical observation instruments |
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163 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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5.3.4 Very Long Baseline Interferometry |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (28) |
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5.4.1 Absolute gravity measurements |
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175 | (8) |
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5.4.2 Relative gravity measurements |
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183 | (6) |
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5.4.3 Gravity reference systems and gravity standard |
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189 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Gravity measurements on moving platforms |
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190 | (7) |
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5.4.5 Gravity gradiometry |
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197 | (2) |
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5.4.6 Continuous gravity measurements |
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199 | (4) |
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5.5 Terrestrial geodetic measurements |
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203 | (20) |
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5.5.1 Horizontal and vertical angle measurements |
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204 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Distance measurements, total stations |
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206 | (6) |
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5.5.3 Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (4) |
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5.5.5 Tilt and strain measurements |
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219 | (4) |
| 6 Methods of Positioning and Gravity Field Modeling |
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223 | (82) |
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6.1 Residual gravity field |
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224 | (9) |
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6.1.1 Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height |
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224 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, deflection of the vertical |
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226 | (3) |
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6.1.3 Statistical description of the gravity field, interpolation |
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229 | (4) |
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6.2 Three-dimensional positioning |
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233 | (12) |
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6.2.1 Observation equations |
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234 | (6) |
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240 | (5) |
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6.3 Horizontal positioning |
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245 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Ellipsoidal trigonometry |
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245 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Reductions to the ellipsoid |
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247 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Computations on the ellipsoid |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (6) |
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6.4.1 Heights from geometric leveling |
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253 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Trigonometrical heights |
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255 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Heights from GNSS (G PS) |
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256 | (2) |
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6.5 Fundamentals of gravity field modeling |
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258 | (13) |
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6.5.1 The geodetic boundary-value problem |
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258 | (4) |
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6.5.2 Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models |
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262 | (2) |
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6.5.3 Gravity reductions to the geoid |
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264 | (5) |
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6.5.4 Orientation and scale of gravity field models |
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269 | (2) |
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6.6 Global gravity field modeling |
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271 | (12) |
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6.6.1 Spherical harmonic expansion |
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271 | (4) |
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6.6.2 "Satellite-only" gravity field models |
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275 | (3) |
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6.6.3 Combined (high resolution) gravity field models |
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278 | (5) |
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6.7 Local gravity field modeling |
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283 | (18) |
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6.7.1 Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical: integral formulas |
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283 | (7) |
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6.7.2 Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections of the vertical |
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290 | (3) |
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6.7.3 The external gravity field |
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293 | (3) |
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6.7.4 Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination |
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296 | (5) |
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6.8 Least-squares collocation |
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301 | (4) |
| 7 Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks |
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305 | (28) |
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7.1 Horizontal control networks |
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305 | (11) |
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7.2 Vertical control networks |
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316 | (5) |
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7.3 Three-dimensional networks |
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321 | (9) |
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330 | (3) |
| 8 Structure and Dynamics of the Earth |
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333 | (50) |
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8.1 The geophysical Earth model |
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333 | (4) |
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8.2 The upper layers of the Earth |
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337 | (12) |
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8.2.1 Structure of the Earth's crust and upper mantle |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (4) |
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342 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Interpretation of the gravity field |
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344 | (5) |
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8.3 Geodesy and recent geodynamics |
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349 | (34) |
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8.3.1 Geophysical processes and effects on geodetic products |
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350 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Changes in Earth rotation |
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353 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Sea level variations |
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355 | (4) |
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8.3.4 Crustal deformations |
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359 | (8) |
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8.3.5 Gravity field variations with time |
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367 | (8) |
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8.3.6 Earth tides and tidal loading |
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375 | (8) |
| References |
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383 | (38) |
| Index |
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