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E-raamat: The Hague Trusts Convention: Scope, Application and Preliminary Issues [Hart e-raamatud]

  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2002
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781847310668
  • Hart e-raamatud
  • Hind: 164,99 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 544 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2002
  • Kirjastus: Hart Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781847310668
Trusts cross borders. When they do,real difficulties may arise. Will the understanding of what a trust is be different in a foreign state? Will the rights, powers and duties of the trustee and settlor be the same? What rights will the beneficiary be able to assert? To what extent will the trust assets be safe from the claims of creditors, forced heirs, or third parties? Which legal system will be applied to the trust? Within what limits? What if the trust needs to be recognised in a state which does not have the institution of the trust in its domestic law? The Hague Trusts Convention, enacted into English law by the Recognition of Trusts Act 1987, seeks to ameliorate the situation by providing harmonised choice of law rules for "trusts created voluntarily and evidenced in writing." It also provides for the recognition of trusts in Contracting States. Those Contracting States should recognise the trust, even if they do not have the institution in their domestic law. This book is the first published in England to devote itself to a detailed analysis of the Convention. It is aimed at academics and practitioners; at private international lawyers and at trust lawyers. Frequent reference is made to the position in civil law states (especially in the Contracting States of Italy and the Netherlands) and in other trust states, both offshore and onshore. The Hague Trusts Convention deals with the operation of the trust itself. It does not deal with the preliminary steps needed to create a trust. These preliminary matters raise highly complex and uncharted choice of law issues. Detailed discussion of these matters is also provided, and appropriate solutions suggested.
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
xxxiii
PART ONE: THE CREATION OF TRANSNATIONAL TRUSTS: LAUNCHING THE ROCKET
Introduction
3(2)
General
3(1)
Creation and Transfer
4(1)
Inter vivos Trusts-Matters to be Considered
5(1)
To What Extent are Matters of Capacity and Essential Validity Excluded from the Hague Trusts Convention?
5(2)
Capacity
5(2)
Whose capacity?
5(1)
Declarations of oneself as trustee
6(1)
Constitution of Trusts
7(1)
Capacity
7(3)
What is Capacity?
7(3)
Status and capacity
7(1)
Essential validity and capacity
7(3)
The Choice of Law Rule for Capacity Questions
10(11)
Capacity and other Branches of the Conflict of Laws
11(5)
Contracts
11(4)
Capacity to transfer property
15(1)
Trusts and Capacity
16(4)
One question or two?
17(1)
The transfer of property
17(1)
The creation of the trust structure
18(1)
Declarations of oneself as trustee
19(1)
Corporate trustees
19(1)
Foreign penal rules and rules which infringe English public policy
20(1)
Conclusion
20(1)
The Capacity of the Trustee
21(1)
The Capacity of the Beneficiary
21(2)
The Vesting of Property in the Trustee Inter Vivos
23(10)
Introduction
23(3)
One question or two?
24(1)
Declarations of oneself as trustee
25(1)
Intention to create the trust
25(1)
Immovable Property
26(2)
The general rule
26(1)
Renvoi
26(2)
Tangible Movable Property
28(2)
What does ``lex situs'' mean?
28(1)
Exceptions
29(1)
Renvoi
29(1)
Intangible Movable Property
30(3)
The situs
30(1)
Assignment of debts: the issues raised
31(1)
Assignability of debts
31(1)
The assignment of the debt
32(1)
Title to the chose in action
32(1)
Conclusion
33(1)
Perpetuities and Accumulations
33(1)
The Situs of Equitable Interests and Dealings with Subsisting Equitable Interests
34(5)
General
34(1)
Trusts and Unadministered Estates
34(1)
Beneficial Interests and Rights to Enforce a Trust
35(3)
A Principled Answer
38(1)
Transfers of Subsisting Equitable Interests
39(2)
Sub-trusts
41(1)
Incompletely Constituted Trusts and Trusts of the Benefit of a Covenant
41(2)
Testamentary Trusts: Administration of Estates
43(3)
The Need for an English Grant
43(1)
The Jurisdiction of the English Courts
44(1)
Grants obtained in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Commonwealth
45(1)
Applicable Law
45(1)
Delimiting the Administration of Estates and the Trust
45(1)
Testamentary Trusts: the Law Applicable to Succession
46(6)
Testate Succession
47(3)
Movables
47(3)
Intestate Succession
50(1)
Movables
50(1)
Immovables
51(1)
Renvoi and Succession
51(1)
Capacity to Create a Testamentary Trust
52(1)
Essential Validity and Testamentary Trusts
52(2)
General Rule
52(1)
Executor Trustees
53(1)
Forced Heirship
54(2)
The Potential Impact of the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons of 1 August 1989
56(3)
General
56(1)
Forced Heirship, Claw-back and the Hague Trusts and Succession Conventions
57(2)
Testamentary Powers of Appointment
59(2)
General
59(1)
Essential Validity
59(1)
Construction
60(1)
Capacity
60(1)
Formal Validity
61(1)
Revocation
61(1)
Subsequent will or codicil
61(1)
Act of revocation
61(1)
Subsequent marriage
61(1)
Matrimonial Property Regimes
61(4)
General
61(1)
Choice of Law Rules
62(2)
No ante-nuptial contract
62(1)
Ante-nuptial contracts
63(1)
Matrimonial Property Regimes and the Law Applicable to Succession: Double Recovery and No Recovery
64(1)
The Creation of Transnational Trusts in Offshore Jurisdictions
65(12)
The Cayman Islands
66(3)
Bermuda
69(3)
Jersey
72(3)
The Isle of Man
75(2)
Conclusion
77(4)
PART TWO: THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO TRUSTS AND ON THEIR RECOGNITION
I Evolution and Application 81(18)
Background
81(2)
The Desirability of an International Trusts Convention
83(3)
A Convention Evolves
86(2)
Current Status of the Convention
88(1)
The Status of the von Overbeck Report
89(1)
The Implications of Ratification for Non-Trust States and their Domestic Legal Systems
90(3)
An Open-Ended Convention
93(1)
Application of the Convention in the United Kingdom: the Time Factor
94(5)
II The Convention's Provisions 99(1)
Preamble 99(330)
Functions of the Convention
100(3)
Choice of Law
100(1)
The Recognition of Trusts
101(2)
Characteristics of the Trust
103(20)
Introduction
103(2)
The General Characteristics
105(2)
The Specific Characteristics
107(4)
The Characteristics Considered: the ``Shapeless'' Trust
111(5)
Characterisation
116(4)
Trusts and the Rome Convention
120(3)
Types of Trust Governed by the Convention
123(28)
Formalities
123(1)
Which Types of Trust are within the Convention?
124(10)
Voluntary Trusts
124(1)
Resulting Trusts
125(3)
Constructive Trusts
128(5)
Statutory Trusts
133(1)
Hayton's Views Considered
133(1)
Why Exclude Judicially Created Trusts?
134(5)
General
134(1)
The ``Problem'' of Recognition of Foreign Judgments in Relation to Trusts
135(2)
``Remedial'' Judicial Trusts
137(1)
Trusts Imposing a Continuing Obligation
138(1)
The Statutory Extension of the Convention Rules in the United Kingdom
139(12)
The Relevant Provisions
139(1)
A Choice of Law Rule for Resulting and Constructive Trusts?
140(1)
Trusts Arising under the Law of Any Part of the United Kingdom
141(4)
Trusts ``Arising'' by Judicial Decision
145(1)
A source of complexity
145(1)
Constructive trusts
145(3)
Presumed resulting trusts
148(1)
Judgments Entitled to Recognition
148(1)
Conclusion
149(2)
Exclusion of Preliminary Matters; the Rocket-Launcher and the Rocket
151(7)
Preliminary Matters Excluded from the Convention
151(2)
Distinguishing between the ``Rocket'' and the ``Rocket-Launcher''
153(5)
Non-trust Jurisdictions
158(8)
Application
158(3)
Depecage
161(2)
Categories of Trusts
163(3)
Express or Implied Choice of Law
166(49)
The Triumph of Settlor Autonomy
166(3)
Trusts of Land
169(10)
A Need for the Lex Situs?
169(2)
The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996
171(1)
Trusts for Sale
172(2)
Other Interests in Land
174(1)
A Look Offshore
175(1)
Where no Law is Chosen to Govern the Trust
175(3)
Trusts of Movable and Immovable Property
178(1)
A Need for an Objective Connection to the Chosen Law?
179(3)
``International'' Trusts
182(2)
Choice of the Law of a State Comprising Several Territorial Units
184(1)
The Need to Choose the Law of a Recognised Legal System
185(1)
Multiple Settlements
186(1)
Contracts and Trusts
186(2)
Consent to the Choice of Law Clause
188(2)
Choice of a Legal System minus its Mandatory Rules
190(1)
Implied Choice of Law
191(7)
Nature of Implied Choice
191(3)
Implied Choice and the Law of Closest Connection
194(2)
Implied Choice and ``The Circumstances of the Case''
196(2)
The Settlor's Purpose-Implied Choice of a Law by which the Trust is Valid?
198(1)
Common Law Authorities on Implied Choice and the Objective Proper Law
198(11)
Relevance
198(1)
Testamentary Trusts
199(2)
Inter Vivos Trusts
201(7)
Implied Intention to Create a Valid Trust?
208(1)
The Common Law Cases Evaluated
209(1)
Conclusions on Implied Choice of Law
209(3)
Which Law Determines whether a Choice can be Inferred?
212(1)
Time for Ascertaining an Implied Choice of Law
213(2)
The Applicable Law in the Absence of Choice
215(18)
Origin and Application
215(3)
The Four Factors Considered
218(6)
Place of Administration
218(2)
The Situs of the Trust Assets
220(1)
The Place of Residence or Business of the Trustee
221(1)
The Objects of the Trust and their Place of Fulfilment
222(2)
The Relevance of the Place of Residence of the Settlor and Beneficiaries
224(1)
Testamentary Trusts
225(1)
Objective Factors Pointing to a Non-Trust State
226(1)
Validity and the Law of Closest Connection
227(1)
Reflections on the Application of Article 7
227(1)
Time for Assessing the Law of Closest Connection
228(1)
What if the Law of Closest Connection States that Certain Terms of the Trust are not Valid?
229(3)
Law of Closest Connection and the Brussels Convention
232(1)
Scope of the Applicable Law
233(48)
Article 8(1)
233(2)
Article 8(2)
235(37)
The Appointment, Resignation and Removal of Trustees, the Capacity to Act as a Trustee and the Devolution of the Office of Trustee
235(1)
Appointment and removal
235(2)
Capacity of the trustee
237(2)
The Rights and Duties of Trustees among Themselves
239(1)
The Right of Trustees to Delegate in Whole or in Part the Discharge of their Duties or the Exercise of their Powers
240(1)
The Power of Trustees to Administer or to Dispose of Trust Assets, to Create Security Interests in the Trust Assets, or to Acquire New Assets
241(1)
Administration
241(1)
The trustee's power to deal with and acquire trust property
242(1)
The Powers of Investment of Trustees
243(1)
Restrictions upon the Duration of the Trust, and upon the Power to Accumulate the Income of the Trust
244(1)
The Relationships between the Trustees and the Beneficiaries including the Personal Liability of the Trustees to the Beneficiaries
245(1)
Personal and vicarious liability
245(1)
Who is a ``beneficiary''?
245(1)
Fiduciary duties owed by the trustee to the beneficiary
246(7)
Liability and remedies
253(1)
Trustees' liability to third parties
254(1)
Third parties' liability to trustees: personal and proprietary claims
254(2)
The Variation or Termination of the Trust
256(1)
Variation of trusts
256(14)
Termination of trusts
270(1)
Variation, termination and administration
270(1)
Distribution of the Trust Assets
271(1)
The Duty of Trustees to Account for their Administration
271(1)
Formal Validity of the Trust
272(4)
The Need for a Choice of Law Rule to Determine the Formal Validity of a Trust
272(2)
The Choice of Law Rule
274(2)
Formation and Essential Validity of the Trust
276(5)
Essential Validity of the Trust
276(2)
Existence of the Trust
278(2)
The Terms of the Trust
280(1)
Splitting the Applicable Law; the Administration of Trusts
281(16)
The Right to Split the Trust
281(1)
Severable Parts of the Trust
282(1)
Distinguishing Validity from Administration
283(6)
Splitting the Law in the Absence of Choice
289(1)
Choice of the Law of a Non-Trust State to Govern Part of the Trust
289(1)
Matters which Cannot be Controlled by the Terms of the Trust
290(1)
The Administration and Validity of Charitable Purpose Trusts
291(4)
Validity
291(1)
Administration
292(1)
Settling a Charitable Scheme; the Cy-pres Doctrine
293(2)
Non-Charitable Purpose Trusts
295(2)
Changing the Applicable Law
297(14)
Motivation for, and Permissibility of a Change of Governing Law
297(1)
A New Law of Closest Connection
298(1)
Change of Law and Variation of Trusts
299(1)
The Role of the Law Initially Governing the Trust
299(2)
Particular Issues Relating to Change of Law
301(3)
Retrospective Change
301(1)
Other Relevant Laws
301(2)
Severable Elements of the Trust
303(1)
Changing the Law Applicable to a Charitable Purpose Trust
304(1)
One Trust or Two?
304(2)
Changes to the Content of the Law Applicable to the Trust
306(2)
Determining and Changing the Place of Administration
308(3)
The Recognition of Trusts
311(26)
The Need for Article 11
311(2)
Article 11 (2)-a Uniform Law?
313(1)
The Specific Requirements of Recognition: Article 11 (3) (a)-(c)
314(1)
Uniform Law?
314(1)
Trusts Assets and Claims against the Settlor
314(1)
The Inter-Relationship of Articles 11, 15 and 16
315(1)
Italian Courts and the Separate Fund
315(2)
Does the Convention Require a Contracting State to Acknowledge the Separate Status of the Trust Assets from the Trustee's Personal Assets?
317(4)
The Issue
317(2)
Interpretation in Italy
319(1)
The Netherlands
319(2)
Following and Tracing the Trust Assets: Article 11(3)(d)
321(9)
The Dominance of the Law Governing the Trust
321(1)
Third Parties and the Residual Role of the Conflicts Rules Designated by the Law of the Forum
322(1)
Tracing Trust Assets or their Value into a Mixed Fund Held by a Third Party
323(1)
The Position of Third Party Purchasers of Trust Property Acting in Good Faith
324(2)
Consequences in the United Kingdom
326(1)
Constructive Trusts and Third Parties; Proprietary Effects of the Convention; Application in The Netherlands
326(3)
Reflection on Article 11(3)(d)
329(1)
``Translating'' the Trust into Civil Law Systems
330(5)
Scope of Discussion
330(1)
Possible Approaches
331(1)
Contractual Approaches
331(1)
The Trust as a Company
332(2)
Agency and Mandate
334(1)
Testamentary Trusts and Powers of Revocation
335(1)
The Hague Convention-the Death of Translation
335(2)
Registration of the Trust
337(4)
Registration Permissible
337(1)
Prohibition of Registration
337(1)
English Reaction
338(1)
Registration in Italy
339(1)
Facility or Obligation?
340(1)
Right to Refuse Recognition to Trusts Objectively Connected to Non-trust States
341(13)
The Purpose of Article 13: A Necessary Compromise?
341(1)
The United Kingdom
342(1)
Application of Article 13
343(11)
General
343(3)
``Significant Elements''
346(2)
The Time Factor
348(1)
Partial Recognition
349(1)
The Consequences of Non-recognition
349(1)
Application in Italian Courts
350(4)
Freedom to Adopt more Liberal Recognition Rules
354(1)
Preservation of Mandatory Rules in Related Areas of Law
355(25)
Function
355(1)
Nature of Mandatory Rules
355(1)
Domestic and International Mandatory Rules
356(1)
Characterisation, the Trust and Article 15: is Mutual Exclusivity Impossible?
357(3)
Article 15 and the ``Rocket-Launcher''
360(1)
Must a Judge Apply the Mandatory Rules of the Law Designated by the Conflicts Rules of the Forum?
361(2)
Application of Article 15
363(1)
Particular Matters Specified in Article 15
363(15)
The Protection of Minors and Incapable Parties
363(1)
The Personal and Proprietary Effects of Marriage
364(1)
Succession Rights, Testate and Intestate, especially the Indefeasible Shares of Spouses and Relatives
365(1)
Forced heirship and the law applicable to the trust
365(2)
Types of forced heirship rules
367(1)
Claw-back claims and inter vivos trusts
368(2)
Civilian perspective
370(1)
The offshore dimension
371(2)
Administration of estates
373(1)
The Transfer of Title to Property and Security Interests in Property
373(3)
The Protection of Creditors in Matters of Insolvency
376(1)
The Protection, in other Respects, of Third Parties Acting in Good Faith
377(1)
Article 15(2)-Otherwise Giving Effect to the Objects of the Trust
378(2)
International Mandatory Rules of the Forum
380(7)
Scope
380(1)
Article 16(2)-Mandatory Rules of a State of Close Connection; Exclusion in the United Kingdom
381(2)
Determining whether a Rule has an International Mandatory Application
383(1)
Interaction with Article 15
384(1)
Do the Mandatory Rule Provisions of Articles 15 and 16 Fatally Undermine the Convention?
385(2)
Exclusion of Renvoi
387(3)
The Case for Exclusion Evaluated
387(1)
Express Choice of a State's Private International Law Rules
388(1)
Renvoi and Related Areas of Law
389(1)
Public Policy
390(7)
Scope
390(2)
The Inter-Relationship of Articles 18 and 15
392(1)
Public Policy of a State of Close Connection
393(2)
STAR Trusts
395(2)
Exclusion of Fiscal Matters
397(5)
A Neutral Approach
397(1)
The United Kingdom
397(2)
Article 19 Not Enacted
397(1)
Refusal to Enforce Foreign Revenue Laws
398(1)
Taxation and Civil Law States
399(3)
General Comment
399(1)
The Netherlands
400(1)
Italy
400(2)
Right to Extend Convention to other Types of Trust
402(2)
Right to Restrict Recognition to Trusts Governed by the Law of a Contracting State
404(2)
A Compromise
404(1)
Time for Ascertaining the Contracting Status of the State whose Law is Applicable
405(1)
Change of the Applicable Law from that of a Non-Contracting State to that of a Contracting State
405(1)
Time-frame of the Convention
406(3)
States Consisting of Several Territorial Units
409(1)
Application of Convention between Territorial Units of a State
410(2)
The Permissibility and Desirability of Excluding the Convention's Application to Disputes between a State's Territorial Units
410(1)
Intra-United Kingdom Conflicts
411(1)
Relationship to other International Conventions
412(2)
Reservations to the Convention's Scope
414(1)
Final Clauses-Chapter V
414(1)
Application of Article 26
414(1)
Accession of Member States
415(1)
Accession of Non-member States
416(1)
Application of the Convention to Selected Territorial Units of a State
417(1)
Entry into Force
418(1)
Denouncing the Convention
419(1)
Notification Process
420(9)
Signature Clause
420(1)
III CONCLUSION
Much Ado about Little?
421(1)
The Criticisms Evaluated
422(3)
Looking Back and Looking Forward
425(4)
PART THREE: CONCLUSION 429(2)
Conclusion 431(1)
Table of Current Ratification Status of the Convention 432(3)
Appendices 435(62)
1. The Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition
435(8)
2. The Recognition of Trusts Act 1987
443(6)
3. The Explanatory Report to the Convention by Professor A von Overbeck
449(48)
Bibliography 497(14)
Index 511


Jonathan Harris is Professor of International Commercial Law at the University of Birmingham.