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xi | |
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xiii | |
Abbreviations |
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xv | |
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1 The language and its speakers |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Location and linguistic affiliation |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3 Previous work on Savosavo |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 The nature of the data used in this grammar |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Orthography and conventions used in examples |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (30) |
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13 | (9) |
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13 | (5) |
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2.1.2 Minimal contrast between consonants |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Minimal contrast between vowels |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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2.2 Syllable and root structure |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (5) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Influence of affixes and clitics on stress |
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24 | (4) |
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28 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Influence of affixes and enclitics |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.1.1 Avoidance of identical vowel sequences |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.1.2 Stem modifications |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (9) |
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2.5.1 Basic clausal pitch contours |
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35 | (5) |
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2.5.2 Intonation associated with some discourse particles |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (5) |
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43 | (2) |
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3.2 Morphological processes |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Affixation and cliticization |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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4 Word classes and phrase types |
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48 | (68) |
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4.1 Verbs and the verb complex |
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48 | (9) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (5) |
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4.1.1.2 Intransitive verbs |
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55 | (1) |
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4.1.1.3 Ambitransitive verbs |
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56 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Verb complex - short overview |
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56 | (1) |
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4.2 Nouns and noun phrases |
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57 | (11) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (6) |
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4.2.2 Noun phrase - short overview |
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66 | (2) |
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4.3 Adjectives and adjective phrases |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.4 Quantifiers and quantifier phrases |
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72 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.4.1.1 Numerals and the counting system |
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73 | (2) |
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4.4.1.2 Other quantifiers |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (7) |
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77 | (1) |
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4.5.1.1 Free personal pronouns |
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77 | (2) |
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4.5.1.2 Enclitic subject personal pronouns |
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79 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Possessive pronouns |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.6 Determiners and the demonstrative ai `this' |
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84 | (5) |
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4.6.1 Determiners vs. personal pronouns |
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85 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Demonstratives vs. definite articles |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (6) |
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4.7.1 A note on frames of reference |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (7) |
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4.8.1 The attributive marker sua and sua-phrases |
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95 | (3) |
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4.8.2 The proprietive marker lava and lava-phrases |
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98 | (3) |
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4.8.3 The privative marker zepo and zepo-phrases |
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101 | (1) |
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4.9 Postpositions and postpositional phrases |
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102 | (6) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.9.2 l-omata `at, to(wards), from' |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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4.10 The emphatic modifier toa `really' |
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108 | (2) |
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4.11 The modifiers memere `little bit' and pono `only' |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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4.13.1 Coordinators, subordinators and cosubordinators |
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113 | (1) |
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4.13.2 Miscellaneous particles |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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4.14.1 Hesitation markers |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (45) |
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116 | (15) |
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5.1.1 Order of constituents within an NP |
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116 | (2) |
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5.1.1.1 NPs headed by a noun or nominal compound and headless NPs |
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118 | (6) |
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5.1.1.2 NPs headed by a pronoun |
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124 | (2) |
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5.1.1.3 NPs headed by a locational |
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126 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Number and gender marking |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (16) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (5) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (14) |
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5.3.1 Coordination in and between NPs |
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148 | (2) |
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5.3.1.1 Coordination by juxtaposition |
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150 | (2) |
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5.3.1.2 Coordination with zu `and' |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.1.3 Coordination with bo `or' |
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153 | (1) |
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5.3.1.4 Coordination with tei kia `or' |
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154 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Appositional construction |
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155 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Inclusory construction |
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156 | (5) |
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161 | (35) |
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6.1 Structure of individual verb stems |
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161 | (3) |
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6.2 Inner layer morphology |
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164 | (8) |
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164 | (3) |
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6.2.1.1 Object affixes: agreement or pronominal suffixes? |
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167 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Transitivity-changing devices |
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169 | (1) |
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6.2.2.1 The transitivizing suffix -vi |
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169 | (2) |
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6.2.2.2 Thedetransitivizing suffix -za |
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171 | (1) |
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6.3 Outer layer morphology |
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172 | (11) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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6.3.2.1 The future marker ta |
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174 | (1) |
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6.3.2.2 The anticipatory marker -ata |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3.2.3 The simultaneous marker -a |
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176 | (1) |
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6.3.2.4 The present and past imperfective markers -tu and -zu |
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177 | (1) |
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6.3.2.5 The background imperfective markers -ale and -atu |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3.3.1 The imperative markers -a and -lu |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3.3.2 The apprehensive marker -le |
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180 | (1) |
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6.3.3.3 The irrealis marker -ale |
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180 | (1) |
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6.3.4 The same-subject marker -a |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (3) |
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6.5 Serial verb constructions |
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186 | (10) |
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6.5.1 SVCs with fully lexical verbs |
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187 | (2) |
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6.5.2 SVCs with aspectual verbs |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5.2.1 Completive: SVC with l-aju `finish' |
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189 | (2) |
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6.5.2.2 Background imperfective: SVC with pale/patu `stay' |
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191 | (1) |
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6.5.2.3 Ingressive: SVC with alu `stand' |
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192 | (1) |
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6.5.3 SVCs with verbs that increase the transitivity of the verb complex |
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192 | (1) |
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6.5.3.1 Benefactive: SVC with l-ame-li `give' |
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193 | (1) |
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6.5.3.2 Causative: SVC with l-au `take' |
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194 | (2) |
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7 Independent basic clauses |
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196 | (51) |
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7.1 Affirmative declarative clauses |
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196 | (22) |
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197 | (3) |
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7.1.1.1 Verb-initial minimal clauses |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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7.1.1.3 Summary and a note on basic word order |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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7.1.2.1 Locational clauses |
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206 | (1) |
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7.1.2.1.1 Subject-predicate locational clauses |
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207 | (1) |
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7.1.2.1.2 Predicate-subject locational clauses |
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207 | (3) |
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7.1.2.2 Property clauses and classificational clauses |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (3) |
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7.1.2.2.2 Sua- and lava-phrase predicates |
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215 | (2) |
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7.1.2.3 Non-verbal clauses with a NVC predicate |
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217 | (1) |
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7.2 The emphatic morphemes =e and te |
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218 | (19) |
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7.2.1 The emphatic enclitic =e |
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219 | (1) |
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7.2.1.1 Non-verbal clauses and =e `EMPH' |
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220 | (4) |
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7.2.1.2 Verbal clauses and =e `EMPH' |
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224 | (1) |
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7.2.1.3 Nominalized verbal clauses marked by =e `EMPH' |
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224 | (3) |
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7.2.1.4 Functions of =e `EMPH' |
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227 | (6) |
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7.2.2 The emphasizing particle te `EMPH' |
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233 | (4) |
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237 | (3) |
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237 | (2) |
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7.3.2 The negative existentials baigho and baighoza |
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239 | (1) |
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7.3.3 The irrealis suffix -ale |
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240 | (1) |
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7.3.4 The prohibitive particle sika |
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240 | (1) |
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7.3.5 The apprehensive suffix -le |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (4) |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (51) |
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8.1 Coordination of clauses |
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248 | (3) |
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8.1.1 Coordination with zu `and, but' |
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249 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Coordination with bo `or' |
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250 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Coordination with apoi `because' |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (34) |
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252 | (1) |
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8.2.1.1 Relative clauses with -tu `REL' |
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253 | (6) |
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8.2.1.2 Relative clauses with sua `ATT' |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (1) |
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8.2.2.1 Conditional clauses with monei `if only' |
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264 | (1) |
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8.2.2.2 Conditional and future temporal clauses with kia `if' |
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265 | (3) |
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8.2.2.3 Past and present temporal clauses |
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268 | (1) |
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8.2.2.3.1 Temporal clauses with tuka `whenever' |
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268 | (2) |
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8.2.2.3.2 Temporal clauses with tulola `then' |
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270 | (4) |
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8.2.2.4 Simultaneous clauses |
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274 | (6) |
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280 | (1) |
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8.2.2.5.1 Purpose clauses with telke `CONJ' |
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280 | (3) |
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8.2.2.5.2 Asyndetic, embedded purpose clauses |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (13) |
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8.3.1 Structure of clause chains |
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285 | (5) |
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8.3.2 Same-subject marking |
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290 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Scope of verbal morphology in the final clause |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (2) |
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9 Nominalization with -ghu `NMLZ' |
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298 | (32) |
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9.1 Theoretical background on `nominalization' |
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298 | (4) |
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9.1.1 Lexical vs. clausal nominalization |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (4) |
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9.3 Nominalizations in a support verb construction |
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306 | (3) |
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9.4 Nominalizations as state-of-affairs complements |
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309 | (3) |
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9.5 Nominalizations in subject or predicate position |
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312 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Subject of a verbal clause |
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313 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Constituent of a non-verbal clause |
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314 | (3) |
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9.6 Nominalized verbal clauses in a presentational construction |
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317 | (10) |
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9.6.1 Internal structure of NVCs |
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318 | (4) |
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9.6.2 NVCs as a thetic structure |
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322 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Discourse function of NVCs |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (29) |
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330 | (9) |
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339 | (15) |
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A.3 Making poporaghi pudding |
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354 | (5) |
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359 | (28) |
Bibliography |
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387 | (7) |
Index |
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394 | |