Contents cross-referenced |
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xiv | |
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xvii | |
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xviii | |
Common abbreviations |
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xxi | |
Phonetic symbols |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxv | |
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A Introduction: an external history of English |
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1 | (38) |
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2 | (7) |
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A1.1 The Isles before English |
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2 | (1) |
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A1.2 The Romans in Britain |
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3 | (1) |
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A1.3 The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons |
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4 | (1) |
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A1.4 English: what's in a name? |
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5 | (1) |
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A1.5 Christianity reaches England |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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A2 The history of English or the history of Englishes? |
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9 | (3) |
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A2.1 Old English dialects |
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9 | (1) |
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A2.2 The rise of West Saxon |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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A3 Language contact in the Middle Ages |
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12 | (4) |
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12 | (1) |
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A3.2 From Old English to Middle English |
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13 | (2) |
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A3.3 The decline of French and the rise of English |
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15 | (1) |
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A3.4 Middle English dialects |
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16 | (1) |
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A4 From Middle English to Early Modern English |
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16 | (5) |
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A4.1 External influences on pronunciation |
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17 | (2) |
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A4.2 The translation of the Bible into English |
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19 | (2) |
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A5 The process of standardisation |
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21 | (5) |
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A5.1 Dialects and emerging standards |
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21 | (2) |
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A5.2 Caxton and the impact of the printing press |
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23 | (1) |
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A5.3 Dictionaries and grammars |
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24 | (1) |
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A5.4 The boundaries of Early Modern English |
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25 | (1) |
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A6 Colonialism, imperialism and the spread of English |
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26 | (3) |
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A6.1 English in the New World |
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27 | (1) |
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A6.2 The expansion of the British Empire |
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28 | (1) |
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A7 Moves towards Present Day English |
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29 | (4) |
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A7.1 The Industrial Revolution |
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29 | (1) |
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A7.2 The Oxford English Dictionary |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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A7.4 The linguistic consequences of war |
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32 | (1) |
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A7.5 Technology and communication |
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33 | (1) |
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A8 Global English and beyond |
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33 | (6) |
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A8.1 English: a global language |
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34 | (1) |
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A8.2 Globalisation and changes in English |
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35 | (1) |
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A8.3 Assessing the linguistic impact of historical events |
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36 | (3) |
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B Development: a developing language |
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39 | (46) |
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B1 Understanding Old English |
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41 | (8) |
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B1.1 Spelling and sound in Old English |
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41 | (3) |
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B1.2 The vocabulary of Old English |
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44 | (1) |
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B1.3 Old English: a synthetic language |
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45 | (1) |
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B1.4 Case, gender and number |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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B2 Varieties of Old English |
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49 | (3) |
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B2.1 Old English and Scots |
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49 | (1) |
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B2.2 Old English dialectal differences |
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50 | (2) |
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B3 The emergence of Middle English |
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52 | (6) |
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B3.1 The context of change |
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52 | (1) |
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B3.2 Spelling and sound in Middle English |
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53 | (2) |
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B3.3 Changes in the system of inflections |
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55 | (2) |
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B3.4 Middle English vocabulary |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (7) |
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58 | (4) |
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B4.2 Changes in the long vowels |
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62 | (1) |
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B4.3 The Uniformitarian Principle in relation to the Great Vowel Shift |
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63 | (1) |
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B4.4 Consequences of the Great Vowel Shift |
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64 | (1) |
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B5 Writing in Early Modern English |
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65 | (7) |
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B5.1 Orthography in Early Modern English |
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67 | (1) |
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B5.2 Some grammatical characteristics |
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68 | (3) |
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B5.3 Expanding the lexicon |
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71 | (1) |
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B6 The development of American English |
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72 | (4) |
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B6.1 Causes of linguistic development in the American colonies |
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73 | (1) |
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B6.2 A developing standard |
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73 | (1) |
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B6.3 `Archaisms' in American English |
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74 | (1) |
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B6.4 The beginnings of African American English |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (6) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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B7.3 Pidgins and Creoles on the West African coast |
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80 | (2) |
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B8 The globalisation of English |
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82 | (3) |
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B8.1 Attitudes towards global English |
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82 | (1) |
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B8.2 World Standard English |
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83 | (1) |
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B8.3 Fragmentation or fusion? |
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83 | (2) |
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C Exploration: exploring the history of English |
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85 | (40) |
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87 | (6) |
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C1.1 Language family trees |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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C1.3 Pronouncing Old English |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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C1.5 An Old English riddle |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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C2.1 Dialectal differences in an Old English text |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (4) |
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C3 From Old English to Middle English |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (2) |
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C3.2 The Canterbury Tales |
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100 | (1) |
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C3.3 A Middle English Pater noster |
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101 | (1) |
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C4 Codification and attitudes towards English |
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101 | (4) |
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C4.1 A Table Alphabeticall |
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101 | (1) |
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C4.2 English Orthographie |
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102 | (3) |
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C4.3 Problems with prescriptivism |
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105 | (1) |
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C5 Further elements of grammar in Early Modern English |
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105 | (4) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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C6 English in the New World |
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109 | (3) |
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C6.1 Loanwords in American English |
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109 | (1) |
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C6.2 The politics of spelling |
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110 | (1) |
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C6.3 Early African American English |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (10) |
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C7.1 Unknown words from Australian English? |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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C7.3 Enlarging the lexicon |
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114 | (7) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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C8.1 The cost of global English |
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122 | (1) |
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C8.2 Scare stories: declining standards |
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122 | (2) |
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C8.3 Future developments in English |
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124 | (1) |
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D Extension: readings in the history of English |
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125 | (82) |
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D1 Vocabulary and meaning in Old English |
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126 | (8) |
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D1.1 Old English: semantics and lexicon (Christian Kay) |
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126 | (7) |
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133 | (1) |
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D2 Changes in grammatical gender |
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134 | (12) |
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D2.1 Order out of chaos? The English gender change in the Southwest Midlands as a process of semantically based reorganization (Merja Stenroos) |
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134 | (12) |
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146 | (1) |
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D3 Medieval multilingualism |
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146 | (10) |
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D3.1 Code-switching in early English literature (Herbert Schendl) |
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147 | (9) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (12) |
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D4.1 The Great Vowel Shift (Manfred Krug) |
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156 | (11) |
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167 | (1) |
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D5 The development of a written standard |
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168 | (9) |
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D5.1 Communities of Practice and incipient standardization in Middle English written culture (Colette Moore) |
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168 | (9) |
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177 | (1) |
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D6 The beginnings of global English |
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177 | (10) |
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D6.1 The story of the `spread' of English (Mario Saraceni) |
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178 | (8) |
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186 | (1) |
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D7 Studying recent change in English |
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187 | (13) |
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D7.1 Choices over time: methodological issues in investigating current change (Bas Aarts, Joanne Close and Sean Wallis) |
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187 | (13) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (7) |
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D8.1 The future of new Euro-Englishes (David Crystal) |
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200 | (6) |
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206 | (1) |
Commentary on activities |
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207 | (19) |
Glossary of linguistic terms |
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226 | (5) |
Timeline of external events in the history of English |
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231 | (3) |
Further reading |
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234 | (5) |
References |
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239 | (17) |
Index |
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256 | |