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E-raamat: Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA)
  • Formaat: 278 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429150227
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Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous RobotsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 278 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429150227
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429150227
Expounding on the results of the authors work with the US Army Research Office, DARPA, the Office of Naval Research, and various defense industry contractors, Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots explores how to produce an "artificial conscience" in a new class of robots, humane-oids, which are robots that can potentially perform more ethically than humans in the battlefield. The author examines the philosophical basis, motivation, theory, and design recommendations for the implementation of an ethical control and reasoning system in autonomous robot systems, taking into account the Laws of War and Rules of Engagement. The book presents robot architectural design recommendations for

Post facto suppression of unethical behavior, Behavioral design that incorporates ethical constraints from the onset, The use of affective functions as an adaptive component in the event of unethical action, and A mechanism that identifies and advises operators regarding their ultimate responsibility for the deployment of autonomous systems.

It also examines why soldiers fail in battle regarding ethical decisions; discusses the opinions of the public, researchers, policymakers, and military personnel on the use of lethality by autonomous systems; provides examples that illustrate autonomous systems ethical use of force; and includes relevant Laws of War. Helping ensure that warfare is conducted justly with the advent of autonomous robots, this book shows that the first steps toward creating robots that not only conform to international law but outperform human soldiers in their ethical capacity are within reach in the future. It supplies the motivation, philosophy, formalisms, representational requirements, architectural design criteria, recommendations, and test scenarios to design and construct an autonomous robotic system capable of ethically using leth
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
Chapter 2 Trends toward Lethality
7(22)
2.1 Weaponized Unmanned Ground Vehicles
10(11)
2.2 Weaponized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
21(5)
2.3 Prospects
26(3)
Chapter 3 Human Failings in the Battlefield
29(8)
Chapter 4 Related Philosophical Thought
37(12)
Chapter 5 What People Think: Opinions on Lethal Autonomous Systems
49(8)
5.1 Survey Background
50(1)
5.2 Response
51(1)
5.3 Comparative Results
52(3)
5.4 Discussion
55(2)
Chapter 6 Formalization for Ethical Control
57(12)
6.1 Formal Methods for Describing Behavior
58(4)
6.1.1 Range of Responses: R
58(1)
6.1.2 The Stimulus Domain: S
58(2)
6.1.3 The Behavioral Mapping: β
60(2)
6.2 Ethical Behavior
62(7)
Chapter 7 Specific Issues for Lethality: What to Represent
69(24)
7.1 What Is Required
70(1)
7.2 Laws of War
71(10)
7.3 Rules of Engagement
81(12)
7.3.1 Standing Rules of Engagement
82(2)
7.3.2 Rules of Engagement (Non-SROE)
84(2)
7.3.3 Rules for the Use of Force
86(5)
7.3.4 ROE for Peace Enforcement Missions
91(2)
Chapter 8 Representational Choices: How to Represent Ethics in a Lethal Robot
93(22)
8.1 Underpinnings
95(4)
8.2 Generalism---Reasoning from Moral Principles
99(5)
8.2.1 Deontic Logic
99(3)
8.2.2 Utilitarian Methods
102(1)
8.2.3 Kantian Rule-Based Methods
103(1)
8.3 Particularism: Case-Based Reasoning
104(4)
8.4 Ethical Decision Making
108(7)
Chapter 9 Architectural Considerations for Governing Lethality
115(10)
9.1 Architectural Requirements
119(6)
Chapter 10 Design Options
125(30)
10.1 Ethical Governor
127(6)
10.2 Ethical Behavioral Control
133(5)
10.3 Ethical Adaptor
138(5)
10.3.1 After-Action Reflection
138(2)
10.3.2 Affective Restriction of Behavior
140(3)
10.4 Responsibility Advisor
143(12)
10.4.1 Command Authorization for a Mission Involving Autonomous Lethal Force
146(2)
10.4.2 Design for Mission Command Authorization
148(1)
10.4.3 The Use of Ethical Overrides
149(3)
10.4.4 Design for Overriding Ethical Control
152(3)
Chapter 11 Example Scenarios for the Ethical Use of Force
155(22)
11.1 Taliban Muster in Cemetery
157(5)
11.2 "Apache Rules the Night"
162(5)
11.3 Korean Demilitarized Zone
167(4)
11.4 Urban Sniper
171(6)
Chapter 12 A Prototype Implementation
177(34)
12.1 Infrastructure
177(1)
12.2 A Prototype Implementation of the Ethical Governor
178(18)
12.2.1 Ethical Constraints
179(3)
12.2.2 Evidential Reasoning
182(1)
12.2.3 Constraint Application
182(3)
12.2.4 Proportionality and Battlefield Carnage
185(3)
12.2.5 Demonstration Scenario Overview
188(2)
12.2.6 Scenario 1---Suppressing Unethical Behavior
190(2)
12.2.7 Scenario 2---Maintaining Ethical Behavior While Minimizing Collateral Damage
192(4)
12.3 Implementing the Responsibility Advisor
196(13)
12.3.1 Establishing Responsibility When Tasking an Autonomous System Capable of Lethal Force
196(6)
12.3.2 Run-Time Responsibility Advising and Operator Overrides
202(1)
12.3.2.1 Continuous Presentation of the Status of the Ethical Governor
203(2)
12.3.2.2 Negative Overrides: Denying Permission to Fire in the Presence of Obligating Constraints
205(1)
12.3.2.3 Positive Overrides: Granting Permission to Fire in the Presence of Forbidding Ethical Constraints
206(3)
12.4 Summary
209(2)
Epilogue 211(2)
References 213(12)
Appendix A Relevant Laws of War 225(18)
Appendix B Acronyms 243(2)
Appendix C Notation 245(2)
Index 247
Ronald Arkin
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