Foreword |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Scientific Advisory Board |
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xix | |
About the Editor |
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xxi | |
Contributors |
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xxiii | |
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Part 1 Foundations of Digital Human Modeling |
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1 | (1) |
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Some Requirements and Fundamental Issues in Digital Human Modeling |
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2 | (1) |
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Why Use DHM Technologies to Meet Ergonomics Goals? |
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What Conditions Today Are Influencing DHM Development? |
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What Organizational and Technical Conditions May Be Inhibiting the Faster Adoption of DHM Technologies? |
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What Are Some of the Technical Challenges to Improve Future DHM Simulations? |
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A Scientific Perspective of Digital Human Models: Past, Present, and Future |
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3 | (1) |
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An Overview of Historic Developments |
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The Five Lines of the DHM Development |
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Models for Production Design |
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Historical Perspectives on Human Performance Modeling |
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4 | (1) |
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Expected Value Decision Models |
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Information Communication Models |
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Some Popular Qualitative Models Begging for Normative Quantification |
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Physics-Based Digital Human Modeling: Predictive Dynamics |
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5 | (1) |
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Laws of Physics---Equations of Motion |
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Optimization: An Efficient Computational Framework |
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Applications of Predictive Dynamics |
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Workplace Methods and Use of Digital Human Models |
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6 | (1) |
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A Short History of Applied Ergonomics within Automotive Manufacturing |
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Workflow Methods for Stand-Alone DHM |
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Ergonomic Specifications and Requirements |
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Virtual Environments and Digital Human Models |
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7 | (1) |
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Background and Basic Definitions |
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Related Human Factors Issues |
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Present Applications of VEs |
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Digital Human Models within Virtual Environments |
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Short Outlook: Anthropomorphic Interaction Agents |
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Part 2 Modeling Fundamentals |
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Methods, Models, and Technology for Lifting Biomechanics |
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8 | (1) |
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Types of Models and Review of Current Research |
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Review of Current Software |
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Data-Based Human Motion Simulation Methods |
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9 | (1) |
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Data-Based Motion Simulation Methods |
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Functional Regression Model for Reach Motion Prediction |
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Data-Driven Differential Inverse Kinematics Model for Reach Prediction |
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Memory-Based Motion Simulation Model |
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Data-Based Motion Simulation Method for Ergonomic Vehicle Design |
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Memory-Based Posture Planning Model for Obstruction Avoidance |
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Summary and Future Directions |
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Computational Approaches in Digital Human Modeling |
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10 | (1) |
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Predicting Dynamic Motion |
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Impact Simulation and Biomechanical Human Body Models |
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11 | (1) |
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Development of Hand Models for Ergonomic Applications |
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12 | (1) |
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Posture Prediction: Multiple Joints Together |
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Posture and Object Placement |
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Finger Rotation and Hand Movement |
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Optimizing Object-Hand Fit |
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Foot Modeling and Footwear Development |
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13 | (1) |
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Shape and Size Analysis and Standards |
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14 | (1) |
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Military Personnel Surveys |
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Tools for Size/Shape Analysis |
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Compact Shape Descriptors of the 3D Human Body |
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Shape Descriptors for 3D Human Body |
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Shape Descriptors Head Shape |
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Extended Gaussian Images Descriptor |
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Conclusions and Future Trends |
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Modeling Response Time and Accuracy for Digital Humans |
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15 | (1) |
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Stage Analysis of the Cognitive System |
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Accumulation Models of Response Times and Accuracy |
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Psychophysiology in Digital Human Modeling |
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16 | (1) |
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The Case for Psychophysiology in Interactions with Virtual Agents |
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DHM and Physiology in Medicine and Related Fields |
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DHM and Psychophysiology in Improving the Agent's Appearance |
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The Role of Emotions and Personality in Virtual Humans |
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Application of Psychophysiology to DHM |
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Mathematical Models of Human Text Classification |
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17 | (1) |
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Mathematical Text-Mining Models |
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Singular Value Decomposition |
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Modeling Task Administration Protocols for Human and Robot E-Workers |
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18 | (1) |
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Coordination Theory and Coordination Protocols |
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Design of Task Administration Protocols |
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Case Study: Emergency Assignment by Human-Robot Team |
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Emerging Trends and Challenges |
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Visualization, Perceptualization, and Data Rendering |
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19 | (1) |
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Computing Infrastructure and Methods for Visualizing Large-Scale Dynamic Simulations |
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20 | (1) |
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Visualizing LS-DYNA Output in 3DS MAX |
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Modeling the Surrounding Scene |
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Multi-Objective Optimization for Short Duration Dynamic Events |
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21 | (1) |
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Metamodeling Methodologies |
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Polynomial Regression (PR) |
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Radial Basis Function (RBF) |
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Moving Least Square Regression (MLSR) |
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Responses of Short Duration Dynamic Events |
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Multi-Objective Optimization |
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Modeling the Role of Human Behaviors in a System-of-Systems |
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22 | (1) |
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SoS Traits and Sources of Complexity |
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Sources of Complexity and Human Behaviors |
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Exploration-Oriented Solution Approach |
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Insights from Air Transportation Example |
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Verification and Validation of Human Modeling Systems |
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23 | (1) |
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Reach Task: Matched Reach Successes and Misses, a Qualitative Comparison |
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HMSs Reach Misses versus Baseline Misses, a Quantitative Comparison |
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Reverse Analysis for Small Mannequins |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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Part 3 Evaluation and Analysis |
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Digital Human Modeling: Evaluation Tools |
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24 | (1) |
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Tools for Human Performance and Cognition |
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Discomfort Evaluation and Motion Measurement |
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25 | (1) |
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Comfort/Discomfort and Rating Methods |
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Discomfort Associated with Motion |
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Optimization in Design: A DHM Perspective |
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26 | (1) |
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Motion Modeling and Posture Prediction |
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Environment and Task Design |
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Vehicle Packaging Example |
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Limitations and Ongoing Work |
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Ergonomics for Computer Usage |
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27 | (1) |
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And Along Came the Computer |
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Office Ergonomics: Benefits for People, Benefits for Business |
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What Influences Office Ergonomics? |
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Computer-Related Injuries: Their Causes, Their Fixes |
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OSHA Algorithm for Treatment of CTDs |
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Good Practices of Workspace Design |
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Ergonomie Evaluation of the Computer Workstation |
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Discomfort Questionnaires |
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Computer Modeling Programs |
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Integrated Performance Modeling Environment (IPME) |
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DHM as Design Tool: Advantages and Disadvantages |
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Designing the Office of the Future |
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Workload Assessment Predictability for Digital Human Models |
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28 | (1) |
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Human Modeling and Simulation |
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29 | (1) |
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Modeling Human Kinematics |
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Model-Based versus Data-Driven Approaches |
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Digital Humans for Workspace Evaluation |
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Statistical Methods for Human Motion Modeling |
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30 | (1) |
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Variation within and between Subjects |
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Modifications to the Response |
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Combining Elemental Models of Motion |
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A Motion Simulation Tool for Automotive Interior Design |
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31 | (1) |
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Background of Ergonomic Simulation |
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Review of Motion Simulation |
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Discussion and Conclusion |
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Human Performance: Evaluating the Cognitive Aspects |
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32 | (1) |
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Models of Human Performance |
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Integrated Model Example: Man-Machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) |
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Integrated Model Development Process |
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Interpreting Complex Integrated Models |
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Instrumentation in Support of Dynamic Digital Human Modeling |
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33 | (1) |
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Kinematic Measurement Stereometric Methods |
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Goniometric Systems/Methods |
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Instrumentation for Evaluating Effective Human-Computer System Design |
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34 | (1) |
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Defining Effective Human-Computer System Design |
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Integrated Usage Monitors |
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Measuring Applied Forces and Muscle Efforts |
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Psychophysics: Measuring Perceptions and Preferences |
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The Psychophysiology of Emotion, Arousal, and Personality: Methods and Models |
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35 | (1) |
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Psychophysiological Measures |
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Measures of Central Nervous System Activity |
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Measures of Cardiorespiratory Activity |
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Measures of Electrodermal Activity |
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Measures of Somatomotor Activity |
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Measures of Body Temperature |
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Modeling of Psychophysiological Systems |
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The Psychophysiology of Arousal |
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The Psychophysiology of Emotion and Stress |
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The Psychophysiology of Personality |
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36 | (1) |
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A Typical Biometric System |
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Data Mining and Its Applications in Digital Human Modeling |
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37 | (1) |
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Data-Mining Modeling Techniques |
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Applications of DM in DHM |
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Motion Capture and Human Motion Reconstruction |
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38 | (1) |
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Identification of Subject-Specific Parameters |
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Motion Reconstruction by IK Methods |
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The Use of Digital Human Models for Advanced Industrial Applications |
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39 | (1) |
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The Value of Digital Human Modeling for Industrial Ergonomics |
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Do the Benefits Offset the Cost? |
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Augmenting Digital Human Modeling with Motion Capture Technology |
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Developing a Motion Capture/Virtual Reality (VR) Laboratory |
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Optical, Active and Passive |
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Other Types of Tracking Systems |
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Digital Human Modeling and Motion Capture for Training Applications |
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Refining the Use of Motion Capture and Digital Human Modeling for Ergonomics in Manufacturing |
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Digital Human Modeling in Automotive Product Applications |
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40 | (1) |
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DHM in the Vehicle Design Process |
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Work Process and Organizational Issues |
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Seat Adjustment Range for a New Vehicle Platform |
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Reachability Analysis for Cup Holder Location |
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Inclusive Design for the Mobility Impaired |
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41 | (1) |
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Problems with Percentiles |
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Our Approach to Inclusive Design |
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Development of a Personalized Journey Planner |
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Digital Human Modeling Automotive Manufacturing Applications |
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42 | (1) |
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The Main Reasons for the Use of DHM Tools in the Automotive Manufacturing Industry |
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Organizational and Work Process Aspects |
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Assessment Tools for Ergonomics |
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A Simulation Case from Order to Final Presentation References |
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Advanced Measurement Methods in Mining |
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43 | (1) |
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Understanding the Mine Environment |
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``Measuring'' in the Mine Environment |
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DHM Technology Applications in Mining |
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Using DHM to Depict Motion and Behavior Variation |
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Using DHM to Determine Subject Response and Reach Envelopes |
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Using DHM to Characterize Machine Designs and Controls of Mining Equipment |
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Ergonomics Analysis: Using DHM to Illustrate Material Handling in the Mine Environment |
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Choosing the Right DHM Software and Motion Capture Hardware Systems |
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Virtual Reality Training to Improve Human Performance |
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44 | (1) |
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Application of Computer Technology to Training |
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Modeling Effective Training |
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Training Simulator Design Process |
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Virtual Reality Assessment |
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Applications of Virtual Reality for Training |
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Applications of VR in Aviation |
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Applications of VR in Health Care and Medicine |
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Applications of VR in Manufacturing |
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Lab Testing and Field Testing in Digital Human Modeling |
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45 | (1) |
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Vision Module: Visual Evaluation |
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Implementing New Data Inside Digital Models, or How to Close the Loop? |
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Networking Human Performance Models to Substantiate Human-Systems Integration |
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46 | (1) |
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Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius |
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Human Systems Integration Overview |
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Modeling: An Enabling Toolset |
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Imprint-Focus Client-Server Architecture |
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Integrated Simulation Results |
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Digital Modeling of Behaviors and Interactions in Teams |
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47 | (1) |
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What Needs to Be Modeled? |
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Model Parameters for Group and Team DHM |
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Modeling Cultural Interactions |
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Expertise, Resource Coordination, and Team Performance |
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Information Flow Efficiency and Coordinated Task Performance |
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Future Research Needs and Summary |
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Digital Human Modeling for Palpatory Medical Training with Haptic Feedback |
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48 | (1) |
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Case Study: The Virtual Haptic Back (VHB) |
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Health Care Delivery and Simulation |
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49 | (1) |
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High-Reliability Organizations |
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Organizational Elements Essential to Reach Reliability |
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Simulation Conceptual Framework |
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Communication and Teamwork |
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Case Study: Purdue University School of Nursing |
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Modeling Human Physical Capability: Joint Strength and Range of Motion |
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50 | (1) |
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What Makes a Digital Model Human? |
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Overview of Muscle Mechanics |
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Normative Strength Determination |
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Part 5 Current Implementation and the Future of Digital Human Modeling |
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Impact of Digital Human Modeling on Military Human-Systems Integration and Impact of the Military on Digital Human Modeling |
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51 | (1) |
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Integrated and Hybrid Models and Tools |
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Light Helicopter Experimental (LHX) and NBC Fox Operator Workload Analyses |
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The Future Combat System (FCS) |
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Workspace Analysis Using Human Figure Models |
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Future Combat System (PCS): A Common Approach |
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Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle |
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Army Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S) |
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Future Challenges and Development |
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Advanced Human Modeling in Support of Military Systems |
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52 | (1) |
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Digital Human Modeling in a Product Life Cycle Management Environment |
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DHM Integration in PLM Tools |
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Expanding User Base of DHMs |
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Enterprise-Wide Human Engineering |
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System Performance Modeling |
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Modeling Goal-Directed Behavior |
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Toward a More Complete Human Model |
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Digital Human Modeling and Scanner-Based Anthropometry |
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53 | (1) |
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3D Scanning Technology for Anthropometry |
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Scanning and Preparation Works |
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Digital Human Modeling Packages |
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54 | (1) |
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Evaluation of DHM Packages |
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Limitations and Current Trends |
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Modeling and Augmenting Cognition: Supporting Optimal Individual Warfighter Human Performance |
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55 | (1) |
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Infantry Modeling Challenges |
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Future Needs and Developments in Support of Computer-Based Human Models |
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56 | |
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Tools for Future Human Factors Analyses |
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Skin Shape and Joint Motions |
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Specifying the Desired Tasks and Analyses |
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Putting Together the Next Generation of Digital Humans |
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Index |
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1 | |