| Preface |
|
xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xix | |
| Author |
|
xxi | |
|
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Economics of Groundwater |
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1 | (1) |
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Economics Informs Decisions |
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1 | (1) |
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Economic Significance of Groundwater |
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1 | (1) |
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Advantages of and Demand for Groundwater |
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2 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Groundwater |
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|
3 | (7) |
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Economic Analysis Approach to Groundwater |
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6 | (2) |
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Significant Groundwater Economics Issues |
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8 | (2) |
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Brief Overview of the Text, Volumes 1 and 2 |
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10 | (1) |
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For Further Consideration |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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Additional References Consulted |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (4) |
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Economic Concepts Reference |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Groundwater in the Ecosystem |
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19 | (36) |
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Physical Significance of Groundwater |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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Natural Factors Affecting Groundwater Resources |
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23 | (5) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Permeability and Soil Texture |
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24 | (1) |
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Geologic Matrix (Or Aquifer Media) |
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24 | (1) |
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Subsurface Water Migration |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Managed Yield and Sustainability |
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28 | (1) |
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Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Other Factors Affecting Groundwater Supply |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Natural Sensitivity and Vulnerability |
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35 | (4) |
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35 | (1) |
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Local Sensitivity and Vulnerability |
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36 | (1) |
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Human Activity and Ecosystem Vulnerability |
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36 | (3) |
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Biodiversity in Groundwater |
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39 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Deep Aquifer Environments |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Groundwater Occurrence and Human Interaction |
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42 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Groundwater and Climate Change |
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47 | (1) |
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Summary: General Observations on Natural Factors Affecting Groundwater in the Ecosystem |
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48 | (1) |
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For Further Consideration |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Groundwater in the Economy |
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55 | (38) |
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Groundwater's Influence in the Economy |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Economic Effects of Geology |
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56 | (1) |
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Economic Impacts of Groundwater Use |
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56 | (1) |
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Conjunctive Management of Water Sources |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Major Economic Groundwater Uses in National and International Contexts |
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61 | (11) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Groundwater Services Sector and Employment |
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70 | (2) |
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Unintended Effects of Groundwater Use in an Economy |
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72 | (1) |
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Ecological and Aesthetic Uses of Groundwater |
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72 | (1) |
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Residual Absorption as a Use of Groundwater |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Competition for the Subsurface Environment |
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74 | (1) |
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Health and Economic Productivity |
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74 | (1) |
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Other Socioeconomic Factors in Overview |
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74 | (1) |
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Economic Management Characteristics of Groundwater |
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75 | (2) |
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Economic Challenges and Market Failure |
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77 | (1) |
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A Model of Groundwater in the Economy |
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78 | (1) |
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Groundwater Function and Service |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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Expanded Ecosystems Services Model |
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83 | (2) |
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Economic Effects on Groundwater from Climate Change |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Natural Capital Considerations |
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86 | (1) |
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Implications for Sustainable Groundwater in the Economy |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (5) |
|
Chapter 4 Groundwater Law |
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93 | (46) |
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93 | (1) |
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Socioeconomic Considerations |
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93 | (1) |
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Range of Uses Recognized in Law |
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94 | (1) |
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Groundwater Quantity and Quality |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Groundwater Rights in Use and Access |
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95 | (2) |
|
Groundwater Laws of the United States |
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|
97 | (20) |
|
State Groundwater Doctrines, Law and Policy in the United States |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Terminology for Groundwater Categories in Case Law |
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97 | (1) |
|
Subflow of Surface Streams |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Water Quantity - State Law |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Correlative Rights - Eastern United States (From the Restatement of Torts Rule) |
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100 | (1) |
|
Correlative Rights - Western United States |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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State Groundwater Drainage Law |
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101 | (1) |
|
State Laws for Well Installation |
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102 | (1) |
|
U.S. Federal Groundwater Quantity-Related Laws |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Protecting Quality for Future Quantity |
|
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103 | (1) |
|
Less Quality Protection Reducing Future Supply Potential |
|
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103 | (1) |
|
Supply-Related Tax Subsidy for Irrigation |
|
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103 | (1) |
|
Laws Affecting Groundwater Recharge |
|
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104 | (1) |
|
Water Conservation in Irrigation |
|
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
|
Other Quantity-Related Federal Laws |
|
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
|
State Law Affecting Land Management Practices with Groundwater Quality Implications |
|
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105 | (1) |
|
State Groundwater Quality Protection |
|
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105 | (7) |
|
U.S. Federal Groundwater Quality Protection-Related Laws |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
Groundwater Quality Standards |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
U.S. Federal Wetlands Laws |
|
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114 | (3) |
|
U.S. Federal Environmental Valuation of Groundwater-Related Actions |
|
|
117 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
|
Underground Injection Control |
|
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
|
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118 | (1) |
|
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act |
|
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118 | (1) |
|
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act |
|
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118 | (1) |
|
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act |
|
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
|
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act |
|
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118 | (1) |
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U.S. Groundwater Financing Laws |
|
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118 | (1) |
|
Other Economic Implications of U.S. Groundwater Rights and Laws |
|
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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Environmental Site Assessments |
|
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122 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Laws of Other Countries |
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124 | (9) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
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|
135 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
|
Chapter 5 Microeconomics and Groundwater Markets |
|
|
139 | (36) |
|
Evaluating Essential Scarce Resources |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Economic Utility, Product and Price |
|
|
139 | (2) |
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|
141 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
|
Demand and Willingness to Pay |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
|
An Example in Graphical Form |
|
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
|
Price in a Competitive Market |
|
|
149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
|
Assumptions Used to Derive "Competitive Markets" |
|
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150 | (1) |
|
Substitutability of Inputs |
|
|
151 | (8) |
|
Decision Makers in Groundwater Production and Supply |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
Decision Makers Affecting Demand for and Use of Groundwater |
|
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (4) |
|
Other Factors in Marginal Costs of Groundwater Production |
|
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
|
Markets for Groundwater Supply |
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160 | (1) |
|
Valuing a Groundwater Use Right |
|
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161 | (3) |
|
Markets for Groundwater Quality Trading |
|
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164 | (1) |
|
Capital and Financing Aspects of Economic Production |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
|
National and International Implications of Groundwater Production |
|
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
|
Chapter 6 Groundwater Access and Supply: Wells, Aquifer Recharge and Natural Infrastructure |
|
|
175 | (58) |
|
Access Is Fundamental to Use |
|
|
175 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
|
Groundwater Resource Investigation |
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177 | (3) |
|
Elements of an Investigation |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Available Information |
|
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Costs and Benefits of Groundwater Investigation |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Well Location |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (2) |
|
Well Installation Standards |
|
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187 | (1) |
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Well Installer Certification |
|
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Well Drilling and Installation |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Monitoring Wells and Piezometers |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Capital Cost and Related Factors |
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195 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Agricultural Irrigation Wells |
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197 | (1) |
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Injection Wells and Hydraulic Fracturing |
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197 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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Hydraulic Fracturing Injection Wells |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (3) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (4) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Geothermal Heat Pump Wells |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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Deep Geothermal Energy Wells |
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208 | (1) |
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In Situ and On-Site Groundwater Treatment Wells |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (10) |
|
Natural Groundwater Recharge |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery |
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213 | (1) |
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Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery |
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213 | (1) |
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General Types of Recharge |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Quality of Recharge Sources |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Large Area Source Water Quality Protection Methods |
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216 | (1) |
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Implementation Steps in MAR Project Siting |
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216 | (1) |
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Benefits of Managed Aquifer Recharge |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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Maintenance of Aquifer Recharge Basins |
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220 | (1) |
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Unanticipated Costs of Aquifer Recharge |
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220 | (1) |
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Natural and Green Infrastructure |
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220 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Benefits for Green Infrastructure |
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222 | (1) |
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Costs of Green Infrastructure |
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222 | (1) |
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Benefits of Properly Installed and Maintained Wells |
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223 | (1) |
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Costs of Improperly Installed or Maintained Wells |
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224 | (1) |
|
Ecological Aspects of Access to Groundwater and the Subsurface |
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224 | (2) |
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Unsaturated Zone and Shallow Aquifers |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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For Further Consideration |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (5) |
|
Other References Consulted |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Chapter 7 Groundwater Quality Treatment and Waste Disposal |
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233 | (40) |
|
Many Potential Contaminant Sources |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Subsurface Contaminant Sink and Natural Capital Treatment |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Treatment for Drinking Water |
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235 | (10) |
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Natural Capital Treatment Service |
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|
235 | (2) |
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237 | (3) |
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Central Water Supply Treatment |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Subsurface Disposal and Release of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals |
|
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
|
Waste Releases to Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment |
|
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245 | (15) |
|
Onsite Wastewater Disposal |
|
|
246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
|
Subsurface Releases and Modifications Associated with Global Climate Change |
|
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
|
Sea-Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion |
|
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251 | (1) |
|
Inland Brackish and Saline Water Intrusion |
|
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
|
Remediation of Chemical Residuals in Groundwater |
|
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254 | (6) |
|
Remediated Sites and Redevelopment |
|
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260 | (1) |
|
Water Reclamation and Reuse |
|
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261 | (1) |
|
Economic Considerations for Groundwater in Treatment and Disposal |
|
|
262 | (2) |
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|
264 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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|
265 | (8) |
|
Chapter 8 Groundwater Consumption for Health and Food |
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|
273 | (62) |
|
Part 1 Groundwater and Health |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Positive Health Effects of Natural Groundwater Constituents |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
Negative Health Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Substances |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Naturally Occurring Contaminants |
|
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278 | (16) |
|
Human-Caused or Anthropogenic Source Contaminants |
|
|
278 | (12) |
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290 | (1) |
|
Barriers Protecting Health |
|
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
|
Protective Aspects of the Subsurface |
|
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293 | (1) |
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Unprotective Aspects of the Subsurface |
|
|
293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Source Quality for Other Living Organisms |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Source Quality for Commercial Applications |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Production Function and Historical Use |
|
|
296 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
|
Domestic Household Supply |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Historical Use and Productivity Change |
|
|
297 | (1) |
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|
|
298 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
299 | (1) |
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|
299 | (2) |
|
Part 2 Groundwater and Food Production |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Largest Use of Groundwater |
|
|
301 | (8) |
|
Extent of Irrigation Water Demand |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
Biofuels Demand on Groundwater |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Brief History of Groundwater Irrigation |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Recent Developments in Irrigation Wells |
|
|
306 | (1) |
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|
306 | (1) |
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|
306 | (3) |
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|
309 | (4) |
|
Irrigation Methods and Costs |
|
|
313 | (4) |
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
Irrigation Use of Groundwater |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Financing Irrigation Systems |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Effects of Irrigation |
|
|
321 | (4) |
|
Waterlogging and Salination |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Accumulation of Salts, Nutrients and Pesticides Residuals |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Best Management Practices |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Conservation and Food Production |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Production Function and Productivity for Irrigation Water |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Considerations |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (5) |
|
Chapter 9 Mineral Extraction, Geothermal Exchange and Manufacturing |
|
|
335 | (18) |
|
Groundwater in Industrial Economic Applications |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Mineral Extraction (Other than Oil and Gas) |
|
|
336 | (8) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (5) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Direct Use Deep Geothermal Sources |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
Chapter 10 Competing Uses and Value of Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment |
|
|
353 | (8) |
|
Key Groundwater Conditions |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Indicators of Competition for Groundwater and the Subsurface Environment in the United States |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
Chapter 11 Sustainable Development Concepts |
|
|
361 | (30) |
|
Alternatives for Future Groundwater Use |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Defining Sustainable Development |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
An Alternative Approach to Measuring National Production |
|
|
363 | (3) |
|
Cautions on Cost-Benefit Evaluations |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Principles of Sustainable Development |
|
|
367 | (5) |
|
Principles Applying to All Waters |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Specific Sustainability Principles for Groundwater |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Range of Alternative Approaches |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Targeting Sustainable Groundwater Policies |
|
|
372 | (13) |
|
Comprehensive Integrated Water Resource Management |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Set Clear Aquifer Management Objectives |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Restrictions on Chemical Use in Vulnerable Recharge Areas |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Monitoring Groundwater Status |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Use of Low-Impact Development |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Widespread Use of and Incentives for Efficient Water-Using Technology |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Water Recycling in Manufacturing |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Water Reuse for Public Supplies |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
Managed Yield and Sustainable Development |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Maintain Capital, Maximize Service, Minimize Throughput |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Who Benefits and Who Pays the Cost of the Different Policy Approaches - and How Much? |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
Chapter 12 Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Adaptive Resource Management |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Adaptive Management for Sustainable Groundwater Resources |
|
|
394 | (9) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Shared Objectives and Plans |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
Accounting for Hydrologic Processes |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Minimizing Carbon Footprint |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Protecting and Remediating Source Water |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Resource Status Measurement |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Disruption of Extreme Events |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (3) |
| Index |
|
407 | |
| Preface |
|
xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xix | |
| Author |
|
xxi | |
|
Chapter 1 Introduction to Groundwater Economic Analysis |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
Project Economic Analysis |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
Clear Definition of Purpose |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Conducting the Economic Analysis |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Chapter 2 Cost, Benefit, Price and Value of Groundwater in Market and Nonmarket Settings |
|
|
5 | (42) |
|
A Framework for Categorizing Economic Results |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Market Goods and Services |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
|
8 | (4) |
|
Nonmarket Goods and Services |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
|
17 | (21) |
|
A Generalized Pricing Model |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Replacement Surcharge Pricing |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
Estimating o[ F(t)], the Cost of Foregone Opportunities for Water Use |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
Price Elasticity of Demand for Water and Income Factors |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
Institutions Facilitating Pricing |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
Average versus Marginal Cost Pricing |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Regulated Monopolistic Market Pricing |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
Other Categories of Effects |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
|
43 | (4) |
|
Chapter 3 Groundwater Policy and Projects |
|
|
47 | (22) |
|
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
|
|
49 | (6) |
|
Policies in High-Level Overview |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
National/Federal Government |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Economic Considerations in Water Source Policies |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
Contaminant Control Policy |
|
|
55 | (7) |
|
Policies in High-Level Overview |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
National/Federal Government |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Economic Considerations in Contamination Control Policy |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
Criteria for Policy and Project Evaluation |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Positive Ecosystem Response |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Low Information Requirements |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Agreement with Moral Precepts |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
Chapter 4 Economic Analysis of Groundwater Policy and Projects |
|
|
69 | (54) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Note on Relation of Volume 2,
Chapters 4 and 5 Addressing Economic Evaluation |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Local Relational Policies |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
|
70 | (12) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Sources |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Contaminant Control |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Positive Ecosystem Response |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Sources |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Contaminant Control |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources and Contaminant Control |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Sources |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Contaminant Control |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
Community Information for Water Source |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
Community Information for Contaminant Control |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Local Relational Policies |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Low Information Requirements |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Low Administrative Requirements |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Agreement with Moral Precepts |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Water Use Rights and Liability Law for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Community Information for Water Sources and Contaminant Control |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Risk Management for Water Source and Contaminant Control |
|
|
83 | (4) |
|
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Positive Ecosystem Response |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Economic Efficiency or Effectiveness |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Low Information Requirements |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Agreement with Moral Precepts |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Economic Instruments for Water Sources and Contaminant Control |
|
|
87 | (27) |
|
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Positive Ecosystem Response |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Economic Efficiency and Effectiveness |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Water Source User Charges and Taxes |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Water Source-Tradable (or Transferable) Water Use Rights |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on User Charges, Taxes and Penalties |
|
|
94 | (5) |
|
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Subsidies |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Product Charges |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Contaminant Control Policy Relying on Tradable (or Transferable) Release Permits |
|
|
101 | (3) |
|
Markets for Formerly Free Services |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Economic Instruments |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Low Information Requirements |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Agreement with Moral Precepts |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Environmental Performance Standards |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Positive Ecosystem Response |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Economic Efficiency and Effectiveness |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Water Source Quantity Limits |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
Contaminant Concentration Limits in Ambient Environment, Releases / Emissions and Content |
|
|
107 | (7) |
|
Remaining Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Performance Standards |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Low Information Requirements |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Agreement with Moral Precepts |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Another Perspective: Competition for versus Management of the Resource |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis |
|
|
123 | (86) |
|
Background on Cost-Benefit and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis |
|
|
124 | (5) |
|
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
Life-Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Integration of Cost-Benefit and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Project Sustainability |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Types of Actions Affecting Groundwater |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Questions of Options and Scope |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
130 | (4) |
|
|
|
134 | (28) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation |
|
|
136 | (6) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Benefits by Type of Action |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Benefits of Actions Affecting Groundwater |
|
|
143 | (7) |
|
Benefit Estimation Methods |
|
|
150 | (6) |
|
Further Note on Regional Benefits Estimation |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
Life-Cycle Benefit Estimates |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis |
|
|
162 | (10) |
|
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
Quantifiable Nonmonetizable and Nonquantifiable Costs and Benefits |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Costs and Benefits Considering Groundwater in a Hydrologic Cycle Context |
|
|
166 | (6) |
|
Distribution Effects and Equity |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
Effects on Communities and Government Entities |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Environmental Management Effects |
|
|
176 | (6) |
|
Efficiency Recharacterized - Alternative Accounting |
|
|
182 | (17) |
|
Comprehensive Efficiency Identity |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Alternative Evaluation Frameworks |
|
|
182 | (6) |
|
Cost and Benefit Estimate Issues |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Discounting and the Time Value of Money |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
Intergenerational Considerations |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Lag Time between Costs and Benefits |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Regional Multiplier Effects |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Operationalizing Inherent Value |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Information Completeness and Groundwater Modeling |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Review of Key Groundwater Factors Affecting LCCBA |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (6) |
|
Chapter 6 Transboundary, International and Climate Change Considerations |
|
|
209 | (22) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
International Aquifers - A Shared Resource |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
Costs and Benefits Related to Transboundary and International Groundwaters |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Evolution of International Water Law |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
International Frameworks for Transboundary Groundwaters |
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
Economics of Local Transboundary Aquifer Use |
|
|
218 | (3) |
|
Effects of Climate Change on Groundwater |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
Potential Effects Identified |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Effects of Underground Storage of Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Effects of Increased Precipitation Variability |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Transboundary and International Factors |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Aquifer Storage as a Climate Change Adaptation |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Institutional Factors for Water Cooperation |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (4) |
|
Chapter 7 Macroeconomic Perspective |
|
|
231 | (28) |
|
Macroeconomic Policy Activity |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomics in Overview |
|
|
232 | (8) |
|
National Macroeconomic Functions |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Macroeconomic Policy Development |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
Effects of Macroeconomic Policies |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
Ecological Capacity in the Macroeconomy |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Models of the Economy |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
Groundwater Occurrence and Use |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
Basic Raw Material for Many Industries |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
Natural Capital and Depletion |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Balancing and Policies |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Policy Goals and Principles |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Instruments |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Macroeconomic Models in Prospect |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Chapter 8 Groundwater in the Future Balance |
|
|
259 | (28) |
|
Public Goods Are Undersupplied in the Marketplace |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
A Public Common Property Resource |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Resource Value Promoted by Government Action |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
More Resource Information for Setting Public Resource Objectives |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Physical/Hydrogeologic Relationships |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Marginal Brackish Waters and Brines Becoming Essential |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Modeling to Support Management Objectives |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Maintain Natural Capital for Sustainability |
|
|
265 | (5) |
|
Importance of Scale and Public Objectives |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Replenishment of Mined Aquifers |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Pollution Prevention, Residual/Waste Reduction and Counter to Cautionary Tax |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Water Conservation and "Green" Management |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Information Aids Communities in Valuing Groundwater |
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269 | (1) |
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Aquifers and Watersheds - Appropriate Management Units |
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270 | (2) |
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Aquifer and Watershed Planning |
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270 | (1) |
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Aquifer-Watershed "Footprint" and Sustainable Yield |
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270 | (1) |
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Accounting Area of Interest |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Distribution of the Resource to All Who Rely on It |
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272 | (1) |
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Intragenerational Equity and Distribution |
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272 | (1) |
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Sustenance during Drought |
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272 | (1) |
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Intergenerational Considerations |
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272 | (1) |
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Efficient Allocation of the Resource |
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273 | (6) |
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Efficient Resource Allocation Follows Natural Capital Decisions |
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273 | (1) |
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Alternative Water Sources and Treatments |
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273 | (1) |
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Overall Resource Protection and Allocation through Pricing Mechanisms and Tax Policy |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Economic Effects beyond Points of Use |
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275 | (1) |
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Property Transfer Site Assessments |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Measure Efficiency Differently |
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278 | (1) |
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Ecosystem Significance in Community Values |
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279 | (1) |
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Balancing Ecosystem and Community Values |
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279 | (1) |
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Multiple Pathways to Valuing Groundwater |
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279 | (1) |
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Value through Action in the Community |
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280 | (1) |
|
Groundwater Economics Research Needs |
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280 | (4) |
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For Further Consideration |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Case Studies in Groundwater Economics |
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287 | (88) |
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Case Study 1 Production Well Costs and Benefits |
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287 | (4) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Combined 300 and 200 mm Wells Capital and Energy Cost |
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290 | (1) |
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Single Larger 350 mm Well Capital and Energy Cost |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Case Study 2 Life-Cycle Costing and Water Well Investment Strategy |
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292 | (7) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Unit and Capital Costs of Well Installation |
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293 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance Costs |
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294 | (1) |
|
Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs |
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294 | (1) |
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Well Casing Scale Management |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Specific Capacity of Wells |
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295 | (1) |
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Well Construction Costs for Three Representative Wells |
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295 | (1) |
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Life-Cycle Costing Analysis |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Well-Specific Assumptions |
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296 | (1) |
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Analysis of Life Cycle Costing |
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296 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance Costs |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Pump and Motor Replacement Costs |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Case Study 3 Costs and Benefits of Well Owner Disinfection Decisions |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
|
Uncertainty and Risk Associated with Microbial Contamination of Groundwater and Wells |
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300 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of Avoided Cost Benefits |
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300 | (1) |
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Cost of Treatment for a Private Domestic Water Well |
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301 | (1) |
|
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Disinfecting Wells Testing Positive for Pathogens |
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301 | (1) |
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Avoided-Cost Benefits per Individual Well Owner for Taking Health Protective Action |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
|
Case Study 4 Economics of Groundwater Depletion |
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304 | (9) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (5) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
|
Case Study 5 High Plains Irrigation Water Value |
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314 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
|
Methods of Estimating Irrigation Water Value |
|
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314 | (1) |
|
High Plains Irrigation Water Value |
|
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
|
Case Study 6 Groundwater Contaminant Remediation Economics |
|
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317 | (8) |
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317 | (1) |
|
Initial Groundwater Monitoring Results and Public Health Concerns |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Alternative Emergency and Remedial Actions |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Alternative 1 Hookups to the Rockford Public Water Supply |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Alternative 2 New Residential Water Wells |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Alternative 3 Point of Entry Water Treatment Devices |
|
|
319 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Remedial Action |
|
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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|
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324 | (1) |
|
Current Site Status (USEPA, 2020b) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
|
Case Study 7 Wellhead Protection: Benefits and Costs |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
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|
326 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Middletown, Ohio (All Monetary Units Are in 1994 U.S. Dollars) |
|
|
327 | (4) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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|
331 | (1) |
|
Case Study 8 Economic Assessment of a National Regulation - Waste Disposal Wells Introduction |
|
|
331 | (11) |
|
Cost Assumptions and Estimates |
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
National Cost of the Regulation |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Case Study 9 Contingent Valuation of Municipal Water Supply |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Other Information about the Survey |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Case Study 10 Determining Water Rates |
|
|
344 | (7) |
|
Water Rate Example: Fontana, California |
|
|
346 | (4) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Case Study 11 Groundwater Valuation in Rural Settings |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
Benefits of Protecting Groundwater in Four Geographic Regions |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Hedonic Pricing: Market Value of Groundwater Based on Crop Value |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Contingent Valuation of Option Price and Value for Groundwater in Cape Cod |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Case Study 12 Local Groundwater Source Compared to Regional Waterline |
|
|
353 | (7) |
|
General Comparison of Reliability and Quality |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Detailed Evaluation of Cost Comparison |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Holly Ridge Development Groundwater Needs |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Continuing Annual Operation & Maintenance Costs |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Life-Cycle Capital Costs over 30-Year Planning Horizon |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Life-Cycle Comparison of Existing GW System Rehabilitation and Alternative Waterline Capital Costs |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Additional Considerations |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Case Study 13 Wetland Benefits Evaluation |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Case Study 14 Groundwater Sustainability to Balance Urban and Agricultural Needs |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Case Study 15 Managed Aquifer Recharge Basin Project |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Comparison to Residential Consumer Water Rates |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Case Study 16 Balancing Ecosystem, Water Use and Pricing for Groundwater Sustainability |
|
|
367 | (5) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Balance and Conservation |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
A Hypothetical Case: Does Water Conservation Pay? |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
For Further Consideration |
|
|
372 | (3) |
| Index |
|
375 | |
Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta