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E-raamat: Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Moderate and Cold Climates, Two-Volume Set [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

  • Formaat: 804 pages, 65 Tables, black and white; 265 Line drawings, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white; 284 Illustrations, black and white, Contains 2 hardbacks
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003277804
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Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Moderate and Cold Climates, Two-Volume SetSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 804 pages, 65 Tables, black and white; 265 Line drawings, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white; 284 Illustrations, black and white, Contains 2 hardbacks
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Apr-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003277804
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003277804
Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Moderate and Cold Climates, Two-Volume Set focuses on the use of very low-temperature geothermal energy for heating and cooling residential, institutional, and industrial buildings, and aims to increase the design communitys awareness and knowledge of the benefits, design, and installation requirements of commercial/institutional building ground-source heat pumps (GSHP). This set helps readers assess applicability, select a GSHP system type, and estimate building thermal load to ensure proper size for ground-source subsystems, appropriate brine and groundwater flow rates, and apt design of building closed-loops with distributed or central geothermal heat pumps.

The first volume addresses fundamentals and design principles of vertical and horizontal indirect and direct expansion closed-loop, as well as ground- and surface-water ground-source heat pump systems. It explains the thermodynamic aspects of mechanical and thermochemical compression cycles of geothermal heat pumps, as well as the energetic, economic, and environmental aspects associated with the use of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling residential and commercial/institutional buildings in moderate and cold climates. The second volume focuses on applications and cases studies of ground-source heat pumps in moderate and cold climates. It details technical aspects, as well as the most common and uncommon application fields of basic system configurations. The principles of system integrations and applications in moderate and cold climates are also presented, each followed by case studies.

This comprehensive work is aimed at designers of HVAC systems, as well as geological, mechanical, and chemical engineers implementing environmentally-friendly heating and cooling technologies for buildings.
HEATING AND COOLING WITH GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS IN COLD AND MODERATE CLIMATES Design Principles, Potential Applications and Case Studies
Preface -- Volume 2 xv
Author Biography xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(2)
Chapter 2 Vertical Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
3(72)
2.1 Introduction
3(1)
2.2 Design Principles and Steps
3(21)
2.2.1 Types of Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Exchangers
3(2)
2.2.2 Borehole Field Configurations
5(1)
2.2.2.1 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
5(1)
2.2.2.2 Large Commercial/Institutional Buildings
5(4)
2.2.3 Design Principles
9(9)
2.2.4 Length of Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Exchangers
18(6)
2.3 Drilling Vertical Boreholes
24(9)
2.3.1 Drilling Methods
26(1)
2.3.1.1 Rotary Drilling
27(1)
2.3.1.2 Auger Drilling
28(1)
2.3.1.3 Hammer Drilling
29(1)
2.3.2 Main Components of Drilling Tools
30(2)
2.3.3 Potential Problems and Environmental Aspects
32(1)
2.4 Installation Principles
33(6)
2.4.1 Grouting
33(4)
2.4.1.1 Cement-Based Grouts
37(1)
2.4.1.2 Thermally Enhanced and Advanced Grouts
38(1)
2.5 System Start-Up and Testing
39(1)
2.6 Outlook on Design Tools
39(10)
2.6.1 TRNSYS
41(1)
2.6.2 Earth Energy Design (EED)
41(1)
2.6.3 GSHPCalc
42(1)
2.6.4 GLHEPro
43(2)
2.6.5 GLD
45(1)
2.6.6 POLYSUN
46(1)
2.6.7 Modelica
47(1)
2.6.8 IDA ICE
48(1)
2.6.9 GS2000
48(1)
2.6.10 CLGS
49(1)
2.7 Case Studies
49(20)
2.7.1 Case Study No. 1: Secondary School in Central Canadian Cold Climate
49(1)
2.7.1.1 Introduction
49(1)
2.7.1.2 Building Description
50(1)
2.7.1.3 System Description
50(1)
2.7.1.4 Simulation Procedure
50(1)
2.7.1.5 Simulated Results
51(1)
2.7.2 Case Study No. 2: Secondary School in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
52(1)
2.7.2.1 Introduction
52(1)
2.7.2.2 Building Description
52(1)
2.7.2.3 System Description
52(3)
2.7.2.4 Construction Costs
55(1)
2.7.2.5 Control Strategy
55(1)
2.7.2.6 Experimental Results
56(2)
2.7.3 Case Study No. 3: Commercial Building in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
58(1)
2.7.3.1 Introduction
58(1)
2.7.3.2 Building and System Characteristics
58(2)
2.7.3.3 Experimental Results
60(2)
2.7.4 Case Study No. 4: Greenhouse in Japanese Moderate Climate
62(1)
2.7.4.1 Introduction
62(1)
2.7.4.2 System Description
62(1)
2.7.4.3 Experimental Results
62(2)
2.7.5 Case Study No. 5: Office Building in North American Cold Climate
64(1)
2.7.5.1 Introduction
64(1)
2.7.5.2 Old and New Building and HVAC Systems
64(1)
2.7.5.3 Experimental Results
65(1)
2.7.6 Case Study No. 6 - Residence in North American Moderate Climate
66(1)
2.7.6.1 Introduction
66(1)
2.7.6.2 Home Description
66(1)
2.7.6.3 System Description
66(2)
2.7.6.4 Experimental Results
68(1)
References
69(6)
Chapter 3 Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
75(34)
3.1 Introduction
75(1)
3.2 Design Principles
75(8)
3.2.1 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
75(2)
3.2.2 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
77(6)
3.3 Installation and Start-Up
83(2)
3.4 Advantages
85(1)
3.5 Limitations
86(1)
3.6 Case Studies - Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
87(19)
3.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Professional School in the Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
87(1)
3.6.1.1 Introduction
87(1)
3.6.1.2 Building Description
88(1)
3.6.1.3 System Description
89(1)
3.6.1.4 Construction Costs
90(1)
3.6.1.5 Measurement Strategy
91(1)
3.6.1.6 Experimental Results
92(3)
3.6.2 Case Study No. 2: Institutional Building in a Very Cold Climate
95(1)
3.6.2.1 Introduction
95(1)
3.6.2.2 Building and System Description
96(1)
3.6.2.3 Experimental Results
97(2)
3.6.3 Case Study No. 3: High School in Moderate Climate
99(1)
3.6.3.1 Introduction
99(1)
3.6.3.2 Building Description
99(1)
3.6.3.3 System Description
100(2)
3.6.3.4 Experimental Results
102(1)
3.6.4 Case Study No. 4: High School in Moderate Climate
103(1)
3.6.4.1 Building and System Description
103(2)
3.6.4.2 Experimental Results
105(1)
References
106(3)
Chapter 4 Open-Loop Multi-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
109(24)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Design Principles
109(4)
4.3 Case Studies - Open-Loop Multiple-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
113(18)
4.3.1 Case Study No. 1: Institutional (Office) Building in Temperate Climate
113(1)
4.3.1.1 Geotherrnal System
113(2)
4.3.1.2 Historic Operational Problems
115(2)
4.3.1.3 Leading Results
117(1)
4.3.2 Case Study No. 2: Institutional (Office) Building in a Cold Climate
118(1)
4.3.2.1 Introduction
118(1)
4.3.2.2 System Description
118(2)
4.3.2.3 Experimental Results
120(5)
4.3.2.4 Lessons Learned
125(1)
4.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Institutional (County Jail) Building in a Moderate (Dry and Cool) Climate
125(1)
4.3.3.1 System Description
125(1)
4.3.3.2 Original System
125(1)
4.3.3.3 Operating Problems
126(1)
4.3.3.4 Recommended Modifications
127(1)
4.3.4 Case Study No. 4: Institutional (County Courthouse and Jail) Building in a Moderate (Dry and Cool) Climate
127(1)
4.3.4.1 System Description
127(1)
4.3.4.2 System Description
128(1)
4.3.4.3 Operating Experience and System Improvements
128(3)
4.3.4.4 Conclusions
131(1)
References
131(2)
Chapter 5 Open-Loop, Single Well (Standing-Column) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
133(24)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 Design Principles
134(1)
5.3 Advantages
135(1)
5.4 Limitations
136(1)
5.5 Case Study - Laboratory Case Study in an Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
137(19)
5.5.1 Introduction
137(1)
5.5.2 Context
137(1)
5.5.3 Experimental Setup
138(2)
5.5.4 Experimental Results
140(1)
5.5.4.1 Continuous Heating Mode at Full Capacity
140(3)
5.5.4.2 Intermittent Heating Mode at Full Capacity
143(5)
5.5.4.3 Heating Mode at Partial Capacity
148(1)
5.5.4.4 Mechanical Cooling Mode
148(1)
5.5.4.5 Direct Cooling Mode
149(7)
5.5.5 Application Issues
156(1)
References
156(1)
Chapter 6 Horizontal Closed-Loop Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
157(34)
6.1 Introduction
157(1)
6.2 Design Principles
157(1)
6.3 Case Studies -- Horizontal Direct Expansion Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems
158(30)
6.3.1 Case Study No. 1: Residence in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
158(1)
6.3.1.1 Introduction
158(1)
6.3.1.2 House Description
159(1)
6.3.1.3 System Description
159(4)
6.3.1.4 Experimental Results
163(6)
6.3.2 Case Study No. 2: Residence in Central Canadian Cold Climate
169(1)
6.3.2.1 House and System Description
169(2)
6.3.2.2 Experimental Results and Lessons Learned
171(1)
6.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Greenhouse in Canadian Eastern Cold Climate
172(1)
6.3.3.1 Introduction
172(1)
6.3.3.2 Greenhouse Description
173(1)
6.3.3.3 System Description
173(3)
6.3.3.4 Experimental Results
176(4)
6.3.3.5 Lessons Learned
180(1)
6.3.4 Case Study No. 4: Pig Nursery (Piggery) in Eastern Canadian Cold Climate
181(1)
6.3.4.1 Introduction
181(1)
6.3.4.2 Building Description
182(1)
6.3.4.3 System Description
183(2)
6.3.4.4 Experimental Results
185(2)
6.3.4.5 Lessons Learned
187(1)
References
188(3)
Chapter 7 Vertical Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
191(20)
7.1 Introduction
191(1)
7.2 Design Principles
191(1)
7.3 Case Studies
191(15)
7.3.1 Laboratory Case Study No. 1: United States
191(2)
7.3.1.1 Experimental Results
193(3)
7.3.2 Laboratory Case Study No. 2: Japan
196(1)
7.3.2.1 System Description
197(1)
7.3.2.2 Experimental Results
197(1)
7.3.3 Case Study No. 3: Japan
197(1)
7.3.3.1 System Description
197(2)
7.3.3.2 Experimental Results
199(1)
7.3.4 Laboratory Case Study No. 4: Canada
200(1)
7.3.4.1 Design of Experimental Set-Up
200(6)
7.4 Experimental Validation
206(3)
7.4.1 Short Cycles in Heating Mode
206(1)
7.4.2 Long Cycles in Heating Mode
207(2)
References
209(2)
Chapter 8 Closed-Loop Vertical Thermo-Syphon Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
211(16)
8.1 Introduction
211(1)
8.2 Design Principles
211(1)
8.3 Thermal Operating Limits
212(3)
8.4 Case Studies
215(9)
8.4.1 Case Study No. 1: CO2
215(1)
8.4.1.1 Description of Laboratory Setups
215(1)
8.4.1.2 Experimental Results
215(3)
8.4.1.3 Optimization Aspects
218(1)
8.4.2 Case Study No. 2: CO2
219(1)
8.4.2.1 Test Rig Setup
219(1)
8.4.2.2 Experimental Results
219(1)
8.4.3 Case Study No. 3: Propane
220(1)
8.4.3.1 System Description
220(1)
8.4.3.2 Experimental Results
221(1)
8.4.4 Case Study No. 4: Inclined Horizontal CO2 Thermo-Syphon
222(1)
8.4.4.1 Laboratory Setup
222(2)
8.4.4.2 Experimental Results
224(1)
References
224(3)
Chapter 9 Municipal Water-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
227(10)
9.1 Introduction
227(1)
9.2 Municipal Water Sources and Distribution Networks
227(3)
9.3 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems Using Municipal Water
230(2)
9.4 Benefits and Limitations
232(1)
9.5 Case Study
233(2)
References
235(2)
Chapter 10 Municipal Sewage-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
237(10)
10.1 Introduction
237(1)
10.2 Sewage Wastewater Quality
238(1)
10.3 Design Principles
239(4)
10.4 Advantages and Limitations
243(1)
References
244(3)
Chapter 11 Building Energy Foundation-Based Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
247(22)
11.1 Introduction
247(1)
11.2 Design Configurations and Construction Principles
248(5)
11.3 Heat Transfer Aspects
253(1)
11.4 Potential Benefits
254(1)
11.5 Potential Limitations
255(2)
11.6 Case Studies
257(8)
11.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Japanese Experimental Building
257(1)
11.6.1.1 Building and System Description
257(1)
11.6.1.2 Experimental Results
257(1)
11.6.2 Case Study No. 2: European Single-and Two-Story Houses
258(1)
11.6.2.1 Houses' Locations and Characteristics
259(1)
11.6.2.2 Simulation Strategy and Main Results
260(2)
11.6.3 Case Study No. 3: North American Single-Story Houses
262(1)
11.6.3.1 Simulation Strategy and Main Results
263(1)
11.6.4 Case Study No. 4: Swedish Single-Story Houses
264(1)
11.6.4.1 House and System Description
264(1)
11.6.4.2 Simulated Results
264(1)
References
265(4)
Chapter 12 Solar-Assisted Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
269(36)
12.1 Introduction
269(1)
12.2 Solar Radiation
269(3)
12.3 Solar Passive Thermal Collectors
272(2)
12.4 Configurations of Solar-Assisted Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
274(10)
12.4.1 Series Arrangements
282(1)
12.4.2 Parallel Arrangements
283(1)
12.5 Control Strategies
284(1)
12.6 Advantages
285(1)
12.7 Limitations
285(1)
12.8 Case Studies
286(14)
12.8.1 Case Study No. 1: Residence in a Moderate Climate
286(1)
12.8.1.1 Introduction
286(1)
12.8.1.2 House and System Description
286(2)
12.8.1.3 Experimental Results
288(1)
12.8.2 Case Study No. 2: House in a Cold Climate
288(1)
12.8.2.1 House Description
288(1)
12.8.2.2 System Description
289(1)
12.8.2.3 Simulated Results
290(2)
12.8.2.4 Experimental Results
292(1)
12.8.3 Case Study No. 3: Typical School Building in Several North American Climates
293(1)
12.8.3.1 Typical School Building
293(1)
12.8.3.2 System Description
293(3)
12.8.3.3 Simulated Results
296(2)
12.8.4 Case Study No. 4: Greenhouse in a Moderate Climate
298(1)
12.8.4.1 System Description
298(1)
12.8.4.2 Experimental Results
299(1)
References
300(5)
Chapter 13 Snow Melting Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
305(26)
13.1 Introduction
305(1)
13.2 Surface Conditions
305(12)
13.2.1 Roads and Pavements
307(1)
13.2.1.1 Mass Transfer
307(2)
13.2.1.2 Heat Transfer
309(5)
13.2.2 Bridge Decks
314(3)
13.3 Conventional Snow/Ice Melting Systems
317(3)
13.4 Ground-Source Heat Pump-Based Melting Systems
320(3)
13.4.1 Advantages and Limitations
322(1)
13.5 Further R&D Needs
323(1)
13.6 Case Studies
323(4)
13.6.1 Case Study No. 1: Snow/Ice Melting on Pavements
323(1)
13.6.1.1 Introduction
323(1)
13.6.1.2 Prediction Tool for the Snow Melting System
323(1)
13.6.1.3 Simulated Results
324(1)
13.6.2 Case Study No. 2: Snow/Ice Melting on a Bridge Deck
325(1)
13.6.2.1 System Description
326(1)
13.6.2.2 Simulation Procedure
326(1)
13.6.2.3 Simulated Results
326(1)
References
327(4)
Chapter 14 Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems for Low-Energy Buildings
331(34)
14.1 Introduction
331(1)
14.2 Definitions
331(3)
14.3 Technologies for Low-Energy Buildings
334(4)
14.4 Benefits and Limitations
338(1)
14.5 Case Studies
339(1)
14.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Canadian Low-Energy House
339(1)
14.5.1.1 Introduction
339(1)
14.5.1.2 House Description
339(1)
14.5.1.3 Description of HVAC System
340(6)
14.5.1.4 First Winter Experimental Results
346(6)
14.5.1.5 Annual Experimental Results
352(1)
14.5.1.6 Multi-Year Experimental Results
353(4)
14.5.2 Case Study No. 2: Japanese Low-Energy House
357(1)
14.5.2.1 Introduction
357(1)
14.5.2.2 House and HVAC System Description
357(1)
14.5.2.3 Experimental Results
358(2)
14.5.3 Case Study No. 3: Canadian Net-Zero Energy House
360(3)
References
363(2)
Chapter 15 Mine Water Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
365(10)
15.1 Introduction
365(1)
15.2 Characteristics of Mine Water
366(1)
15.3 Open-Loop Systems
367(2)
15.4 Closed-Loop Systems
369(1)
15.5 Potential Benefits
370(1)
15.6 Limitations
371(1)
15.7 Present and Future Opportunities
372(1)
References
373(2)
Chapter 16 District Heating and Cooling Geothermal Systems
375(22)
16.1 Introduction
375(1)
16.2 Conventional District Heating and Cooling Systems
375(7)
16.2.1 High- and Medium-Temperature District Heating Networks
375(1)
16.2.1.1 Energy Sources and Heat Generation
376(1)
16.2.1.2 Heat Distribution
377(1)
16.2.2 District Cooling Networks
378(2)
16.2.3 Benefits
380(1)
16.2.3.1 District Heating
380(1)
16.2.3.2 District Cooling
381(1)
16.2.4 Limitations
382(1)
16.3 Low-Temperature Ground-Source Heat Pump-Assisted District Systems
382(6)
16.4 Future R&D Needs
388(1)
16.5 Case Studies -- District Heating and Cooling
388(7)
16.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Helsinki, Finland
388(3)
16.5.2 Case Study No. 2: London, UK
391(1)
16.5.3 Case Study No. 3: The Hague, Netherlands
392(2)
16.5.4 Case Study No. 4: Stockholm, Sweden
394(1)
References
395(2)
Chapter 17 Hybrid Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
397(1)
17.1 Introduction
397(1)
17.2 Description of Technology
398(3)
17.2.1 Heating-Dominated Buildings
399(2)
17.2.2 Cooling-Dominated Buildings
401(1)
17.3 Design Principles
401(3)
17.4 Advantages and Limitations
404(1)
17.5 Case Studies
405(9)
17.5.1 Case Study No. 1: Administrative Building
405(2)
17.5.2 Case Study No. 2: Small Office Building
407(3)
17.5.3 Case Study No. 3: Navy Training Center
410(3)
17.5.4 Case Study No. 4: Kindergarten School Building
413(1)
References
414(3)
Index 417
HEATING AND COOLING WITH GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS IN COLD AND MODERATE CLIMATES Fundamentals and Basic Concepts
Preface xiii
Biography xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(4)
Chapter 2 Outlook for Building Heating and Cooling Loads, and Simulation Tools
5(12)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Outdoor and Indoor Design Conditions
5(2)
2.3 Residential Buildings
7(1)
2.3.1 Heating Loads
7(1)
2.3.2 Cooling Loads
8(1)
2.4 Commercial and Institutional Buildings
8(4)
2.4.1 Heating Loads
9(1)
2.4.2 Cooling Loads
10(2)
2.5 Building Simulation Software Tools
12(3)
References
15(2)
Chapter 3 Conventional Building HVAC Systems
17(14)
3.1 Introduction
17(1)
3.2 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
17(5)
3.2.1 Air-Source Heat Pump and Furnace Split Systems
17(1)
3.2.2 Dual (Hybrid)-Energy Source Heat Pump Systems
17(1)
3.2.3 Heat-Augmented Heat Exchanger
18(2)
3.2.4 Brine Heat Exchanger
20(1)
3.2.5 Add-On Heat Exchanger
20(1)
3.2.6 Mini-Split Air-Source Heat Pump Systems
21(1)
3.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
22(8)
3.3.1 All-Air HVAC systems
22(7)
3.3.2 All-Water HVAC systems
29(1)
3.3.3 Air-Water HVAC systems
29(1)
References
30(1)
Chapter 4 Geothermal Energy Resources
31(6)
4.1 Introduction
31(1)
4.2 High-Temperature (Deep) Geothermal Energy
32(1)
4.3 Medium-Temperature Geothermal Resources
33(1)
4.4 Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources
33(1)
4.5 Very-Low (Shallow) Geothermal Energy
33(2)
References
35(2)
Chapter 5 Ground/Soil Types and Thermo-Physical Properties
37(14)
5.1 Introduction
37(1)
5.2 Ground/Soil Types
37(1)
5.3 Density
38(1)
5.4 Mass Specific Heat
39(2)
5.5 Thermal Resistivity and Thermal Stability
41(1)
5.6 Moisture Content
42(3)
5.7 Thermal and Hydraulic Conductivity
45(3)
5.8 Thermal Diffusivity
48(1)
References
49(2)
Chapter 6 Determination of Ground/Soil Effective Thermal Conductivity
51(12)
6.1 Introduction
51(1)
6.2 Laboratory Methods
52(1)
6.3 In-Field Experimental Method
53(8)
6.3.1 Mobile Apparatus
54(1)
6.3.2 Testing Procedure
55(5)
6.3.3 Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity
60(1)
References
61(2)
Chapter 7 Classifications of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
63(4)
7.1 Introduction
63(1)
7.2 Classification According to Application Field
63(1)
7.3 Classification According to Heat/Sink Sources and Common Configurations
63(2)
References
65(2)
Chapter 8 Geothermal Heat Pumps
67(24)
8.1 Introduction
67(1)
8.2 Thermodynamic Parameters
67(4)
8.3 Subcritical Mechanical Vapor Compression Geothermal Heat Pumps
71(18)
8.3.1 Energy Balance and Thermal Efficiency
80(3)
8.3.2 Exergy Analysis
83(1)
8.3.2.1 Definitions
83(6)
References
89(2)
Chapter 9 Refrigerant-to-Air Condensers
91(6)
9.1 Introduction
91(1)
9.2 Typical Construction
91(3)
9.3 Thermal Design
94(2)
Reference
96(1)
Chapter 10 Air-to-Refrigerant Evaporators
97(16)
10.1 Introduction
97(1)
10.2 Construction
97(7)
10.2.1 Tubes
99(1)
10.2.2 Refrigerant Distribution
100(1)
10.2.3 Fins
101(1)
10.2.4 Air Distribution
102(1)
10.2.5 Condense Draining
102(1)
10.2.6 Materials
103(1)
10.2.7 Moisture Frosting
103(1)
10.3 Design
104(6)
10.3.1 Air Side
104(1)
10.3.2 Refrigerant-Side
105(2)
10.3.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
107(2)
10.3.4 Heat Transfer Rate
109(1)
References
110(3)
Chapter 11 Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
113(24)
11.1 Introduction
113(2)
11.2 Building Closed-Loops with Distributed Geothermal Heat Pumps
115(7)
11.3 Central Geothermal Heat Pumps
122(1)
11.4 Materials
122(2)
11.5 Brine and Water Pumping
124(11)
11.5.1 Centrifugal Pumps
124(1)
11.5.2 System and Pump Curves
125(1)
11.5.3 Friction Losses and Pressure Drops
126(2)
11.5.4 Pumping Power
128(2)
11.5.5 Pump Efficiency
130(1)
11.5.6 Affinity Laws
130(2)
11.5.7 Pump Arrangements
132(1)
11.5.7.1 Parallel
133(1)
11.5.7.2 Series
134(1)
References
135(2)
Chapter 12 Vertical Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
137(12)
12.1 Introduction
137(1)
12.2 Residential and Small Commercial/Institutional Buildings
137(7)
12.2.1 Operating Modes
139(5)
12.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
144(3)
References
147(2)
Chapter 13 Heat Transfer
149(30)
13.1 Introduction
149(1)
13.2 Heat Transfer Inside Boreholes
149(8)
13.2.1 Borehole Equivalent Diameter
150(1)
13.2.2 Heat Transfer Structure
150(6)
13.2.3 Borehole Thermal Resistance
156(1)
13.3 Heat Transfer Outside Boreholes
157(18)
13.3.1 Heat Flux and Temperature Profile
158(2)
13.3.2 Analytical Models
160(1)
13.3.2.1 Infinite Line-Source Model
161(4)
13.3.2.2 Infinite Cylindrical-Source Theory
165(3)
13.3.3 Numerical Models
168(1)
13.3.3.1 Long-Time Step Temperature Response Factors
169(5)
13.3.3.2 Short-Time Step Temperature Response Factors
174(1)
References
175(4)
Chapter 14 Horizontal Closed-Loop (Indirect, Secondary Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
179(34)
14.1 Introduction
179(1)
14.2 Residential and Small-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
179(4)
14.2.1 Operating Modes
180(3)
14.3 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
183(3)
14.4 Heat and Mass Transfer
186(8)
14.4.1 Ground/Soil Surface
187(4)
14.4.1.1 Solar Incident (Direct) Short-Wave Radiation
191(1)
14.4.1.2 Sky Long-Wave Thermal Radiation
191(1)
14.4.1.3 Convective Heat Transfer
192(1)
14.4.1.4 Latent (Evaporation/Condensation) Heat Transfer
193(1)
14.4.1.5 Precipitation (Sensible) Heat Transfer
193(1)
14.5 Temperature of Ground/Soil
194(5)
14.6 Heat Transfer Around Horizontal Buried Pipes
199(7)
14.6.1 Single Horizontal Pipe
199(6)
14.6.2 Multiple Horizontal Pipes
205(1)
14.7 Flow Inside Horizontal Pipes
206(3)
14.7.1 Friction Losses
206(3)
14.8 Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal Pipes
209(2)
References
211(2)
Chapter 15 Closed-Loop Direct Expansion (Mono-Fluid) Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
213(48)
15.1 Introduction
213(1)
15.2 Basic Concepts and Operating Principle
214(3)
15.3 Advantages
217(1)
15.4 Limitations
218(1)
15.5 Horizontal Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
219(22)
15.5.1 Basic Concepts
219(2)
15.5.2 In-Tube Refrigerant Vaporization
221(1)
15.5.2.1 Two-Phase Flow Patterns
221(3)
15.5.2.2 Pressure Drops
224(2)
15.5.2.3 Heat Transfer
226(3)
15.5.3 In-Tube Refrigerant Condensation
229(1)
15.5.3.1 Flow Pattern
229(4)
15.5.3.2 Heat Transfer
233(2)
15.5.4 Heat Transfer Around the Horizontal Tubes
235(1)
15.5.4.1 Single Tube
235(5)
15.5.4.2 Multiple Tubes
240(1)
15.6 Vertical Direct Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
241(16)
15.6.1 Basic Concepts
241(2)
15.6.2 Kaye's Improved Concept
243(5)
15.6.3 Minea's Improved Concept
248(2)
15.6.4 Refrigerant-Side Vaporization
250(1)
15.6.4.1 Flow Patterns
250(2)
15.6.4.2 Pressure Drops
252(1)
15.6.4.3 Heat Transfer
253(1)
15.6.4.4 Refrigerant-Side Condensation
254(3)
References
257(4)
Chapter 16 Closed-Loop Vertical Thermo-Syphon Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
261(20)
16.1 Introduction
261(1)
16.2 Basic Configurations
262(1)
16.3 Working Fluids
263(3)
16.4 Operating Principle
266(3)
16.5 Density and Pressure Profiles
269(1)
16.6 Temperature Profile
270(1)
16.7 Velocity Profile
270(2)
16.8 Heat Transfer
272(4)
16.8.1 Pool Boiling in Evaporator
272(1)
16.8.2 Film Condensation
272(1)
16.8.3 Thermal Resistances
273(1)
16.8.3.1 Evaporator
273(1)
16.8.3.2 Condenser
274(2)
16.8.3.3 Overall Thermal Resistance
276(1)
16.8.4 Energy Performance
276(1)
16.9 Advantages and Limitations
276(1)
16.10 Further R&D Needs
277(1)
References
278(3)
Chapter 17 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
281(14)
17.1 Introduction
281(1)
17.2 Aquifers
281(1)
17.3 Groundwater Quality
282(1)
17.4 Groundwater Table
283(1)
17.5 Physical Properties
284(1)
17.6 Potential Problems
285(5)
17.6.1 Scaling
286(1)
17.6.2 Corrosion
286(2)
17.6.3 Clogging and Fouling
288(2)
17.6.4 Organisms
290(1)
17.6.5 Sand
290(1)
17.7 Thermal Storage
290(1)
17.8 Maintenance Aspects
291(1)
17.9 Advantages
292(1)
17.10 Limitations
292(1)
References
293(2)
Chapter 18 Open-Loop, and Dual- and Multiple-Well Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
295(14)
18.1 Introduction
295(1)
18.2 Basic Configurations
295(2)
18.2.1 Residential and Small-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
295(2)
18.2.2 Large-Scale Commercial/Institutional Buildings
297(1)
18.3 Groundwater Wells
297(4)
18.3.1 Production (Supply) Wells
299(1)
18.3.2 Return (Injection) Wells
300(1)
18.4 Groundwater Pumping
301(5)
18.4.1 Groundwater Submersible Well Pumps
303(2)
18.4.2 Groundwater Flow Testing
305(1)
References
306(3)
Chapter 19 Open-Loop Single-Well (Standing Column) Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
309(18)
19.1 Introduction
309(1)
19.2 Standing Column Wells
310(3)
19.3 Basic Concepts
313(2)
19.4 Groundwater Flow
315(3)
19.4.1 Flow Outside Standing Columns
315(2)
19.4.2 Flow Inside Standing Columns
317(1)
19.5 Groundwater Bleeding
318(2)
19.6 Heat Transfer Around and Inside Standing Columns
320(5)
19.6.1 Heat Transfer Around Standing Column Wells
321(1)
19.6.2 Heat Transfer Inside Standing Column Wells
322(3)
References
325(2)
Chapter 20 Surface Water Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
327(20)
20.1 Introduction
327(1)
20.2 Basic Concepts
328(4)
20.2.1 Open-Loop Systems
328(2)
20.2.2 Closed-Loop Systems
330(2)
20.3 Moving and Stationary Surface Waters
332(9)
20.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties
332(2)
20.3.2 Thermal Stratification, Mixing, and Turnover
334(3)
20.3.3 Heat Transfer in Lakes
337(4)
20.4 Design and Installation Principles
341(3)
20.5 Advantages and Limitations
344(1)
References
345(2)
Chapter 21 Advantages and Limitations of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
347(18)
21.1 Introduction
347(1)
21.2 Advantages
347(12)
21.2.1 Energy Source Quality and System Efficiency
347(3)
21.2.2 Technology Feasibility and Building Integration
350(1)
21.2.3 Capital Costs
351(4)
21.2.4 Operating Costs
355(1)
21.2.5 Maintenance Costs
355(1)
21.2.6 Payback Period
356(1)
21.2.7 Life Cycle Costs
356(2)
21.2.8 Environmental Impacts
358(1)
21.3 Limitations
359(4)
References
363(2)
Chapter 22 Future R&D Requirements
365(6)
22.1 Introduction
365(1)
22.2 General Heat Pumping Context
365(2)
22.3 Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
367(1)
References
368(3)
Index 371
Vasile Minea is a PhD graduate of civil, industrial and agricultural installation engineering from the Bucharest Technical Construction University, Romania. He worked as a professor at that university for more than 15 years, teaching courses such as HVAC systems for civil, agricultural, and industrial buildings, as well as thermodynamics, heat transfer, and refrigeration. During this period, his R&D works focused on heat exchangers, heat pump and heat recovery systems, development and experimentation of advanced compression-absorption/ resorption heat pumps concepts, as well as on the usage of solar energy for comfort cooling processes and industrial cold and ice production. Since 1987, Dr. Minea has been working as a scientist researcher at the Hydro-Québec Research Institute, Canada. His research activity mainly focuses on residential and commercial HVAC systems, industrial refrigeration, geothermal heat pump systems, heat recovery technologies, low-enthalpy power generation cycles, and heat pump drying.
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