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E-raamat: Helium Three New edition [Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatud]

(Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of London, and Visiting Professor of Physics, University of Sussex)
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The condensed phases of helium three provide an exciting laboratory for many fundamental questions in condensed matter physics. Due to its light mass and weak interatomic potential, the condensed phases of helium display quantum effects more dramatically than any other atomic system. Intuition based on classical experience is often misleading in these phases: the solid phase for instance is less ordered at low temperature than the liquid phase. The present book is unique in covering all the low temperature properties of helium three as liquid, superfluid, and solid. It provides an introduction to the extensive literature on helium three from the point of view of an experimentalist, and includes the analogy of its properties with the cosmological 'big bang'. Graduate students, researchers, and professionals in condensed matter physics and low temperature physics will find this the standard reference work for the decade to come.
List of symbols
xvii
Introduction
1(14)
Quantum solids and liquids
1(4)
Fermi gas and liquid
5(4)
Superfluid
9(2)
Magnetic solid
11(4)
PART I: LIQUID HELIUM 3 15(190)
Fermi gas
17(21)
The perfect Fermi gas
17(5)
The equation of state
22(2)
Thermal properties
24(4)
Transport properties
28(3)
Magnetic properties
31(4)
Acoustical properties
35(3)
Fermi liquid in equilibrium
38(17)
Landau's theory
38(2)
Landau parameters
40(4)
Equilibrium properties
44(11)
Transport properties
55(27)
Theoretical
55(7)
Thermal conductivity
62(3)
Viscosity
65(8)
Spin diffusion
73(5)
Spin-lattice relaxation time, T1
78(4)
Collective modes
82(24)
Landau theory
82(4)
Longitudinal sound and zero sound
86(10)
Transverse sound and zero sound
96(7)
Landau parameter, Fs2
103(2)
Spin zero-sound modes
105(1)
Motion of particles
106(27)
Motion of ions
106(5)
Negative ion
111(2)
Positive ion
113(3)
Neutron scattering
116(12)
Scattering by photons
128(5)
Further theories
133(20)
Ground-state theories
133(9)
Elementary excitation theories
142(4)
Model theories
146(7)
Surfaces and interfaces
153(23)
Restricted geometry
153(8)
Surface tension
161(4)
Nucleation
165(4)
Thermal boundary resistance
169(2)
Wetting transitions
171(2)
Thin films
173(3)
Spin-polarized liquid
176(29)
Introduction
176(2)
Theories
178(5)
Polarization methods
183(5)
Measurements on polarized liquid
188(17)
PART II: MIXTURES OF 3He AND 4He 205(256)
Basic properties
207(46)
Introduction
207(7)
Effective quasiparticle interaction
214(3)
Molar volumes and the phase diagram
217(5)
Chemical potential and osmotic pressure
222(4)
Propagation of sound
226(3)
Quasiparticle energy spectrum and interaction
229(4)
Microscopic theory
233(10)
Heat capacity and effective mass
243(6)
Magnetic susceptibility
249(2)
Phase separation and solubility
251(2)
Acoustic and temperature waves
253(22)
First sound
253(6)
Velocity of second sound
259(4)
Attenuation of second sound
263(4)
Oscillating superleak transducers
267(3)
Brillouin scattering
270(5)
Transport properties
275(37)
Theoretical
275(7)
Viscosity measurements
282(13)
Thermal measurements
295(12)
Diffusion
307(4)
Lambda line behaviour
311(1)
Neutron and photon scattering
312(16)
Excitation spectrum
312(6)
Structure properties
318(6)
Kinetic energy and condensate fraction
324(4)
Theory of spin-polarized solutions
328(12)
Polarized Fermi gas
328(2)
Model theories
330(2)
Equilibrium properties
332(1)
Transport properties
332(2)
Spin dynamics
334(6)
Properties of spin-polarized solutions
340(32)
Second sound
340(1)
Viscosity
341(4)
Spin dynamics of dilute solutions
345(8)
Spin dynamics of denser solutions
353(4)
Multiple spin echoes
357(3)
Domain structure
360(2)
Methods for high polarization
362(10)
Low-dimensional structures
372(38)
Two-dimensional Fermi fluid
372(3)
Substrate structures
375(2)
Heat capacity of mixture films
377(6)
Third sound
383(9)
Nuclear magnetic resonance
392(13)
Surface superfluidity
405(5)
Interfaces
410(24)
Interfacial tension
410(1)
Aerogel effects
411(6)
Wetting and non-wetting
417(8)
Nucleation
425(9)
Solutions of 4He in 3He
434(14)
Introduction
434(1)
Basic properties
435(2)
Recent developments
437(11)
Search for superfluidity in mixtures
448(13)
Theoretical
448(6)
Experimental
454(6)
Conclusion
460(1)
PART III: SUPERFLUID HELIUM 3 461(294)
Basic properties
463(18)
Thermal properties
463(5)
Magnetic properties
468(4)
Superfluidity
472(1)
Acoustical properties
473(3)
Rotating superfluid
476(5)
BCS superfluids
481(28)
BCS theory of superfluidity
481(7)
Ginzburg-Landau theory
488(2)
Extended BCS theory
490(7)
Triplet states
497(5)
Multiple states
502(4)
The A and B phases
506(3)
Multiple phases
509(24)
Magnetic phase diagram
509(7)
A1 and A2 phases
516(5)
Strong coupling effects
521(12)
Superfluidity
533(34)
Quantized circulation in the B phase
533(3)
Landau's criterion in the B phase
536(3)
Supercurrents in the B phase
539(3)
Critical velocities in the B phase
542(2)
Critical currents in the B phase
544(5)
Textures in the A phase
549(7)
Flow experiments in the A phase
556(7)
Supercurrents in the A phase
563(1)
Critical currents in the A phase
563(4)
Magnetic resonance properties
567(46)
Orientational effects
567(4)
Non-linear effects
571(5)
Textural effects in the A phase
576(4)
Textural effects in the B phase
580(6)
Spin waves
586(6)
Spin relaxation
592(8)
Spin supercurrents
600(13)
Collective modes
613(37)
Classification of resonances
613(11)
B phase spectroscopy
624(19)
A phase spectroscopy
643(7)
Hydrodynamics
650(20)
Superfluid density
650(4)
Viscosity
654(7)
Thermal conductivity
661(1)
Spin diffusion
661(3)
Motion of ions
664(6)
Surfaces and interfaces
670(46)
Boundary scattering
670(7)
Quasiparticle dynamics
677(9)
Josephson effect
686(7)
Aerogel effects
693(6)
Thin films
699(6)
AB interface
705(11)
Rotating superfluid
716(39)
Vortices
716(4)
B phase in rotation
720(17)
A phase in rotation
737(13)
Cosmology
750(5)
PART IV: SOLID HELIUM 3 755(215)
Quantum crystal
757(33)
Phase diagram
757(8)
Thermal properties
765(16)
Solid 3He-4He mixtures
781(9)
Lattice dynamics
790(32)
Interatomic potentials
790(5)
Theories of solid helium
795(7)
Ground-state properties
802(7)
Elastic and thermal properties
809(4)
Phonon spectra
813(9)
Paramagnetism
822(10)
Antiferromagnetism in the b.c.c. phase
832(32)
Discovery
832(5)
Low-field phase
837(8)
Multiple phases
845(9)
Multiple exchange model
854(10)
Ferromagnetism in the h.c.p. phase
864(9)
Crystal shapes and defects
873(44)
Crystal growth
873(21)
Vacancies
894(8)
Spin polarons and magnons
902(9)
Dislocations
911(6)
Low-dimensional structures
917(53)
Phase diagram
917(12)
First layer
929(9)
Second layer
938(19)
Multilayers
957(8)
Conclusion
965(5)
References 970(47)
Author index 1017(27)
Subject index 1044(14)
List of tables 1058
Roland Dobbs, Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of London & Visiting Professor of Physics, University of Sussex