| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
| About The Author |
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xxv | |
| Introduction |
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xxvii | |
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1 Overhead Transmission Lines And Their Circuit Constants |
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1 | (28) |
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1.1 Overhead Transmission Lines with LR Constants |
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1 | (9) |
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1.1.1 Three-phase single circuit line without overhead grounding wire |
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1 | (7) |
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1.1.2 Three-phase single circuit line with OGW, OPGW |
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8 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Three-phase double circuit line with LR constants |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2 Stray Capacitance of Overhead Transmission Lines |
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10 | (8) |
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1.2.1 Stray capacitance of three-phase single circuit line |
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10 | (6) |
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1.2.2 Three-phase single circuit line with OGW |
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16 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Three-phase double circuit line |
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16 | (2) |
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1.3 Working Inductance and Working Capacitance |
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18 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Introduction of working inductance |
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18 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Introduction of working capacitance |
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20 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Special properties of working inductance and working capacitance |
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22 | (1) |
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1.3.4 MKS rational unit system and the various MKS practical units in electrical engineering field |
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23 | (2) |
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1.4 Supplement: Proof of Equivalent Radius req = r1/n wn-1/n for a Multi-bundled Conductor |
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25 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Equivalent radius for inductance calculation |
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25 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Equivalent radius of capacitance calculation |
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26 | (1) |
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Coffee break 1 Electricity, its substance and methodology |
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27 | (2) |
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2 Symmetrical Coordinate Method (Symmetrical Components) |
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29 | (24) |
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2.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Components |
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29 | (2) |
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2.2 Definition of Symmetrical Components |
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31 | (3) |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Implication of symmetrical components |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3 Conversion of Three-phase Circuit into Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit |
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34 | (2) |
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2.4 Transmission Lines by Symmetrical Components |
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36 | (10) |
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2.4.1 Single circuit line with LR constants |
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36 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Double circuit line with LR constants |
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38 | (3) |
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2.4.3 Single circuit line with stray capacitance C |
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41 | (3) |
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2.4.4 Double circuit line with C constants |
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44 | (2) |
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2.5 Typical Transmission Line Constants |
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46 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Typical line constants |
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46 | (2) |
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2.5.2 L, C constant values derived from typical travelling-wave velocity and surge impedance |
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48 | (1) |
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2.6 Generator by Symmetrical Components (Easy Description) |
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49 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Simplified symmetrical equations |
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49 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Reactance of generator |
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51 | (1) |
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2.7 Description of Three-phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components |
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52 | (1) |
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3 Fault Analysis By Symmetrical Components |
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53 | (16) |
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3.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Coordinate Method |
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53 | (1) |
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3.2 Line-to-ground Fault (Phase a to Ground Fault: 1φG) |
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54 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Condition before the fault |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Condition of phase a to ground fault |
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56 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Voltages and currents at virtual terminal point f in the 0-1-2 domain |
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56 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Voltages and currents at an arbitrary point under fault conditions |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Fault under no-load conditions |
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58 | (1) |
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3.3 Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (10) |
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3.4.1 Single-phase (phase a) conductor opening |
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59 | (6) |
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3.4.2 Two-phases (phase b, c) conductor opening |
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65 | (1) |
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Coffee break 2 Dawn of the world of electricity, from Coulomb to Ampere and Ohm |
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66 | (3) |
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4 FAULT ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT LINES (INCLUDING SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE CIRCUIT FAULT) |
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69 | (22) |
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4.1 Two-phase Circuit and its Symmetrical Coordinate Method |
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69 | (4) |
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4.1.1 Definition and meaning |
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69 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Transformation process of double circuit line |
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71 | (2) |
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4.2 Double Circuit Line by Two-phase Symmetrical Transformation |
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73 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Transformation of typical two-phase circuits |
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73 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Transformation of double circuit line |
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75 | (2) |
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4.3 Fault Analysis of Double Circuit Line (General Process) |
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77 | (3) |
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4.4 Single Circuit Fault on the Double Circuit Line |
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80 | (1) |
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4.4.1 Line-to-ground fault (1φG) on one-side circuit |
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80 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Various one-side circuit faults |
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81 | (1) |
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4.5 Double Circuit Fault at Single Point f |
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81 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phases b and c line-to-line faults at point f |
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81 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase b line-to-ground fault at point f (method 1) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase b line-to-ground fault at point f (method 2) |
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83 | (2) |
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4.5.4 Various double circuit faults at single point f |
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85 | (1) |
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4.6 Simultaneous Double Circuit Faults at Different Points f, F on the Same Line |
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85 | (6) |
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4.6.1 Circuit condition before fault |
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85 | (3) |
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4.6.2 Circuit 1 phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit 2 phase b line-to-ground fault at different points f, F |
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88 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Various double circuit faults at different points |
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89 | (2) |
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5 Per Unit Method And Introduction Of Transformer Circuit |
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91 | (36) |
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5.1 Fundamental Concept of the PU Method |
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91 | (6) |
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5.1.1 PU method of single-phase circuit |
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92 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Unitization of a single-phase three-winding transformer and its equivalent circuit |
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93 | (4) |
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5.2 PU Method for Three-phase Circuits |
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97 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Base quantities by PU method for three-phase circuits |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Unitization of three-phase circuit equations |
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98 | (1) |
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5.3 Three-phase Three-winding Transformer, its Symmetrical Components Equations, and the Equivalent Circuit |
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99 | (11) |
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5.3.1 λ --- λ --- Δ-connected three-phase transformer |
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99 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Three-phase transformers with various winding connections |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Core structure and the zero-sequence excitation impedance |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Various winding methods and the effect of delta windings |
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105 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Harmonic frequency voltages/currents in the 0-1-2 domain |
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108 | (2) |
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5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance |
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110 | (1) |
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5.4.1 Note on % IZ of three-winding transformer |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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5.6 Numerical Example to Find the Unitized Symmetrical Equivalent Circuit |
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112 | (10) |
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5.7 Supplement: Transformation from Equation 5.18 to Equation 5.19 |
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122 | (5) |
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Coffee break 3 Faraday and Henry, the discoverers of the principle of electric energy application |
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124 | (3) |
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6 THE α-β-0 COORDINATE METHOD (CLARKE COMPONENTS) AND ITS APPLICATION |
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127 | (18) |
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6.1 Definition of α-β-0 Coordinate Method (α-β-0 Components) |
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127 | (3) |
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6.2 Interrelation Between α-β-0 Components and Symmetrical Components |
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130 | (4) |
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6.2.1 The transformation of arbitrary waveform quantities |
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130 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Interrelation between α-β-0 and symmetrical components |
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132 | (2) |
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6.3 Circuit Equation and Impedance by the α-β-0 Coordinate Method |
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134 | (1) |
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6.4 Three-phase Circuit in α-β-0 Components |
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134 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Single circuit transmission line |
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134 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Double circuit transmission line |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Transformer impedances and load impedances in the α-β-0 domain |
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139 | (1) |
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6.5 Fault Analysis by α-β-0 Components |
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139 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Line-to-ground fault (phase a to ground fault: 1φG) |
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139 | (1) |
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6.5.2 The b-c phase line to ground fault |
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140 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Other mode short-circuit faults |
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141 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Open-conductor mode faults |
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141 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Advantages of α-β-0 method |
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141 | (4) |
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7 Symmetrical And α-β- 0 Components As Analytical Tools For Transient Phenomena |
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145 | (8) |
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7.1 The Symbolic Method and its Application to Transient Phenomena |
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145 | (2) |
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7.2 Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and α-β-0 Components |
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147 | (3) |
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7.3 Comparison of Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and α-β-0 Components |
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150 | (3) |
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Coffee break 4 Weber and other pioneers |
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151 | (2) |
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8 Neutral Grounding Methods |
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153 | (16) |
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8.1 Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods |
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153 | (5) |
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8.2 Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused by a Line-to-ground fault |
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158 | (1) |
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8.3 Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral Grounded Method |
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159 | (1) |
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8.4 Possibility of Voltage Resonance |
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160 | (9) |
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Coffee break 5 Maxwell, the greatest scientist of the nineteenth century |
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161 | (8) |
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9 Visual Vector Diagrams Of Voltages And Currents Under Fault Conditions |
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169 | (14) |
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9.1 Three-phase Fault: 3φS, 3φG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) |
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169 | (1) |
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9.2 Phase b-c Fault: 2φS (for Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) |
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170 | (3) |
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9.3 Phase a to Ground Fault: 1φG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) |
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173 | (2) |
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9.4 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2φG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) |
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175 | (3) |
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9.5 Phase a Line-to-ground Fault: 1φG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) |
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178 | (2) |
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9.6 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2φG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (58) |
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10.1 Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Generator |
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183 | (8) |
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10.1.1 The fundamental model |
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183 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Fundamental three-phase circuit equations |
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185 | (2) |
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10.1.3 Characteristics of inductances in the equations |
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187 | (4) |
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10.2 Introduction of d-q-0 Method (d-q-0 Components) |
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191 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Definition of d-q-0 method |
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191 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Mutual relation of d-q-0, a-b-c, and 0-1-2 domains |
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193 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Characteristics of d-q-0 domain quantities |
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194 | (1) |
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10.3 Transformation of Generator Equations from a-b-c to d-q-0 Domain |
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195 | (13) |
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10.3.1 Transformation of generator equations to d-q-0 domain |
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195 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Physical meanings of generator's fundamental equations on the d-q-0 domain |
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198 | (3) |
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10.3.3 Unitization of generator d-q-0 domain equations |
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201 | (5) |
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10.3.4 Introduction of d-q-0 domain equivalent circuits |
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206 | (2) |
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10.4 Generator Operating Characteristics and its Vector Diagrams on d- and q-axes Plane |
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208 | (3) |
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10.5 Transient Phenomena and the Generator's Transient Reactances |
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211 | (2) |
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10.5.1 Initial condition just before sudden change |
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211 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Assorted d-axis and q-axis reactances for transient phenomena |
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212 | (1) |
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10.6 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators |
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213 | (7) |
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10.6.1 Positive-sequence circuit |
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214 | (3) |
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10.6.2 Negative-sequence circuit |
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217 | (2) |
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10.6.3 Zero-sequence circuit |
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219 | (1) |
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10.7 Laplace-transformed Generator Equations and the Time Constants |
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220 | (4) |
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10.7.1 Laplace-transformed equations |
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220 | (4) |
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10.8 Measuring of Generator Reactances |
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224 | (4) |
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10.8.1 Measuring method of d-axis reactance xd and short-circuit ratio SCR |
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224 | (3) |
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10.8.2 Measuring method of d-axis reactance x2 and x0 |
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227 | (1) |
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10.9 Relations Between the d-q-0 and α-β-0 Domains |
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228 | (1) |
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10.10 Detailed Calculation of Generator Short-circuit Transient Current under Load Operation |
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228 | (6) |
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10.10.1 Transient short circuit calculation by Laplace transform |
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228 | (6) |
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10.10.2 Transient fault current by sudden three-phase terminal fault under no-load condition |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (7) |
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10.11.1 Supplement 1: Physical concept of linking flux and flux linkage |
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234 | (1) |
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10.11.2 Supplement 2: Proof of time constants T'd, T"d, T'q equation (10.108b) |
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235 | (2) |
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10.11.3 Supplement 3: The equations of the rational function and their transformation into expanded sub-sequential fractional equations |
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237 | (1) |
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10.11.4 Supplement 4: Calculation of the coefficients of equation 10.127 |
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238 | (2) |
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10.11.5 Supplement 5: The formulae of the laplace transform (see also Appendix A) |
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240 | (1) |
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11 Apparent Power And Its Expression In The 0-1-2 And D-Q-0 Domains |
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241 | (10) |
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11.1 Apparent Power and its Symbolic Expression for Arbitrary Waveform Voltages and Currents |
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241 | (2) |
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11.1.1 Definition of apparent power |
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241 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Expansion of apparent power for arbitrary waveform voltages and currents |
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243 | (1) |
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11.2 Apparent Power of a Three-phase Circuit in the 0-1-2 Domain |
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243 | (3) |
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11.3 Apparent Power in the d-q-0 Domain |
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246 | (5) |
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Coffee break 6 Hertz, the discoverer and inventor of radio waves |
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248 | (3) |
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12 Generating Power And Steady-State Stability |
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251 | (12) |
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12.1 Generating Power and the P-δ and Q-δ Curves |
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251 | (3) |
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12.2 Power Transfer Limit between a Generator and a Power System Network |
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254 | (7) |
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12.2.1 Equivalency between one-machine to infinite-bus system and two-machine system |
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254 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Apparent power of a generator |
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255 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Power transfer limit of a generator (steady-state stability) |
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256 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Visual description of a generator's apparent power transfer limit |
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257 | (2) |
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12.2.5 Mechanical analogy of steady-state stability |
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259 | (2) |
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12.3 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 12.17 from Equations 12.15 2 3 and 12.16 |
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261 | (2) |
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13 The Generator As Rotating Machinery |
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263 | (18) |
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13.1 Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power |
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263 | (2) |
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13.1.1 Mutual relation between mechanical input power and electrical output power |
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263 | (2) |
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13.2 Kinetic Equation of the Generator |
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265 | (3) |
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13.2.1 Dynamic characteristics of the generator (kinetic motion equation) |
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265 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Dynamic equation of generator as an electrical expression |
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267 | (1) |
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13.3 Mechanism of Power Conversion from Rotor Mechanical Power to Stator Electrical Power |
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268 | (6) |
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13.4 Speed Governors, the Rotating Speed Control Equipment for Generators |
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274 | (7) |
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Coffee break 7 Brilliant dawn of the modern electrical age and the new twentieth century: 1885-1900 |
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277 | (4) |
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14 Transient/Dynamic Stability, P-Q-V Characteristics And Voltage Stability Of A Power System |
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281 | (20) |
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14.1 Steady-state Stability, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability |
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281 | (1) |
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14.1.1 Steady-state stability |
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281 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Transient stability |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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14.2 Mechanical Acceleration Equation for the Two-generator System and Disturbance Response |
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282 | (2) |
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14.3 Transient Stability and Dynamic Stability (Case Study) |
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284 | (2) |
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14.3.1 Transient stability |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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14.4 Four-terminal Circuit and the P-δ Curve under Fault Conditions and Operational Reactance |
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286 | (4) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Trial calculation of P-δ curve |
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289 | (1) |
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14.5 P-Q-V Characteristics and Voltage Stability (Voltage Instability Phenomena) |
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290 | (8) |
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14.5.1 Apparent power at sending terminal and receiving terminal |
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290 | (1) |
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14.5.2 Voltage sensitivity by small disturbance ΔP, ΔQ |
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291 | (1) |
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14.5.3 Circle diagram of apparent power |
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292 | (1) |
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14.5.4 P-Q-V characteristics, and P-V and Q-V curves |
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293 | (2) |
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14.5.5 P-Q-V characteristics and voltage instability phenomena |
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295 | (3) |
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14.5.6 V-Q control (voltage and reactive power control) of power systems |
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298 | (1) |
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14.6 Supplement 1: Derivation of ΔV/ΔP, ΔV/ΔQ Sensitivity Equation (Equation 14.20 from Equation 14.19) |
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298 | (1) |
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14.7 Supplement 2: Derivation of Power Circle Diagram Equation (Equation 14.31 from Equation 14.18 2) |
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299 | (2) |
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15 Generator Characteristics With AVR And Stable Operation Limit |
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301 | (18) |
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15.1 Theory of AVR, and Transfer Function of Generator System with AVR |
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301 | (4) |
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15.1.1 Inherent transfer function of generator |
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301 | (2) |
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15.1.2 Transfer function of generator + load |
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303 | (2) |
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15.2 Duties of AVR and Transfer Function of Generator + AVR |
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305 | (3) |
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15.3 Response Characteristics of Total System and Generator Operational Limit |
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308 | (4) |
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15.3.1 Introduction of s functions for AVR + exciter + generator + load |
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308 | (2) |
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15.3.2 Generator operational limit and its p-q coordinate expression |
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310 | (2) |
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15.4 Transmission Line Charging by Generator with AVR |
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312 | (1) |
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15.4.1 Line charging by generator without AVR |
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313 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Line charging by generator with AVR |
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313 | (1) |
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15.5 Supplement 1: Derivation of ed(s), eq(s) as Function of ef(s) (Equation 15.9 from Equations 15.7 and 15.8) |
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313 | (1) |
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15.6 Supplement 2: Derivation of eG(s) as Function of ef(s) (Equation 15.10 from Equations 15.8 and 15.9) |
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314 | (5) |
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Coffee break 8 Heaviside, the great benefactor of electrical engineering |
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315 | (4) |
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16 Operating Characteristics And The Capability Limits Of Generators |
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319 | (34) |
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16.1 General Equations of Generators in Terms of p-q Coordinates |
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319 | (3) |
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16.2 Rating Items and the Capability Curve of the Generator |
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322 | (6) |
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16.2.1 Rating items and capability curve |
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322 | (3) |
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16.2.2 Generator's locus in the p-q coordinate plane under various operating conditions |
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325 | (3) |
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16.3 Leading Power-factor (Under-excitation Domain) Operation, and UEL Function by AVR |
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328 | (6) |
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16.3.1 Generator as reactive power generator |
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328 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Overheating of stator core end by leading power-factor operation (low excitation) |
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329 | (4) |
|
16.3.3 UEL (under-excitation limit) protection by AVR |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
16.3.4 Operation in the over-excitation domain |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
16.4 V-Q (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control by AVR |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
16.4.1 Reactive power distribution for multiple generators and cross-current control |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
16.4.2 P-f control and V-Q control |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
16.5 Thermal Generators' Weak Points (Negative-sequence Current, Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-torsional Distortion) |
|
|
337 | (9) |
|
16.5.1 Features of large generators today |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 The thermal generator: smaller l2-withstanding capability |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
16.5.3 Rotor overheating caused by d.c. and higher harmonic currents |
|
|
340 | (3) |
|
16.5.4 Transient torsional twisting torque of TG coupled shaft |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
16.6 General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Unit |
|
|
346 | (5) |
|
16.6.1 Steam turbine (ST) unit for thermal generation |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
16.6.2 Combined Cycle (CC) system with gas/steam turbines |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
16.6.3 ST unit for nuclear generation |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
16.7 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 16.14 from Equation 16.9 4 |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
17 R-X Coordinates And The Theory Of Directional Distance Relays |
|
|
353 | (26) |
|
17.1 Protective Relays, Their Mission and Classification |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
17.1.1 Duties of protective relays |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
17.1.2 Classification of major relays |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
17.2 Principle of Directional Distance Relays and R-X Coordinates Plane |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
17.2.1 Fundamental function of directional distance relays |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 R-X coordinates and their relation to P-Q coordinates and p-q coordinates |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
17.2.3 Characteristics of DZ-Relays |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
17.3 Impedance Locus in R-X Coordinates in Case of a Fault (under No-load Condition) |
|
|
358 | (7) |
|
17.3.1 Operation of DZ(S)-Relay for phase b-c line-to-line fault (2φS) |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
17.3.2 Response of DZ(G)-Relay to phase a line-to-ground fault (1φG) |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
17.3.3 Response of DZ(G)-Relay against phase b to c (line-to-line) short circuit fault (2φS) |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
17.3.4 DZ-Ry for high-impedance neutral grounded system |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
17.4 Impedance Locus under Normal States and Step-out Condition |
|
|
365 | (5) |
|
17.4.1 R-X locus under stable and unstable conditions |
|
|
365 | (4) |
|
17.4.2 Step-out detection and trip-lock of DZ-Relays |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
17.5 Impedance Locus under Faults with Load Flow Conditions |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
17.6 Loss of Excitation Detection by DZ-Relays |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
17.6.1 Loss of excitation detection |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
17.7 Supplement 1: The Drawing Method for the Locus Z = A/(1 - keiδ) of Equation 17.22 |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
17.7.1 The locus for the case δ: constant, k: 0 to ∞ |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
17.7.2 The locus for the case k: constant, δ: 0 to 360° |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
17.8 Supplement 2: The Drawing Method for Z = 1/(1/A + 1/B) of Equation 17.24 |
|
|
374 | (5) |
|
Coffee break 9 The symbolic method by complex numbers and Arthur Kennelly, the prominent pioneer |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
18 Travelling-Wave (Surge) Phenomena |
|
|
379 | (32) |
|
18.1 Theory of Travelling-wave Phenomena along Transmission Lines (Distributed-constants Circuit) |
|
|
379 | (11) |
|
18.1.1 Waveform equation of a transmission line (overhead line and cable) and the image of a travelling wave |
|
|
379 | (6) |
|
18.1.2 The general solution for voltage and current by Laplace transforms |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
18.1.3 Four-terminal network equation between two arbitrary points |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
18.1.4 Examination of line constants |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
18.2 Approximation of Distributed-constants Circuit and Accuracy of Concentrated-constants Circuit |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
18.3 Behaviour of Travelling Wave at a Transition Point |
|
|
391 | (4) |
|
18.3.1 Incident wave, transmitted wave and reflected wave at a transition point |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
18.3.2 Behaviour of voltage and current travelling waves at typical transition points |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
18.4 Surge Overvoltages and their Three Different and Confusing Notations |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
18.5 Behaviour of Travelling Waves at a Lightning-strike Point |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
18.6 Travelling-wave Phenomena of Three-phase Transmission Line |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
18.6.1 Surge impedance of three-phase line |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
18.6.2 Surge analysis of lightning by symmetrical coordinates (lightning strike on phase a conductor) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
18.7 Line-to-ground and Line-to-line Travelling Waves |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
18.8 The Reflection Lattice and Transient Behaviour Modes |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
18.8.1 The reflection lattice |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
18.8.2 Oscillatory and non-oscillatory convergence |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
18.9 Supplement 1: General Solution Equation 18.10 for Differential Equation 18.9 |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
18.10 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 18.19 from Equation 18.18 |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
Coffee break 10 Steinmetz, prominent benefactor of circuit theory and high-voltage technology |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
19 Switching Surge Phenomena By Circuit-Breakers And Line Switches |
|
|
411 | (48) |
|
19.1 Transient Calculation of a Single-Phase Circuit by Breaker Opening |
|
|
411 | (9) |
|
19.1.1 Calculation of fault current tripping (single-phase circuit) |
|
|
411 | (4) |
|
19.1.2 Calculation of current tripping (double power source circuit) |
|
|
415 | (5) |
|
19.2 Calculation of Transient Recovery Voltages Across a Breaker's Three Poles by 3φS Fault Tripping |
|
|
420 | (10) |
|
19.2.1 Recovery voltage appearing at the first phase (pole) tripping |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
19.2.2 Transient recovery voltage across a breaker's three poles by 3φS fault tripping |
|
|
423 | (7) |
|
19.3 Fundamental Concepts of High-voltage Circuit-breakers |
|
|
430 | (4) |
|
19.3.1 Fundamental concept of breakers |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
19.3.2 Terminology of switching phenomena and breaker tripping capability |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
19.4 Current Tripping by Circuit-breakers: Actual Phenomena |
|
|
434 | (10) |
|
19.4.1 Short-circuit current (lagging power-factor current) tripping |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
19.4.2 Leading power-factor small-current tripping |
|
|
436 | (4) |
|
19.4.3 Short-distance line fault tripping (SLF) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
19.4.4 Current chopping phenomena by tripping small current with lagging power factor |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
19.4.6 Current-zero missing |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
19.5 Overvoltages Caused by Breaker Closing (Close-switching Surge) |
|
|
444 | (3) |
|
19.5.1 Principles of overvoltage caused by breaker closing |
|
|
444 | (3) |
|
19.6 Resistive Tripping and Resistive Closing by Circuit-breakers |
|
|
447 | (6) |
|
19.6.1 Resistive tripping and resistive closing |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
19.6.2 Standardized switching surge level requested by EHV/UHV breakers |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
19.6.3 Overvoltage phenomena caused by tripping of breaker with resistive tripping mechanism |
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
19.6.4 Overvoltage phenomena caused by closing of breaker with resistive closing mechanism |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
19.7 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches) |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
19.7.1 LS-switching surge: the phenomena and mechanism |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
19.7.2 Caused Influence of LS-switching surge |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
19.8 Supplement 1: Calculation of the Coefficients k1-k4 of Equation 19.6 |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
19.9 Supplement 2: Calculation of the Coefficients k1-k6 of Equation 19.17 |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
Coffee break 11 Fortescue's symmetrical components |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (16) |
|
20.1 Classification of Overvoltage Phenomena |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
20.2 Fundamental (Power) Frequency Overvoltages (Non-resonant Phenomena) |
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
20.2.2 Self-excitation of a generator |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
20.2.3 Sudden load tripping or load failure |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
20.2.4 Overvoltages of unfaulted phases by one line-to-ground fault |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
20.3 Lower Frequency Harmonic Resonant Overvoltages |
|
|
463 | (4) |
|
20.3.1 Broad-area resonant phenomena (lower order frequency resonance) |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
20.3.2 Local area resonant phenomena |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
20.3.3 Interrupted ground fault of cable line in a neutral ungrounded distribution system |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
20.4.1 Overvoltages caused by breaker closing (breaker closing surge) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
20.4.2 Overvoltages caused by breaker tripping (breaker tripping surge) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
20.4.3 Switching surge by line switches |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
20.5 Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes |
|
|
469 | (6) |
|
20.5.1 Direct strike on phase conductors (direct flashover) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
20.5.2 Direct strike on OGW or tower structure (inverse flashover) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
20.5.3 Induced strokes (electrostatic induced strokes, electromagnetic induced strokes) |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
21 Insulation Coordination |
|
|
475 | (56) |
|
21.1 Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses |
|
|
475 | (6) |
|
21.1.1 Conduction and insulation |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
21.1.2 Classification of overvoltages |
|
|
476 | (5) |
|
21.2 Fundamental Concept of Insulation Coordination |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
21.2.1 Concept of insulation coordination |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
21.2.2 Specific principles of insulation strength and breakdown |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
21.3 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover |
|
|
483 | (5) |
|
21.3.1 Adoption of a possible large number of overhead grounding wires (OGWs, OPGWs) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
21.3.2 Adoption of reasonable allocation and air clearances for conductors/grounding wires |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
21.3.3 Reduction of surge impedance of the towers |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
21.3.4 Adoption of arcing horns (arcing rings) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
21.3.5 Tower mounted arrester devices |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
21.3.6 Adoption of unequal circuit insulation (double circuit line) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
21.3.7 Adoption of high-speed reclosing |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
21.4 Overvoltage Protection at Substations |
|
|
488 | (12) |
|
21.4.1 Surge protection by metal-oxide surge arresters |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
21.4.2 Metal-oxide arresters |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
21.4.3 Ratings, classification and selection of arresters |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
21.4.4 Separation effects of station arresters |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
21.4.5 Station protection by OGWs, and grounding resistance reduction |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
21.5 Insulation Coordination Details |
|
|
500 | (11) |
|
21.5.1 Definition and some principal matters of standards |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
21.5.2 Insulation configuration |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
21.5.3 Insulation withstanding level and BIL, BSL |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
21.5.4 Standard insulation levels and their principles |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
21.5.5 Insulation levels for power systems under 245 kV (Table 21.2A) |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
21.5.6 Insulation levels for power systems over 245 kV (Tables 21.2B and C) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
21.5.7 Evaluation of degree of insulation coordination |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
21.5.8 Insulation of power cable |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
21.6 Transfer Surge Voltages Through the Transformer, and Generator Protection |
|
|
511 | (9) |
|
21.6.1 Electrostatic transfer surge voltage |
|
|
511 | (8) |
|
21.6.2 Generator protection against transfer surge voltages through transformer |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
21.6.3 Electromagnetic transfer voltage |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
21.7 Internal High-frequency Voltage Oscillation of Transformers Caused by Incident Surge |
|
|
520 | (6) |
|
21.7.1 Equivalent circuit of transformer in EHF domain |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
21.7.2 Transient oscillatory voltages caused by incident surge |
|
|
521 | (4) |
|
21.7.3 Reduction of internal oscillatory voltages |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
21.8 Oil-filled Transformers Versus Gas-filled Transformers |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
21.9 Supplement: Proof that Equation 21.21 is the Solution of Equation 21.20 |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
Coffee break 12 Edith Clarke, the prominent woman electrician |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
22 Waveform Distortion And Lower Order Harmonic Resonance |
|
|
531 | (10) |
|
22.1 Causes and Influences of Waveform Distortion |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
22.1.1 Classification of waveform distortion |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
22.1.2 Causes of waveform distortion |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
22.2 Fault Current Waveform Distortion Caused on Cable Lines |
|
|
534 | (7) |
|
22.2.1 Introduction of transient current equation |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
22.2.2 Evaluation of the transient fault current |
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
22.2.3 Waveform distortion and protective relays |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
23 Power Cables And Power Cable Circuits |
|
|
541 | (32) |
|
23.1 Power Cables and Their General Features |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
23.2 Distinguishing Features of Power Cable |
|
|
545 | (5) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
23.2.2 Production process |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
23.2.3 Various environmental layout conditions and required withstanding stresses |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
23.2.4 Metallic sheath circuit and outer-covering insulation |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
23.2.5 Electrical specification and factory testing levels |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
23.3 Circuit Constants of Power Cables |
|
|
550 | (7) |
|
23.3.1 Inductances of cables |
|
|
550 | (4) |
|
23.3.2 Capacitance and surge impedance of cables |
|
|
554 | (3) |
|
23.4 Metallic Sheath and Outer Covering |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
23.4.1 Role of metallic sheath and outer covering |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
23.4.2 Metallic sheath earthing methods |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
23.5 Cross-bonding Metallic-shielding Method |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
23.5.1 Cross-bonding method |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
23.5.2 Surge voltage analysis on the cable sheath circuit and jointing boxes |
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
23.6 Surge Voltages: Phenomena Travelling Through a Power Cable |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
23.6.1 Surge voltages at the cable infeed terminal point m |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
23.6.2 Surge voltages at the cable outfeed terminal point n |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
23.7 Surge Voltages Phenomena on Cable and Overhead Line Jointing Terminal |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
23.7.1 Overvoltage behaviour on cable line caused by lightning surge from overhead line |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
23.7.2 Switching surges arising on cable line |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
23.8 Surge Voltages at Cable End Terminal Connected to GIS |
|
|
568 | (5) |
|
Coffee break 13 Park's equations, the birth of the d-q-0 method |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
24 Approaches For Special Circuits |
|
|
573 | (18) |
|
24.1 On-load Tap-changing Transformer (LTC Transformer) |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
24.2 Phase-shifting Transformer |
|
|
575 | (4) |
|
24.2.1 Introduction of fundamental equations |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
24.2.2 Application for loop circuit lines |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
24.3 Woodbridge Transformer and Scott Transformer |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
24.3.1 Woodbridge winding transformer |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
24.3.2 Scott winding transformer |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
24.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
24.5 Mis-connection of Three-phase Orders |
|
|
585 | (6) |
|
24.5.1 Case 1: phase a-b-c to a-c-b mis-connection |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
24.5.2 Case 2: phase a-b-c to b-c-a mis-connection |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Coffee break 14 Power system engineering and insulation coordination |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
25 Theory Of Induction Generators And Motors |
|
|
591 | (38) |
|
25.1 Introduction of Induction Motors and Their Driving Control |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
25.2 Theory of Three-phase Induction Machines (IM) with Wye-connected Rotor Windings |
|
|
592 | (20) |
|
25.2.1 Equations of induction machine in abc domain |
|
|
592 | (4) |
|
25.2.2 dq0 domain transformed equations |
|
|
596 | (9) |
|
25.2.3 Phasor expression of dq0 domain transformed equations |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
25.2.4 Driving power and torque of induction machines |
|
|
606 | (4) |
|
25.2.5 Steady-state operation |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
25.3 Squirrel-cage Type Induction Motors |
|
|
612 | (15) |
|
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
25.3.2 Characteristics of squirrel-cage induction machine |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
25.3.3 Torque, air-gap flux, speed and power as basis of power electronic control |
|
|
617 | (7) |
|
25.3.4 Start-up operation |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
25.3.5 Rated speed operation |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
25.3.6 Over speed operation and braking operation |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
25.4 Supplement 1: Calculation of Equations (25.17), (25.18), and (25.19) |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
26 Power Electronic Devices And The Fundamental Concept Of Switching |
|
|
629 | (22) |
|
26.1 Power Electronics and the Fundamental Concept |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
26.2 Power Switching by Power Devices |
|
|
630 | (3) |
|
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
26.4 Voltage Conversion by Switching |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
26.5 Power Electronic Devices |
|
|
635 | (8) |
|
26.5.1 Classification and features of various power semiconductor devices |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
26.5.4 GTO (Gate turn-off thyristors) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
26.5.5 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or power transistor |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
26.5.6 Power MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
26.5.7 IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistors) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
26.5.8 IPM (intelligent power module) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
26.6 Mathematical Backgrounds for Power Electronic Application Analysis |
|
|
643 | (8) |
|
27 Power Electronic Converters |
|
|
651 | (44) |
|
27.1 AC to DC Conversion: Rectifier by a Diode |
|
|
651 | (10) |
|
27.1.1 Single-phase rectifier with pure resistive load R |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
27.1.2 Inductive load and the role of series connected inductance L |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
27.1.3 Roles of freewheeling diodes and current smoothing reactors |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
27.1.4 Single-phase diode bridge full-wave rectifier |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
27.1.5 Roles of voltage smoothing capacitors |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
27.1.6 Three-phase half-bridge rectifier |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
27.1.7 Current over-lapping |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
27.1.8 Three-phase full-bridge rectifier |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
27.2 AC to DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier by Thyristors |
|
|
661 | (10) |
|
27.2.1 Single-phase half-bridge rectifier by a thyristor |
|
|
661 | (3) |
|
27.2.2 Single-phase full-bridge rectifier with thyristors |
|
|
664 | (3) |
|
27.2.3 Three-phase full-bridge rectifier by thyristors |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
27.2.4 Higher harmonics and ripple ratio |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
27.2.5 Commutating reactances: effects of source side reactances |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
27.3 DC to DC Converters (DC to DC Choppers) |
|
|
671 | (9) |
|
27.3.1 Voltage step-down converter (Buck chopper) |
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
27.3.2 Step up (boost) converter (Boost chopper) |
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
27.3.3 Buck-boost converter (step-down/step-up converter) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
27.3.4 Two-/four-quadrant converter (Composite chopper) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
27.3.5 Pulse width modulation control (PWM) of a dc-dc converter |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
27.3.6 Multi-phase converter |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (7) |
|
27.4.1 Overview of inverters |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
27.4.2 Single-phase type inverter |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
27.4.3 Three-phase type inverter |
|
|
684 | (3) |
|
27.5 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control of Inverters |
|
|
687 | (4) |
|
27.5.1 Principles of PWM (Pulse width modulation) control (Triangle modulation) |
|
|
687 | (3) |
|
27.5.2 Another PWM control schemes (tolerance band control) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
27.6 AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter) |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
27.7 Supplement: Transformer Core Flux Saturation (Flux Bias Caused by DC Biased Current Component) |
|
|
692 | (3) |
|
28 Power Electronics Applications In Utility Power Systems And Some Industries |
|
|
695 | (52) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
28.2 Motor Drive Application |
|
|
695 | (9) |
|
28.2.1 Concept of induction motor driving control |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
28.2.2 Volts per hertz (V/f) control (or AVAF inverter control) |
|
|
697 | (3) |
|
28.2.3 Constant torque and constant speed control |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
28.2.4 Space vector PWM control of induction motor (sinusoidal control method) |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
28.2.5 Phase vector PWM control (rotor flux oriented control) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
28.2.6 d-q- Sequence current PWM control (sinusoidal control practice) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
28.3 Generator Excitation System |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
28.4 (Double-fed) Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage Generator-motor Unit |
|
|
706 | (4) |
|
|
|
710 | (5) |
|
28.6 Small Hydro Generation |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
28.7 Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
28.8 Static Var Compensators (SVC: Thyristor Based External Commutated Scheme) |
|
|
717 | (9) |
|
28.8.1 SVC (Static var compensators) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
28.8.2 TCR (Thyristor controlled reactors) and TCC (Thyristor controlled capacitors) |
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
28.8.3 Asymmetrical control method with PWM control for SVC |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
28.8.4 Statcom or SVG (Static var generator) |
|
|
722 | (4) |
|
|
|
726 | (8) |
|
28.9.1 Base concept of active filters |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
28.9.2 Active filter by d-q method |
|
|
727 | (3) |
|
28.9.3 Vector PWM control based on d-q method |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
28.9.4 Converter modelling as d-q-coordinates Laplace transfer function |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
28.9.5 Active filter by p-q method or by α-β-method |
|
|
732 | (2) |
|
28.10 High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission) |
|
|
734 | (2) |
|
28.11 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Technology |
|
|
736 | (5) |
|
28.11.1 Overview of FACTS |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
28.11.2 TCSC (Thyristor-controlled series capacitor) and TPSC (Thyristor-protected series capacitor) |
|
|
738 | (3) |
|
28.12 Railway Applications |
|
|
741 | (4) |
|
28.12.1 Railway substation systems |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
28.12.2 Electric train engine motor driving systems |
|
|
742 | (3) |
|
28.13 UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) |
|
|
745 | (2) |
| Appendix A Mathematical Formulae |
|
747 | (4) |
| Appendix B Matrix Equation Formulae |
|
751 | (6) |
| Analytical Methods Index |
|
757 | (2) |
| Components Index |
|
759 | (4) |
| Subject Index |
|
763 | |
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