Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Edited by (Purdue University, Indiana, USA)
  • Formaat: 1032 pages, 56 Tables, black and white; 60 Halftones, black and white; 345 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Human Factors and Ergonomics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Nov-2008
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429164002
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 327,75 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Tavahind: 468,21 €
  • Säästad 30%
  • Formaat: 1032 pages, 56 Tables, black and white; 60 Halftones, black and white; 345 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Human Factors and Ergonomics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Nov-2008
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429164002
Teised raamatud teemal:
The rapid introduction of sophisticated computers, services, telecommunications systems, and manufacturing systems has caused a major shift in the way people use and work with technology. It is not surprising that computer-aided modeling has emerged as a promising method for ensuring products meet the requirements of the consumer. The Handbook of Digital Human Modeling provides comprehensive coverage of the theory, tools, and methods to effectively achieve this objective.The 56 chapters in this book, written by 113 contributing authorities from Canada, China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, and the US, provide a wealth of international knowledge and guidelines. They cover applications in advanced manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, data visualization and simulation, defense and military systems, design for impaired mobility, healthcare and medicine, information systems, and product design. The text elucidates tools to help evaluate product and work design while reducing the need for physical prototyping. Additional software and demonstration materials on the CRC Press web site include a never-before-released 220-page step-by-step UGS-Siemens JackTM help manual developed at Purdue University.The current gap between capability to correctly predict outcomes and set expectation for new and existing products and processes affects human-system performance, market acceptance, product safety, and satisfaction at work. The handbook provides the fundamental concepts and tools for digital human modeling and simulation with a focus on its foundations in human factors and ergonomics. The tools identified and made available in this handbook help reduce the need for physical prototyping. They enable engineers to quantify acceptability and risk in design in terms of the human factors and ergonomics.
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Scientific Advisory Board xix
About the Editor xxi
Contributors xxiii
Part 1 Foundations of Digital Human Modeling
Introduction
1(1)
Vincent G. Duffy
References
Some Requirements and Fundamental Issues in Digital Human Modeling
2(1)
Don B. Chaffin
Introduction
Why Use DHM Technologies to Meet Ergonomics Goals?
What Conditions Today Are Influencing DHM Development?
What Organizational and Technical Conditions May Be Inhibiting the Faster Adoption of DHM Technologies?
What Are Some of the Technical Challenges to Improve Future DHM Simulations?
Summary
References
A Scientific Perspective of Digital Human Models: Past, Present, and Future
3(1)
Heiner Bubb
Florian Fritzsche
Introduction
An Overview of Historic Developments
Scanner-Based Modeling
The Five Lines of the DHM Development
Anthropometric Models
Models for Production Design
Biomechanical Models
Anatomical Models
Cognitive Models
Future Development
Conclusion
References
Historical Perspectives on Human Performance Modeling
4(1)
Thomas B. Sheridan
Introduction
Feedback Control Models
Expected Value Decision Models
Information Communication Models
Rule-Based Models
Some Popular Qualitative Models Begging for Normative Quantification
References
Physics-Based Digital Human Modeling: Predictive Dynamics
5(1)
Karim Abdel-Malek
Jasbir Arora
Introduction
Predicting Human Motion
Kinematics
Laws of Physics---Equations of Motion
Cost Functions
Constraints
Optimization: An Efficient Computational Framework
Applications of Predictive Dynamics
Conclusions
References
Workplace Methods and Use of Digital Human Models
6(1)
Allison Stephens
Monica L. H. Jones
Introduction
A Short History of Applied Ergonomics within Automotive Manufacturing
Workflow Methods
Workflow Methods for Stand-Alone DHM
Ergonomic Specifications and Requirements
Future Direction
References
Virtual Environments and Digital Human Models
7(1)
Thomas Alexander
Stephen R. Ellis
Virtual Environments
Background and Basic Definitions
VE Technologies
Related Human Factors Issues
Present Applications of VEs
Digital Human Models within Virtual Environments
Short Outlook: Anthropomorphic Interaction Agents
References
Part 2 Modeling Fundamentals
Methods, Models, and Technology for Lifting Biomechanics
8(1)
Michael LaFiandra
Executive Summary
Introduction
Types of Models and Review of Current Research
Team Lifting
Review of Current Software
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
Appendices
References
Data-Based Human Motion Simulation Methods
9(1)
Woojin Park
Abstract
Introduction
Data-Based Motion Simulation Methods
Functional Regression Model for Reach Motion Prediction
Data-Driven Differential Inverse Kinematics Model for Reach Prediction
Memory-Based Motion Simulation Model
Data-Based Motion Simulation Method for Ergonomic Vehicle Design
Memory-Based Posture Planning Model for Obstruction Avoidance
Summary and Future Directions
References
Computational Approaches in Digital Human Modeling
10(1)
Tim Marler
Jasbir Arora
Steve Beck
Jia Lu
Aninth Mathai
Amos Patrick
Colby Swan
Introduction
Modeling the Human Form
Predicting Posture
Predicting Dynamic Motion
Modeling Clothing
Modeling Physiology
Modeling Muscles
Conclusions
References
Impact Simulation and Biomechanical Human Body Models
11(1)
Riender Happee
Jac Wismans
Abstract
Introduction
Available Human Models
Applications
Outlook
References
Development of Hand Models for Ergonomic Applications
12(1)
Thomas J. Armstrong
Jaewon Choi
Vinnie Ahuja
Introduction
Ergonomics
The Hand
Hand Posture
Kinematic Hand Models
Posture Prediction: Multiple Joints Together
Posture and Object Placement
Object Constraints
Finger Rotation and Hand Movement
Optimizing Object-Hand Fit
Three-Dimensional Models
Space Requirements
Biomechanical Models
Biomechanical Stresses
Summary
References
Foot Modeling and Footwear Development
13(1)
Ameersing Luximon
Ravindra S. Goonetilleke
Introduction
The Human Foot
Foot Variations
Shoe Manufacture
History of Shoe Making
Shoe Lasts
Systems of Last Design
Shoe Sizing
Grading Systems
Process of Shoe Making
Mass-Customized Shoes
Foot Modeling
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Shape and Size Analysis and Standards
14(1)
Afzal Godil
Sandy Ressler
Introduction
Anthropometrie Surveys
Military Personnel Surveys
Civilian Surveys
CAESAR Database
SizeUK and Other
Tools for Size/Shape Analysis
Compact Shape Descriptors of the 3D Human Body
Shape Descriptors for 3D Human Body
Shape Descriptors Head Shape
Extended Gaussian Images Descriptor
Standards
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Modeling Response Time and Accuracy for Digital Humans
15(1)
Motonori Yamaguchi
Robert W. Proctor
Introduction
Stage Analysis of the Cognitive System
Accumulation Models of Response Times and Accuracy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Psychophysiology in Digital Human Modeling
16(1)
Richard W. Backs
Wolfram Boucsein
The Case for Psychophysiology in Interactions with Virtual Agents
DHM and Physiology in Medicine and Related Fields
DHM and Psychophysiology in Improving the Agent's Appearance
The Role of Emotions and Personality in Virtual Humans
Application of Psychophysiology to DHM
References
Mathematical Models of Human Text Classification
17(1)
Amirali Noorinaeini
Mark R. Lehto
Abstract
Introduction
Text Mining Goals
Text Mining Methods
Text Transformation
Mathematical Text-Mining Models
Bayesian Classifiers
Singular Value Decomposition
Regression Models
Summary
References
Modeling Task Administration Protocols for Human and Robot E-Workers
18(1)
Hoo Sang Ko
Shimon Y. Nof
Abstract
Background
Significance
Coordination Theory and Coordination Protocols
Design of Task Administration Protocols
Case Study: Emergency Assignment by Human-Robot Team
Emerging Trends and Challenges
References
Visualization, Perceptualization, and Data Rendering
19(1)
Don Stredney
David S. Ebert
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Computing Infrastructure and Methods for Visualizing Large-Scale Dynamic Simulations
20(1)
Voicu Popescu
Christoph M. Hoffman
Introduction
Strategy and Realism
Example
Visualizing LS-DYNA Output in 3DS MAX
Modeling the Surrounding Scene
Summary and Conclusions
References
Multi-Objective Optimization for Short Duration Dynamic Events
21(1)
Hongbing Fang
Ming Zhou
Introduction
Metamodeling Methodologies
Polynomial Regression (PR)
Radial Basis Function (RBF)
Moving Least Square Regression (MLSR)
Responses of Short Duration Dynamic Events
Multi-Objective Optimization
Numerical Examples
Summary
References
Modeling the Role of Human Behaviors in a System-of-Systems
22(1)
Daniel DeLaurentis
Abstract
Introduction
SoS Traits and Sources of Complexity
Sources of Complexity and Human Behaviors
Optimization
Methodology Outline
Exploration-Oriented Solution Approach
Insights from Air Transportation Example
Summary
References
Verification and Validation of Human Modeling Systems
23(1)
Aernout Oudenhuijzen
Gregory F. Zehner
Jeffrey A. Hudson
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Reach Task: Matched Reach Successes and Misses, a Qualitative Comparison
HMSs Reach Misses versus Baseline Misses, a Quantitative Comparison
Accommodation Task
Reverse Analysis for Small Mannequins
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part 3 Evaluation and Analysis
Digital Human Modeling: Evaluation Tools
24(1)
Dan Lamkull
Cecilia Berlin
Roland Ortengren
Introduction
Evaluation Tools
Anthropometry
Tools for Human Performance and Cognition
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Discomfort Evaluation and Motion Measurement
25(1)
Xuguang Wang
Introduction
Comfort/Discomfort and Rating Methods
Methods for Modeling
Discomfort Associated with Motion
Concluding Remarks
References
Optimization in Design: A DHM Perspective
26(1)
Matthew B. Parkinson
Introduction
Motion Modeling and Posture Prediction
Environment and Task Design
Layout Design
Product Design
Model Development
Solving the Problem
Vehicle Packaging Example
Modeling Performance
Posing the Problem
Limitations and Ongoing Work
Review Questions
Other Resources
References
Ergonomics for Computer Usage
27(1)
Paris F. Stringfellow
Sajay Sadasivan
Anand K. Gramopadhye
The Computer Workstation
And Along Came the Computer
Office Ergonomics: Benefits for People, Benefits for Business
What Influences Office Ergonomics?
Office-Related CTDs
Computer-Related Injuries: Their Causes, Their Fixes
OSHA Algorithm for Treatment of CTDs
Good Practices of Workspace Design
Organizational Elements
Ergonomie Evaluation of the Computer Workstation
Evaluation Methods
Evaluation Tools
Checklists
Discomfort Questionnaires
Computer Modeling Programs
Integrated Performance Modeling Environment (IPME)
DHM as Design Tool: Advantages and Disadvantages
Designing the Office of the Future
References
Workload Assessment Predictability for Digital Human Models
28(1)
Jerzy Grobelny
Rafal Michalski
Waldemar Karwowski
Introduction
A Case Study
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Human Modeling and Simulation
29(1)
Jingzhou Yang
Introduction
Modeling Human Kinematics
Model-Based versus Data-Driven Approaches
Digital Humans for Workspace Evaluation
Dynamics at a Glance
Summary
References
Statistical Methods for Human Motion Modeling
30(1)
Julian J. Faraway
Introduction
Univariate Curves
Registration
Curve Representation
Model Fitting
Effects of Predictors
Prediction
Variation within and between Subjects
Modifications to the Response
Trajectories in 3D
Orientation Trajectories
Combining Elemental Models of Motion
Discussion
References
A Motion Simulation Tool for Automotive Interior Design
31(1)
Gilles Monnier
Xuguang Wang
Jules Trasbot
Background of Ergonomic Simulation
Review of Motion Simulation
Approaches
Objectives of RPx
Application Examples
Discussion and Conclusion
References
Human Performance: Evaluating the Cognitive Aspects
32(1)
Brian F. Gore
Introduction
Models of Human Performance
Integrated Model Example: Man-Machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS)
Integrated Model Development Process
Interpreting Complex Integrated Models
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Instrumentation in Support of Dynamic Digital Human Modeling
33(1)
Douglas R. Morr
John F. Wiechel
Sandra A. Metzler
Introduction
Kinematic Measurement Stereometric Methods
Sound-Based Methods
Electromagnetic Systems
Radiographic Techniques
Goniometric Systems/Methods
Inertial Sensing Systems
Kinetic Measurement
External Loads
Internal Loads
Combined Methods
References
Instrumentation for Evaluating Effective Human-Computer System Design
34(1)
Jack T. Dennerlein
Peter W. Johnson
Introduction
Defining Effective Human-Computer System Design
Integrated Usage Monitors
Posture Congruency
Measuring Applied Forces and Muscle Efforts
Psychophysics: Measuring Perceptions and Preferences
References
The Psychophysiology of Emotion, Arousal, and Personality: Methods and Models
35(1)
Wolfram Boucsein
Richard W. Backs
Psychophysiological Measures
Measures of Central Nervous System Activity
Measures of Cardiorespiratory Activity
Measures of Electrodermal Activity
Measures of Somatomotor Activity
Measures of Body Temperature
Modeling of Psychophysiological Systems
The Psychophysiology of Arousal
The Psychophysiology of Emotion and Stress
The Psychophysiology of Personality
Summary
References
Biometrics
36(1)
Yingzi Du
Introduction
A Typical Biometric System
Fingerprint Recognition
Face Recognition
Iris Recognition
Voice Recognition
Other Biometrics
Soft Biometrics
Multimodal Biometrics
Trends
Conclusion
References
Data Mining and Its Applications in Digital Human Modeling
37(1)
Yan Liu
Introduction
Data Mining Process
Data-Mining Modeling Techniques
Applications of DM in DHM
Summary
References
Motion Capture and Human Motion Reconstruction
38(1)
Sergio Ausejo
Xuguang Wang
Introduction
Data Collecting
Identification of Subject-Specific Parameters
Motion Reconstruction by IK Methods
Over-Guided Problems
Under-Guided Problems
Concluding Remarks
References
The Use of Digital Human Models for Advanced Industrial Applications
39(1)
Christina Godin
Jim Chiang
The Value of Digital Human Modeling for Industrial Ergonomics
Identify Modeling Needs
Do the Benefits Offset the Cost?
Augmenting Digital Human Modeling with Motion Capture Technology
Developing a Motion Capture/Virtual Reality (VR) Laboratory
Tracking Systems
Optical, Active and Passive
Electromagnetic
Other Types of Tracking Systems
Data Gloves
Head-Mounted Displays
Power and Communications
Cost Breakdown
Hardware Evaluation
Ongoing Costs
Software Drivers
Space Considerations
Prop Considerations
Hardware Vendors
Digital Human Modeling and Motion Capture for Training Applications
Refining the Use of Motion Capture and Digital Human Modeling for Ergonomics in Manufacturing
References
Part 4 Applications
Digital Human Modeling in Automotive Product Applications
40(1)
Lars Hanson
Dan Hogberg
Arne Nabo
Introduction
DHM in the Vehicle Design Process
Work Process and Organizational Issues
Seat Adjustment Range for a New Vehicle Platform
Reachability Analysis for Cup Holder Location
Discussion References
Inclusive Design for the Mobility Impaired
41(1)
J. Mark Porter
Russ Marshall
Keith Case
Diane E. Gyi
Ruth E. Sims
Steve Summerskill
Overview
Introduction
Problems with Percentiles
Our Approach to Inclusive Design
Data Collection Issues
Development of a Personalized Journey Planner
Concluding Remarks
References
Digital Human Modeling Automotive Manufacturing Applications
42(1)
Dan Lamkull
Roland Ortengren
Lennart Malmskold
Introduction
The Main Reasons for the Use of DHM Tools in the Automotive Manufacturing Industry
Organizational and Work Process Aspects
Assessment Tools for Ergonomics
A Simulation Case from Order to Final Presentation References
Advanced Measurement Methods in Mining
43(1)
Dean H. Ambrose
Introduction
Understanding the Mine Environment
``Measuring'' in the Mine Environment
Capturing Human Motion
DHM Technology Applications in Mining
Using DHM to Depict Motion and Behavior Variation
Using DHM to Determine Subject Response and Reach Envelopes
Virtual Human Vision
Using DHM to Characterize Machine Designs and Controls of Mining Equipment
Ergonomics Analysis: Using DHM to Illustrate Material Handling in the Mine Environment
Choosing the Right DHM Software and Motion Capture Hardware Systems
Looking to the Future
Mining Terms
References
Virtual Reality Training to Improve Human Performance
44(1)
Sajay Sadasivan
Paris F. Stringfellow
Anand K. Gramopadhye
Introduction
Need for Training
Application of Computer Technology to Training
Modeling Effective Training
Training Simulator Design Process
Virtual Reality Assessment
Applications of Virtual Reality for Training
Applications of VR in Aviation
Applications of VR in Health Care and Medicine
Applications of VR in Manufacturing
References
Lab Testing and Field Testing in Digital Human Modeling
45(1)
Tania Dukic
Lars Hanson
Introduction
Vision Module: Visual Evaluation
Standardization
Field Study
Laboratory Study
Implementing New Data Inside Digital Models, or How to Close the Loop?
Conclusions
References
Networking Human Performance Models to Substantiate Human-Systems Integration
46(1)
Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius
Timothy M. Bagnall
Robert A. Sargent
John E. Owen
Introduction
Human Systems Integration Overview
Systems Engineering
Modeling: An Enabling Toolset
SEAPRINT Case Study
Imprint-Focus Client-Server Architecture
Integrated Simulation Results
References
Digital Modeling of Behaviors and Interactions in Teams
47(1)
Barrett S. Caldwell
Introduction
Definitions
What Needs to Be Modeled?
Model Parameters for Group and Team DHM
Modeling Cultural Interactions
Expertise, Resource Coordination, and Team Performance
Information Flow Efficiency and Coordinated Task Performance
Future Research Needs and Summary
References
Digital Human Modeling for Palpatory Medical Training with Haptic Feedback
48(1)
Robert L. Williams II
John N. Howell
Robert R. Conatser, Jr.
Introduction
Literature Review
Case Study: The Virtual Haptic Back (VHB)
Discussion Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Health Care Delivery and Simulation
49(1)
Kathryn Rapala
Julie Cowan Novak
Introduction
High-Reliability Organizations
Organizational Elements Essential to Reach Reliability
Simulation
Simulation Conceptual Framework
Communication and Teamwork
Cost
Outcomes
Case Study: Purdue University School of Nursing
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Modeling Human Physical Capability: Joint Strength and Range of Motion
50(1)
Laura Frey Law
Ting Xia
Andrea Laake
Introduction
What Makes a Digital Model Human?
Overview of Muscle Mechanics
Modeling Muscle Force
Modeling Joint Torque
Joint Strength
Normative Strength Determination
Joint Range of Motion
Medical Applications
References
Part 5 Current Implementation and the Future of Digital Human Modeling
Impact of Digital Human Modeling on Military Human-Systems Integration and Impact of the Military on Digital Human Modeling
51(1)
John F. Lockett III
Susan Archer
Introduction
Human Figure Models
Task Models
Cognitive Models
Information Flow Models
Integrated and Hybrid Models and Tools
Analysis
Analysis Approach
Application Issues
Case Studies
Light Helicopter Experimental (LHX) and NBC Fox Operator Workload Analyses
The Future Combat System (FCS)
Brigade Staffing
Information Flow
CART Case Study
Maintenance Manpower
Decision Making
Workspace Analysis Using Human Figure Models
Future Combat System (PCS): A Common Approach
Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle
Comanche Helicopter
Stryker
Army Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S)
Future Challenges and Development
References
Advanced Human Modeling in Support of Military Systems
52(1)
Pierre Meunier
Brad Cain
Mark Morrissey
Introduction
Digital Human Modeling in a Product Life Cycle Management Environment
DHM Integration in PLM Tools
Expanding User Base of DHMs
Enterprise-Wide Human Engineering
Systems Design
System Performance Modeling
Empirical Methods
Modeling Goal-Directed Behavior
Basis for Modeling
IPME
Toward a More Complete Human Model
INSIGHT
References
Digital Human Modeling and Scanner-Based Anthropometry
53(1)
Jun-Ming Lu
Mao-Jiun Wang
Introduction
Anthropometric Methods
3D Scanning Technology for Anthropometry
Scanning and Preparation Works
Landmarking
Data Collection
Validity
Reliability
Sources of Errors
Anthropometry Standards
Concluding Remarks
References
Digital Human Modeling Packages
54(1)
Zhizhong Li
Introduction
DHM Applications
Selection Strategies
Evaluation of DHM Packages
DHM Software
Limitations and Current Trends
Acknowledgments
Appendix
References
Modeling and Augmenting Cognition: Supporting Optimal Individual Warfighter Human Performance
55(1)
Dylan D. Schmorrow
Peter B. Muller
David A. Kobus
Karl Van Orden
Leah Reeves
Kelly A. Rossi
Introduction
Background
Purpose
Infantry Modeling Challenges
Integrative Components
Future Direction
References
Future Needs and Developments in Support of Computer-Based Human Models
56
Norman I. Badler
Jan M. Allbeck
Introduction
Tools for Future Human Factors Analyses
Skin Shape and Joint Motions
Human Motion Models
Specifying the Desired Tasks and Analyses
Sensing and Reacting
Putting Together the Next Generation of Digital Humans
Acknowledgments
References
Index 1
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA