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E-raamat: High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies Using Metamaterials [Wiley Online]

Edited by (University of New Mexico), Edited by , Edited by , Edited by
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High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies Using MetamaterialsSuurem pilt
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Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119384472
"Metamaterials have been actively researched for well over a decade, primarily by the optics and then the low power microwave communities. The high power microwave community was late to adopt them, primarily because of concerns of metamaterial survivability since they are inherently highly resonant structures. In the context of this book, metamaterial structures are broadly defined as periodic structures that might have halfwavelength periodicity or have sub-wavelength periodicity; they may be double positive and they may be double negative. Furthermore, it is shown how traditional periodic structures (used since the 1940s and 1950s) can have properties that, until recently, were attributed to double negative metamaterial structures"--

Explore the latest research avenues in the field of high-power microwave sources and metamaterials 

A stand-alone follow-up to the highly successful High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies, the new High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies Using Metamaterials, demonstrates how metamaterials have impacted the field of high-power microwave sources and the new directions revealed by the latest research. It’s written by a distinguished team of researchers in the area who explore a new paradigm within which to consider the interaction of microwaves with material media.  

Providing contributions from multiple institutions that discuss theoretical concepts as well as experimental results in slow wave structure design, this edited volume also discusses how traditional periodic structures used since the 1940s and 1950s can have properties that, until recently, were attributed to double negative metamaterial structures. 

The book also includes:

  • A thorough introduction to high power microwave oscillators and amplifiers, as well as how metamaterials can be introduced as slow wave structures and other components 
  • Comprehensive explorations of theoretical concepts in dispersion engineering for slow wave structure design, including multi-transmission line models and particle-in-cell code virtual prototyping models 
  • Practical discussions of experimental measurements in dispersion engineering for slow wave structure design 
  • In-depth examinations of passive and active components, as well as the temporal evolution of electromagnetic fields  

High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies Using Metamaterials is a perfect resource for graduate students and researchers in the areas of nuclear and plasma sciences, microwaves, and antennas. 

Editor Biographies xi
List of Contributors
xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction and Overview of the Book
1(16)
Rebecca Seviour
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Electromagnetic Materials
2(2)
1.3 Effective-Media Theory
4(1)
1.4 History of Effective Materials
4(3)
1.4.1 Artificial Dielectrics
4(1)
1.4.2 Artificial Magnetic Media
5(2)
1.5 Double Negative Media
7(2)
1.5.1 DNG Realization
9(1)
1.6 Backward Wave Propagation
9(1)
1.7 Dispersion
10(2)
1.8 Parameter Retrieval
12(1)
1.9 Loss
13(1)
1.10 Summary
14(10)
References
24
2 Multitransmission Line Model for Slow Wave Structures Interacting with Electron Beams and Multimode Synchronization
17(40)
Ahmed F. Abdelshafy
Mohamed A.K. Othman
Alexander Figotin
Filippo Capolino
2.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.2 Transmission Lines: A Preview
18(2)
2.2.1 Multiple Transmission Line Model
18(2)
2.3 Modeling of Waveguide Propagation Using the Equivalent Transmission Line Model
20(5)
2.3.1 Propagation in Uniform Waveguides
21(1)
2.3.2 Propagation in Periodic Waveguides
22(2)
2.3.3 Floquet's Theorem
24(1)
2.4 Pierce Theory and the Importance of Transmission Line Model
25(3)
2.5 Generalized Pierce Model for Multimodal Slow Wave Structures
28(4)
2.5.1 Multitransmission Line Formulation Without Electron Beam: "Cold SWS"
28(2)
2.5.2 Multitransmission Line Interacting with an Electron Beam: "Hot SWS"
30(2)
2.6 Periodic Slow-Wave Structure and Transfer Matrix Method
32(2)
2.7 Multiple Degenerate Modes Synchronized with the Electron Beam
34(5)
2.7.1 Multimode Degeneracy Condition
34(1)
2.7.2 Degenerate Band Edge (DBE)
34(1)
2.7.3 Super Synchronization
35(3)
2.7.4 Complex Dispersion Characteristics of a Periodic MTL Interacting with an Electron Beam
38(1)
2.8 Giant Amplification Associated to Multimode Synchronization
39(3)
2.9 Low Starting Electron Beam Current in Multimode Synchronization-Based Oscillators
42(4)
2.10 SWS Made by Dual Nonidentical Coupled Transmission Lines Inside a Waveguide
46(4)
2.10.1 Dispersion Engineering Using Dual Nonidentical Pair of TLs
47(2)
2.10.2 BWO Design Using Butterfly Structure
49(1)
2.11 Three-Eigenmode Super Synchronization: Applications in Amplifiers
50(3)
2.12 Summary
53(4)
References
54(3)
3 Generalized Pierce Model from the Lagrangian
57(30)
Alexander Figotin
Guillermo Reyes
3.1 Introduction
57(2)
3.2 Main Results
59(4)
3.2.1 Lagrangian Structure of the Standard Pierce Model
59(1)
3.2.2 Multiple Transmission Lines
60(1)
3.2.3 The Amplification Mechanism and Negative Potential Energy
60(1)
3.2.4 Beam Instability and Degenerate Beam Lagrangian
61(1)
3.2.5 Full Characterization of the Existence of an Amplifying Regime
61(1)
3.2.6 Energy Conservation and Fluxes
62(1)
3.2.7 Negative Potential Energy and General Gain Media
62(1)
3.3 Pierce's Model
63(2)
3.4 Lagrangian Formulation of Pierce's Model
65(3)
3.4.1 The Lagrangian
65(2)
3.4.2 Generalization to Multiple Transmission Lines
67(1)
3.5 Hamiltonian Structure of the MTLB System
68(3)
3.5.1 Hamiltonian Forms for Quadratic Lagrangian Densities
68(2)
3.5.2 The MTLB System
70(1)
3.6 The Beam as a Source of Amplification: The Role of Instability
71(3)
3.6.1 Space Charge Wave Dynamics: Eigenmodes and Stability Issues
71(3)
3.7 Amplification for the Homogeneous Case
74(3)
3.7.1 Asymptotic Behavior of the Amplification Factor as ξ → 0 and as ξ → ∞
77(1)
3.8 Energy Conservation and Transfer
77(3)
3.8.1 Energy Exchange Between Subsystems
78(2)
3.9 The Pierce Model Revisited
80(2)
3.10 Mathematical Subjects
82(2)
3.10.1 Energy Conservation via Noether's Theorem
82(1)
3.10.2 Energy Exchange Between Subsystems
83(1)
3.11 Summary
84(3)
References
84(3)
4 Dispersion Engineering for Slow-Wave Structure Design
87(40)
Ushe Chipengo
Niru K. Nahar
John L. Volakis
Alan D. R. Phelps
Adrian W. Cross
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 Metamaterial Complementary Split Ring Resonator-Based Slow-Wave Structure
88(6)
4.2.1 Complementary Split Ring Resonator Plate-Loaded Metamaterial Waveguide: Design
89(3)
4.2.2 Complementary Split Ring Resonator Plate-Loaded Metamaterial Waveguide: Fabrication and Cold Test
92(2)
4.3 Broadside Coupled Split Ring Resonator-Based Metamaterial Slow-Wave Structure
94(3)
4.3.1 Broadside-Coupled Split Ring-Loaded Metamaterial Waveguide: Design
94(3)
4.3.2 Broadside-Coupled Split Ring-Loaded Metamaterial Waveguide: Fabrication and Cold Test
97(1)
4.4 Iris Ring-Loaded Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure with a Degenerate Band Edge
97(5)
4.4.1 Iris Loaded-DBE Slow-Wave Structure: Design
100(2)
4.4.2 Iris-Loaded DBE Slow-Wave Structure: Fabrication and Cold Test
102(1)
4.5 Two-Dimensional Periodic Surface Lattice-Based Slow-Wave Structure
102(5)
4.5.1 Two-Dimensional Periodic Surface Lattice Slow-Wave Structure: Design
104(2)
4.5.2 Two-Dimensional Periodic Surface Lattice Slow-Wave Structure: Fabrication and Cold Test
106(1)
4.6 Curved Ring-Bar Slow-Wave Structure for High-Power Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers
107(7)
4.6.1 Curved Ring-Bar Slow-Wave Structure: Design
108(4)
4.6.2 Curved Ring-Bar Slow-Wave Structure: Fabrication and Cold Testing
112(2)
4.7 A Corrugated Cylindrical Slow-Wave Structure with Cavity Recessions and Metallic Ring Insertions
114(9)
4.7.1 Design of a Corrugated Cylindrical Slow-Wave Structure with Cavity Recessions and Metallic Ring Insertions
116(3)
4.7.2 Fabrication and Cold testing of a Homogeneous, Corrugated Cylindrical Slow-Wave Structure with Cavity Recessions and Metallic Ring Insertions
119(2)
4.7.3 Inhomogeneous SWS design based on the Corrugated Cylindrical SWS with Cavity Recessions and Metallic Ring Insertions: Fabrication and Cold Testing
121(2)
4.8 Summary
123(4)
References
123(4)
5 Perturbation Analysis of Maxwell's Equations
127(30)
Robert Upton
Anthony Polizzi
Lokendra Thakur
5.1 Introduction
127(2)
5.2 Gain from Floating Interaction Structures
129(4)
5.2.1 Anisotropic Effective Properties and the Dispersion Relation
130(3)
5.2.2 A Pierce-Like Approach to Dispersion
133(1)
5.3 Gain from Grounded Interaction Structures
133(9)
5.3.1 Model Description
134(1)
5.3.2 Physics of Waveguides and Maxwell's Equations
134(3)
5.3.3 Perturbation Series for Leading Order Dispersive Behavior
137(1)
5.3.4 Leading Order Theory of Gain for Hybrid Space Charge Modes for a Corrugated SWS with Beam
138(2)
5.3.4.1 Hybrid Modes in Beam
140(1)
5.3.4.2 Impedance Condition
141(1)
5.3.4.3 Cold Structure
141(1)
5.3.4.4 Pierce Theory
142(1)
5.4 Electrodynamics Inside a Finite-Length TWT: Transmission Line Model
142(6)
5.4.1 Solution of the Transmission Line Approximation
145(1)
5.4.2 Discussion of Results
145(3)
5.5 Corrugated Oscillators
148(6)
5.5.1 Oscillator Geometry
148(1)
5.5.2 Solutions of Maxwell's Equations in the Oscillator
149(2)
5.5.3 Perturbation Expansions
151(1)
5.5.4 Leading Order Theory: The Subwavelength Limit of the Asymptotic Expansions
151(1)
5.5.5 Dispersion Relation for δω
152(2)
5.6 Summary
154(3)
References
154(3)
6 Similarity of the Properties of Conventional Periodic Structures with Metamaterial Slow Wave Structures
157(28)
Sabahattin Yurt
Edl Schamiloglu
Robert Lipton
Anthony Polizzi
Lokendra Thakur
6.1 Introduction
157(1)
6.2 Motivation
157(2)
6.3 Observations
159(9)
6.3.1 Appearance of Negative Dispersion for Low-Order Waves
159(1)
6.3.2 Evolution of Wave Dispersion in Uniform Periodic Systems with Increasing Corrugation Depth
160(1)
6.3.2.1 SWS with Sinusoidal Corrugations
161(3)
6.3.2.2 SWS with Rectangular Corrugations
164(4)
6.4 Analysis of Metamaterial Surfaces from Perfectly Conducting Subwavelength Corrugations
168(17)
6.4.1 Approach
169(1)
6.4.2 Model Description
169(1)
6.4.2.1 Physics of Waveguides and Maxwell's Equations
170(2)
6.4.2.2 Two-Scale Asymptotic Expansions
172(1)
6.4.2.3 Leading Order Theory: The Subwavelength Limit of the Asymptotic Expansions
172(1)
6.4.2.4 Nonlocal Surface Impedance Formulation for Time Harmonic Fields
173(1)
6.4.2.5 Effective Surface Impedance for Hybrid Modes in Circular Waveguides
174(1)
6.4.3 Metamaterials and Corrugations as Microresonators
175(2)
6.4.4 Controlling Negative Dispersion and Power Flow with Corrugation Depth
177(5)
6.4.5 Summary
182(1)
References
182(3)
7 Group Theory Approach for Designing MTM Structures for High-Power Microwave Devices
185(26)
Hamide Seidfaraji
Christos Christodoulou
Edi Schamiloglu
7.1 Group Theory Background
185(3)
7.1.1 Symmetry Elements
186(1)
7.1.2 Symmetry Point Group
187(1)
7.1.3 Character Table
187(1)
7.2 MTM Analysis Using Group Theory
188(6)
7.2.1 Split Ring Resonator Behavior Analysis Using Group Theory
189(1)
7.2.1.1 Principles of Group Theory
189(2)
7.2.1.2 Basis Current in SSRs
191(3)
7.3 Inverse Problem-Solving Using Group Theory
194(1)
7.4 Designing an Ideal MTM
195(1)
7.5 Proposed New Structure Using Group Theory
195(2)
7.6 Design of Isotropic Negative Index Material
197(2)
7.7 Multibeam Backward Wave Oscillator Design using MTM and Group Theory
199(5)
7.7.1 Introduction and Motivation
199(1)
7.7.2 Metamaterial Design
200(3)
7.7.3 Theory of Electron Beam Interaction with Metamaterial Waveguide
203(1)
7.7.4 Hot Test Particle-in-Cell Simulations
204(1)
7.8 Particle-in-Cell Simulations
204(3)
7.9 Efficiency
207(1)
7.10 Summary
208(3)
References
209(2)
8 Time-Domain Behavior of the Evolution of Electromagnetic Fields in Metamaterial Structures
211(22)
Mark Gilmore
Tyler Wynkoop
Mohamed Aziz Hmaidi
8.1 Introduction
211(1)
8.2 Experimental Observations
212(12)
8.2.1 Bandstop Filter (BSF) System
215(2)
8.2.2 Bandpass Filter (BPF) System
217(7)
8.3 Numerical Simulations
224(5)
8.3.1 Bandstop System (BSF)
225(1)
8.3.2 Bandpass Filter System (BPF)
226(1)
8.3.3 Experiment-Model Comparison
227(2)
8.4 Attempts at a Linear Circuit Model
229(4)
References
230(3)
9 Metamaterial Survivability in the High-Power Microwave Environment
233(12)
Rebecca Seviour
9.1 Introduction
233(1)
9.2 Split Ring Resonator Loss
234(3)
9.3 CSRR Loss
237(2)
9.4 Artificial Material Loss
239(2)
9.5 Disorder
241(1)
9.6 Summary
242(3)
References
244(1)
10 Experimental Hot Test of Beam/Wave Interactions with Metamaterial Slow Wave Structures
245(22)
Michael A. Shapiro
Jason S. Hummelt
Xueying Lu
Richard J. Temkin
10.1 First-Stage Experiment at MIT
246(5)
10.1.1 Metamaterial Structure
246(1)
10.1.2 Experimental Results
247(4)
10.1.3 Summary of First-Stage Experiments
251(1)
10.2 Second-Stage Experiment at MIT
251(1)
10.3 Metamaterial Structure with Reverse Symmetry
252(3)
10.4 Experimental Results on High-Power Generation
255(2)
10.5 Frequency Measurement in Hot Test
257(5)
10.6 Steering Coil Control
262(2)
10.7 University of New Mexico/University of California Irvine Collaboration on a High Power Metamaterial Cherenkov Oscillator
264(1)
10.8 Summary
264(3)
References
265(2)
11 Conclusions and Future Directions
267(1)
John Luginsland
Jason A. Marshall
Arje Nachman
Edl Schamiloglu
References 268(3)
Index 271
JOHN LUGINSLAND, PHD, is a Senior Scientist at Confluent Sciences, LLC and an Adjunct Professor at Michigan State University. Previously, he worked at AFOSR serving as the Plasma Physics and Lasers and Optics Program Officer, as well as various technical leadership roles. Additionally, he worked for SAIC and NumerEx, as well as the Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). He is a Fellow of the IEEE and AFRL.

JASON A. MARSHALL, PHD, is The Associate Superintendent, Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory. Prior to this he was a Principal Scientist with the Air Force Office of Scientific Research responsible for management and execution of the Air Force basic research investments in Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics.

ARJE NACHMAN, PHD, is the Program Officer for Electromagnetics at AFOSR. He has worked at AFOSR since 1985. Before that he was on the mathematics faculty of Texas A&M and Old Dominion University, and a Senior Scientist at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI).

EDL SCHAMILOGLU, PHD, is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico, where he also serves as Associate Dean for Research and Innovation in the School of Engineering, and Special Assistant to the Provost for Laboratory Relations. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and the American Physical Society.
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