Preface |
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ix | |
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1 Variables, Research Problems, and Questions |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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Research Hypotheses and Questions |
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5 | (2) |
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A Sample Research Problem: The Modified High School and Beyond (HSB) Study |
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7 | (7) |
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14 | (1) |
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2 Data Coding, Entry, and Transformation |
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15 | (32) |
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Plan the Study, Pilot Test, and Collect Data |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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Problem 2.1 Check the Completed Questionnaires |
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19 | (3) |
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Problem 2.2 Define and Label the Variables |
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22 | (5) |
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Problem 2.3 Display Your Dictionary or Codebook |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Alternative Problem 2.4 Downloading and Using Data Collected Online |
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29 | (2) |
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Problem 2.5 Count Math Courses Taken |
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31 | (2) |
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Problem 2.6 Recode and Relabel Mother's and Father's Education |
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33 | (4) |
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Problem 2.7 Reverse Low Pleasure Items for Pleasure Scale Score |
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37 | (2) |
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Problem 2.8 Compute Pleasure Scale with the Mean Function |
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39 | (1) |
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Problem 2.9 Check for Errors and Normality for the New Variables |
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40 | (2) |
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Describing the Sample Demographics and Key Variables |
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42 | (2) |
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Using Figures to Help Describe the Data |
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44 | (1) |
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Saving the Updated HSB Data File |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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3 Measurement and Descriptive Statistics |
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47 | (17) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (6) |
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Descriptive Statistics and Plots |
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54 | (6) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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4 Understanding Your Data and Checking Assumptions |
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64 | (22) |
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Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) |
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64 | (2) |
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Problem 4.1 Descriptive Statistics for the Ordinal and Scale Variables |
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66 | (5) |
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Problem 4.2 Boxplots for One Variable and for Multiple Variables |
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71 | (4) |
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Problem 4.3 Boxplots and Stem-and-Leaf Plots Split by a Dichotomous Variable |
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75 | (4) |
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Problem 4.4 Descriptives for Dichotomous Variables |
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79 | (2) |
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Problem 4.5 Frequency Tables for Each Type of Variable |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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5 Selecting and Interpreting Inferential Statistics |
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86 | (20) |
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General Design Classifications for Difference Questions |
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86 | (2) |
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Selection of Inferential Statistics |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (1) |
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Interpreting the Results of a Statistical Test |
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94 | (6) |
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An Example of How to Select and Interpret Inferential Statistics |
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100 | (2) |
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Writing About Your Outputs |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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6 Methods to Provide Evidence for Reliability and Validity |
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106 | (29) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Problem 6.1 Cohen's Kappa to Assess Reliability with Nominal Data |
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109 | (4) |
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Problem 6.2 Correlation and Paired t to Assess Interrater Reliability |
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113 | (3) |
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Problem 6.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis to Assess Evidence for Validity |
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116 | (8) |
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Problem 6.4 Cronbach's Alpha to Assess Internal Consistency Reliability |
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124 | (8) |
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The Use of Factor Analysis and Alpha to Make Summated Scales |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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7 Cross-Tabulation, Chi-Square, and Nonparametric Measures of Association |
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135 | (16) |
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Problem 7.1 Chi-Square and Phi (or Cramer's V) |
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136 | (6) |
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Problem 7.2 Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios |
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142 | (3) |
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Problem 7.3 Other Nonparametric Associational Statistics |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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8 Correlation and Regression |
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151 | (24) |
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Problem 8.1 Scatterplots to Check the Assumption of Linearity |
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153 | (5) |
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Problem 8.2 Bivariate Pearson and Spearman Correlations |
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158 | (3) |
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Problem 8.3 Correlation Matrix for Several Variables |
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161 | (4) |
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Problem 8.4 Bivariate or Simple Linear Regression |
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165 | (3) |
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Problem 8.5 Multiple Regression |
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168 | (6) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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9 Comparing Groups with t Tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Similar Nonparametric Tests |
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175 | (39) |
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Problem 9.1 One-Sample t Test |
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177 | (1) |
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Problem 9.2 Independent Samples t Test |
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178 | (5) |
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Problem 9.3 The Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Test |
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183 | (3) |
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Problem 9.4 Paired Samples t Test |
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186 | (2) |
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Problem 9.5 Nonparametric Wilcoxon Test for Two Related Samples |
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188 | (3) |
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Problem 9.6 One-Way (or Single Factor) ANOVA |
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191 | (4) |
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Problem 9.7 Post Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests |
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195 | (7) |
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Problem 9.8 Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test |
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202 | (3) |
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Problem 9.9 Two-Way (or Factorial) ANOVA |
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205 | (7) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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A Getting Started and Other Useful SPSS Procedures Don Quick |
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214 | (12) |
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B Writing Research Problems and Questions |
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226 | (5) |
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C Answers to Odd Numbered Interpretation Questions Jessica Gerton |
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231 | (9) |
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D Glossary Jessica Bochert |
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240 | (8) |
For Further Reading |
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248 | (2) |
Index |
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250 | |