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xxi | |
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xxxiii | |
| PART ONE: THE CREATION OF TRANSNATIONAL TRUSTS: LAUNCHING THE ROCKET |
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3 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Inter vivos Trusts-Matters to be Considered |
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5 | (1) |
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To What Extent are Matters of Capacity and Essential Validity Excluded from the Hague Trusts Convention? |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Declarations of oneself as trustee |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (3) |
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7 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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Essential validity and capacity |
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7 | (3) |
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The Choice of Law Rule for Capacity Questions |
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10 | (11) |
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Capacity and other Branches of the Conflict of Laws |
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11 | (5) |
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11 | (4) |
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Capacity to transfer property |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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The creation of the trust structure |
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18 | (1) |
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Declarations of oneself as trustee |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Foreign penal rules and rules which infringe English public policy |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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The Capacity of the Trustee |
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21 | (1) |
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The Capacity of the Beneficiary |
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21 | (2) |
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The Vesting of Property in the Trustee Inter Vivos |
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23 | (10) |
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23 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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Declarations of oneself as trustee |
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25 | (1) |
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Intention to create the trust |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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Tangible Movable Property |
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28 | (2) |
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What does ``lex situs'' mean? |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Intangible Movable Property |
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30 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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Assignment of debts: the issues raised |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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The assignment of the debt |
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32 | (1) |
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Title to the chose in action |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Perpetuities and Accumulations |
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33 | (1) |
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The Situs of Equitable Interests and Dealings with Subsisting Equitable Interests |
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34 | (5) |
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34 | (1) |
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Trusts and Unadministered Estates |
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34 | (1) |
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Beneficial Interests and Rights to Enforce a Trust |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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Transfers of Subsisting Equitable Interests |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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Incompletely Constituted Trusts and Trusts of the Benefit of a Covenant |
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41 | (2) |
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Testamentary Trusts: Administration of Estates |
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43 | (3) |
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The Need for an English Grant |
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43 | (1) |
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The Jurisdiction of the English Courts |
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44 | (1) |
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Grants obtained in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Commonwealth |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Delimiting the Administration of Estates and the Trust |
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45 | (1) |
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Testamentary Trusts: the Law Applicable to Succession |
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46 | (6) |
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47 | (3) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Capacity to Create a Testamentary Trust |
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52 | (1) |
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Essential Validity and Testamentary Trusts |
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52 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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The Potential Impact of the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons of 1 August 1989 |
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56 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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Forced Heirship, Claw-back and the Hague Trusts and Succession Conventions |
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57 | (2) |
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Testamentary Powers of Appointment |
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59 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Subsequent will or codicil |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Matrimonial Property Regimes |
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61 | (4) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Matrimonial Property Regimes and the Law Applicable to Succession: Double Recovery and No Recovery |
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64 | (1) |
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The Creation of Transnational Trusts in Offshore Jurisdictions |
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65 | (12) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (4) |
| PART TWO: THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO TRUSTS AND ON THEIR RECOGNITION |
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| I Evolution and Application |
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81 | (18) |
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81 | (2) |
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The Desirability of an International Trusts Convention |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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Current Status of the Convention |
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88 | (1) |
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The Status of the von Overbeck Report |
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89 | (1) |
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The Implications of Ratification for Non-Trust States and their Domestic Legal Systems |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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Application of the Convention in the United Kingdom: the Time Factor |
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94 | (5) |
| II The Convention's Provisions |
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99 | (1) |
| Preamble |
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99 | (330) |
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Functions of the Convention |
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100 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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The Recognition of Trusts |
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101 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Trust |
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103 | (20) |
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103 | (2) |
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The General Characteristics |
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105 | (2) |
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The Specific Characteristics |
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107 | (4) |
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The Characteristics Considered: the ``Shapeless'' Trust |
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111 | (5) |
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116 | (4) |
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Trusts and the Rome Convention |
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120 | (3) |
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Types of Trust Governed by the Convention |
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123 | (28) |
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123 | (1) |
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Which Types of Trust are within the Convention? |
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124 | (10) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (5) |
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133 | (1) |
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Hayton's Views Considered |
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133 | (1) |
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Why Exclude Judicially Created Trusts? |
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134 | (5) |
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134 | (1) |
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The ``Problem'' of Recognition of Foreign Judgments in Relation to Trusts |
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135 | (2) |
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``Remedial'' Judicial Trusts |
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137 | (1) |
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Trusts Imposing a Continuing Obligation |
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138 | (1) |
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The Statutory Extension of the Convention Rules in the United Kingdom |
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139 | (12) |
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139 | (1) |
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A Choice of Law Rule for Resulting and Constructive Trusts? |
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140 | (1) |
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Trusts Arising under the Law of Any Part of the United Kingdom |
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141 | (4) |
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Trusts ``Arising'' by Judicial Decision |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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Presumed resulting trusts |
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148 | (1) |
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Judgments Entitled to Recognition |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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Exclusion of Preliminary Matters; the Rocket-Launcher and the Rocket |
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151 | (7) |
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Preliminary Matters Excluded from the Convention |
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151 | (2) |
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Distinguishing between the ``Rocket'' and the ``Rocket-Launcher'' |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (8) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (3) |
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Express or Implied Choice of Law |
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166 | (49) |
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The Triumph of Settlor Autonomy |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (10) |
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A Need for the Lex Situs? |
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169 | (2) |
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The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Where no Law is Chosen to Govern the Trust |
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175 | (3) |
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Trusts of Movable and Immovable Property |
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178 | (1) |
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A Need for an Objective Connection to the Chosen Law? |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (2) |
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Choice of the Law of a State Comprising Several Territorial Units |
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184 | (1) |
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The Need to Choose the Law of a Recognised Legal System |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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Consent to the Choice of Law Clause |
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188 | (2) |
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Choice of a Legal System minus its Mandatory Rules |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (7) |
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191 | (3) |
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Implied Choice and the Law of Closest Connection |
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194 | (2) |
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Implied Choice and ``The Circumstances of the Case'' |
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196 | (2) |
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The Settlor's Purpose-Implied Choice of a Law by which the Trust is Valid? |
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198 | (1) |
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Common Law Authorities on Implied Choice and the Objective Proper Law |
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198 | (11) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (7) |
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Implied Intention to Create a Valid Trust? |
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208 | (1) |
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The Common Law Cases Evaluated |
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209 | (1) |
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Conclusions on Implied Choice of Law |
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209 | (3) |
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Which Law Determines whether a Choice can be Inferred? |
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212 | (1) |
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Time for Ascertaining an Implied Choice of Law |
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213 | (2) |
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The Applicable Law in the Absence of Choice |
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215 | (18) |
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215 | (3) |
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The Four Factors Considered |
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218 | (6) |
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218 | (2) |
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The Situs of the Trust Assets |
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220 | (1) |
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The Place of Residence or Business of the Trustee |
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221 | (1) |
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The Objects of the Trust and their Place of Fulfilment |
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222 | (2) |
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The Relevance of the Place of Residence of the Settlor and Beneficiaries |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Objective Factors Pointing to a Non-Trust State |
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226 | (1) |
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Validity and the Law of Closest Connection |
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227 | (1) |
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Reflections on the Application of Article 7 |
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227 | (1) |
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Time for Assessing the Law of Closest Connection |
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228 | (1) |
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What if the Law of Closest Connection States that Certain Terms of the Trust are not Valid? |
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229 | (3) |
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Law of Closest Connection and the Brussels Convention |
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232 | (1) |
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Scope of the Applicable Law |
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233 | (48) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (37) |
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The Appointment, Resignation and Removal of Trustees, the Capacity to Act as a Trustee and the Devolution of the Office of Trustee |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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The Rights and Duties of Trustees among Themselves |
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239 | (1) |
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The Right of Trustees to Delegate in Whole or in Part the Discharge of their Duties or the Exercise of their Powers |
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240 | (1) |
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The Power of Trustees to Administer or to Dispose of Trust Assets, to Create Security Interests in the Trust Assets, or to Acquire New Assets |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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The trustee's power to deal with and acquire trust property |
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242 | (1) |
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The Powers of Investment of Trustees |
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243 | (1) |
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Restrictions upon the Duration of the Trust, and upon the Power to Accumulate the Income of the Trust |
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244 | (1) |
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The Relationships between the Trustees and the Beneficiaries including the Personal Liability of the Trustees to the Beneficiaries |
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245 | (1) |
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Personal and vicarious liability |
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245 | (1) |
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Who is a ``beneficiary''? |
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245 | (1) |
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Fiduciary duties owed by the trustee to the beneficiary |
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246 | (7) |
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253 | (1) |
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Trustees' liability to third parties |
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254 | (1) |
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Third parties' liability to trustees: personal and proprietary claims |
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254 | (2) |
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The Variation or Termination of the Trust |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (14) |
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270 | (1) |
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Variation, termination and administration |
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270 | (1) |
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Distribution of the Trust Assets |
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271 | (1) |
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The Duty of Trustees to Account for their Administration |
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271 | (1) |
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Formal Validity of the Trust |
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272 | (4) |
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The Need for a Choice of Law Rule to Determine the Formal Validity of a Trust |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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Formation and Essential Validity of the Trust |
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276 | (5) |
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Essential Validity of the Trust |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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Splitting the Applicable Law; the Administration of Trusts |
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281 | (16) |
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The Right to Split the Trust |
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281 | (1) |
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Severable Parts of the Trust |
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282 | (1) |
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Distinguishing Validity from Administration |
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283 | (6) |
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Splitting the Law in the Absence of Choice |
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289 | (1) |
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Choice of the Law of a Non-Trust State to Govern Part of the Trust |
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289 | (1) |
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Matters which Cannot be Controlled by the Terms of the Trust |
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290 | (1) |
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The Administration and Validity of Charitable Purpose Trusts |
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291 | (4) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Settling a Charitable Scheme; the Cy-pres Doctrine |
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293 | (2) |
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Non-Charitable Purpose Trusts |
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295 | (2) |
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Changing the Applicable Law |
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297 | (14) |
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Motivation for, and Permissibility of a Change of Governing Law |
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297 | (1) |
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A New Law of Closest Connection |
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298 | (1) |
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Change of Law and Variation of Trusts |
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299 | (1) |
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The Role of the Law Initially Governing the Trust |
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299 | (2) |
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Particular Issues Relating to Change of Law |
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301 | (3) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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Severable Elements of the Trust |
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303 | (1) |
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Changing the Law Applicable to a Charitable Purpose Trust |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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Changes to the Content of the Law Applicable to the Trust |
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306 | (2) |
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Determining and Changing the Place of Administration |
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308 | (3) |
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The Recognition of Trusts |
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311 | (26) |
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311 | (2) |
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Article 11 (2)-a Uniform Law? |
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313 | (1) |
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The Specific Requirements of Recognition: Article 11 (3) (a)-(c) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Trusts Assets and Claims against the Settlor |
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314 | (1) |
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The Inter-Relationship of Articles 11, 15 and 16 |
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315 | (1) |
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Italian Courts and the Separate Fund |
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315 | (2) |
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Does the Convention Require a Contracting State to Acknowledge the Separate Status of the Trust Assets from the Trustee's Personal Assets? |
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317 | (4) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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Following and Tracing the Trust Assets: Article 11(3)(d) |
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321 | (9) |
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The Dominance of the Law Governing the Trust |
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321 | (1) |
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Third Parties and the Residual Role of the Conflicts Rules Designated by the Law of the Forum |
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322 | (1) |
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Tracing Trust Assets or their Value into a Mixed Fund Held by a Third Party |
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323 | (1) |
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The Position of Third Party Purchasers of Trust Property Acting in Good Faith |
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324 | (2) |
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Consequences in the United Kingdom |
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326 | (1) |
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Constructive Trusts and Third Parties; Proprietary Effects of the Convention; Application in The Netherlands |
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326 | (3) |
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Reflection on Article 11(3)(d) |
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329 | (1) |
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``Translating'' the Trust into Civil Law Systems |
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330 | (5) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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Testamentary Trusts and Powers of Revocation |
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335 | (1) |
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The Hague Convention-the Death of Translation |
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335 | (2) |
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Registration of the Trust |
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337 | (4) |
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337 | (1) |
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Prohibition of Registration |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Right to Refuse Recognition to Trusts Objectively Connected to Non-trust States |
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341 | (13) |
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The Purpose of Article 13: A Necessary Compromise? |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Application of Article 13 |
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343 | (11) |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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The Consequences of Non-recognition |
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349 | (1) |
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Application in Italian Courts |
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350 | (4) |
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Freedom to Adopt more Liberal Recognition Rules |
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354 | (1) |
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Preservation of Mandatory Rules in Related Areas of Law |
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355 | (25) |
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355 | (1) |
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Nature of Mandatory Rules |
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355 | (1) |
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Domestic and International Mandatory Rules |
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356 | (1) |
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Characterisation, the Trust and Article 15: is Mutual Exclusivity Impossible? |
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357 | (3) |
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Article 15 and the ``Rocket-Launcher'' |
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360 | (1) |
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Must a Judge Apply the Mandatory Rules of the Law Designated by the Conflicts Rules of the Forum? |
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361 | (2) |
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Application of Article 15 |
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363 | (1) |
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Particular Matters Specified in Article 15 |
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363 | (15) |
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The Protection of Minors and Incapable Parties |
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363 | (1) |
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The Personal and Proprietary Effects of Marriage |
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364 | (1) |
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Succession Rights, Testate and Intestate, especially the Indefeasible Shares of Spouses and Relatives |
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365 | (1) |
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Forced heirship and the law applicable to the trust |
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365 | (2) |
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Types of forced heirship rules |
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367 | (1) |
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Claw-back claims and inter vivos trusts |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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Administration of estates |
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373 | (1) |
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The Transfer of Title to Property and Security Interests in Property |
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373 | (3) |
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The Protection of Creditors in Matters of Insolvency |
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376 | (1) |
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The Protection, in other Respects, of Third Parties Acting in Good Faith |
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377 | (1) |
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Article 15(2)-Otherwise Giving Effect to the Objects of the Trust |
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378 | (2) |
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International Mandatory Rules of the Forum |
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380 | (7) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Article 16(2)-Mandatory Rules of a State of Close Connection; Exclusion in the United Kingdom |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Determining whether a Rule has an International Mandatory Application |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Interaction with Article 15 |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Do the Mandatory Rule Provisions of Articles 15 and 16 Fatally Undermine the Convention? |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
The Case for Exclusion Evaluated |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Express Choice of a State's Private International Law Rules |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Renvoi and Related Areas of Law |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (7) |
|
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
The Inter-Relationship of Articles 18 and 15 |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Public Policy of a State of Close Connection |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
Exclusion of Fiscal Matters |
|
|
397 | (5) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Refusal to Enforce Foreign Revenue Laws |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Taxation and Civil Law States |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Right to Extend Convention to other Types of Trust |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Right to Restrict Recognition to Trusts Governed by the Law of a Contracting State |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Time for Ascertaining the Contracting Status of the State whose Law is Applicable |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Change of the Applicable Law from that of a Non-Contracting State to that of a Contracting State |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Time-frame of the Convention |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
States Consisting of Several Territorial Units |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Application of Convention between Territorial Units of a State |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
The Permissibility and Desirability of Excluding the Convention's Application to Disputes between a State's Territorial Units |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Intra-United Kingdom Conflicts |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Relationship to other International Conventions |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Reservations to the Convention's Scope |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Application of Article 26 |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Accession of Member States |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Accession of Non-member States |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Application of the Convention to Selected Territorial Units of a State |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Denouncing the Convention |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (9) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
| III CONCLUSION |
|
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
Looking Back and Looking Forward |
|
|
425 | (4) |
| PART THREE: CONCLUSION |
|
429 | (2) |
| Conclusion |
|
431 | (1) |
| Table of Current Ratification Status of the Convention |
|
432 | (3) |
| Appendices |
|
435 | (62) |
|
1. The Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition |
|
|
435 | (8) |
|
2. The Recognition of Trusts Act 1987 |
|
|
443 | (6) |
|
3. The Explanatory Report to the Convention by Professor A von Overbeck |
|
|
449 | (48) |
| Bibliography |
|
497 | (14) |
| Index |
|
511 | |