This four-volume collection of primary sources explores women and industry during the long nineteenth century. Women and industrial work are at the heart of the industrial revolution. They were often the most numerous workers and important contributors to the protoindustrial workforce based on domestic industry. The volumes examine women's work in the home, in the factories, and the law and regulation surrounding women and industry during this period. Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary, this collection will be of great interest to students and scholars of Women's History.
This four-volume collection of primary sources explores women and industry during the long nineteenth century. The volumes examine women's work in the home, in the factories, and the law and regulation surrounding women and industry during this period.
Volume I: Women in Industrial Handwork
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume I: Women in Industrial Handwork
Part
1. Domestic Industries
1. B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry (G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1915),
12, 5, 914, 30
2. Edith Abbott, The Colonial Period, in Women in Industry: A Study in
American Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1909), 1632
3. Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce, Being a compleat prospect of
the trade of this nation, as well the home trade as the foreign. ... Humbly
offered to the consideration of the King and Parliament (Charles Rivington,
1728), 48, 8991, 28889
4. Arthur Young, A six weeks tour through the southern counties of England
and Wales, (W. Strahan ... [ and 4 others]), 1768; 70,
152.
5. Arthur Young, A six months tour through the north of England, containing,
an account of the present state of agriculture, manufactures and population,
in several counties of this kingdom (W. Strahan, 1770), Vol 1, 4950, 12425;
Vol. 2., 67, 64,
168.
6. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
(1776; Methuen, 1904)
7. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, extracts
7.1. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, vol. 2 1784,
108109.
7.2. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture and other useful arts, v. 16, 1791,
499.
8. Frederick Morton Eden, Labouring Classes, in The state of the poor; or,
an history of the labouring classes in England, from the conquests to the
present period. (B. & J. White [ etc.], 1797), Vol. 1,
55859.
9. Mary Harrrison, in Settlement examinations for Culcheth parish
10. Arthur Mitchell, David Lochs Tour in Scotland in 1778, Proceedings of
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 32 (November 1898): 19-28.
11. Aberdeen, County of Aberdeen, Sir John Sinclair, (ed.) The Statistical
Account of Scotland, Vol. XIX, 1797 (William Creech, 17911799), 200-208.
12. Alastair J. Durie (ed.), The British Linen Company 1745-1775, (Scottish
History Society and Pillans & Wilson Ltd., 1996), Scottish History Society,
Fifth Series, Vol. 92930, 3436, 4950, 7374, 113114, 12122, 13334,
22526.
13. William Robert Scott, Report to the Board of agriculture for Scotland on
home industries in the Highlands and Islands 1914 (H.M Stationary off., Neil
& Co., 1914), 7786, 106,
190.
14. Humble Petition of the Poor Spinners, which on a very moderate
calculation consist of Eighteen Thousand, Five Hundred, employed in the Town
and Country aforesaid. Leicester, 1788, British Museum Tracts, B544;
reprinted in B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, (G. Bell and Sons,
1915),
27071.
15. A.B., Observations on the detriment that it is supposed must arise to the
family of every cottager throughout the kingdom from the loss of woollen
spinning by the introduction of machines for that work (np., 1794), 38,
1011, 13,
14.
Part
2. Industry and Workshops
16. Sarah Osbourne, apprenticeship indenture in the metal trades, Overseers
of the Poor, Harborne, Warwickshire,
1781. DRO 61/7/8. Harborne Parish
Apprenticeship Indentures.
17. William Hutton, On Pins and Nails, in The History of Birmingham, 1783,
6th ed. (James Gunn: 1836),
19092.
18. Robert H. Sherard, The Nailmakers of Bromsgrove in White Slaves of
England, Pearsons Magazine, vol. 2, (1896, July-Dec.): 167-73
19. Robert Campbell, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all
Trades, Professions and Arts calculated for the information of Parents, and
Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 14954,
17071, 206, 21113, 12426, 244, 25051, 26061,
300.
20. Joseph Collyer, The Parents and Guardians Directory and the Youths
Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths, 1761), 60-61, 67,
80, 8485, 93, 11314, 152·53, 234, 23637, 24849, 263, 27374, 28687,
292.
21. Anon., The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd ed. (Tabart and
Co., 1806), Part 1: 713, 2728, Part II: 4649,
5156.
22. Apprentices in the Eighteenth Century
22.1. Anne Jarvois puts herself apprentice, Harborne Parish,
1717.
22.2 Martha Pillah, apprentice, charged with theft, makes and mends mens
clothes 1717, Old Bailey Proceedings Online
22.3 Elizabeth Cock, basketweaver, 1756, Examinations, 1750-1766: no 331,
in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, Tim Hitchcock and
John Black (eds.), (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-106
22.4 Mary Shrewsbury, Stocking Trimmer. Ordinarys Account, Newgates
Account, 3 March 1737 (OA17370303). Old Bailey Proceedings Online
23. Hiring Agreements
23.1 Ann Keeling. Articles of Agreement. Wedgwood archives, 266316133, 28
February
1781.
23.2 Hiring of Tireuses, Lyon 1722, Order from the Consulate of September 3,
1722, prohibiting any master from employing any girl as a daily tireuse if
they are not hired out. Municipal archives of Lyon, HH
514.
24. Parish Apprentices
24.1 Parish Apprentices. Hackney Petty Sessions Book, 1734, in Justice in
Eighteenth-Century Hackney: The Justicing Notebook of Henry Norris and the
Hackney Petty Sessions Book, ed. Ruth Paley (London: London Record Society,
1991), 117-129. British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol28/pp117-129
24.2 Mary Wilkinson, apprenticed to weaving, 1760, Examinations, 1750-1766:
no 395, in Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766, ed. Tim
Hitchcock and John Black (London, 1999), pp. 102-106. British History Online
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol33/pp102-106
25. Miss Clara Collet, On the Conditions of Work in Birmingham, Walsall,
Dudley, and the Staffordshire Potteries, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E.
Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The
Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour Presented to both Houses of
Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February 1893, 4955,
6063.
26. Testimony of Richard Juggins on Metal Workshops, Select Committee of The
House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May
1889. (Printed by Henry Hansard
and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889), 233310
27. Testimony of Female Nailmakers, Select Committee on The Sweating System,
Select Committee of The House of Lords on The Sweating System, 4 May
1889.
(Printed by Henry Hansard and Sons and Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode,
1889),
21126.
28. Employment, [ On China Painters], Englishwomans Review of Social and
Industrial Questions, Vol II, 15 April 1876,
17072.
29. Thomas Holmes, Flowermaking, in Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Sweated
Industries Being a Handbook of the Daily News Exhibition. Part PP, Workers
Section. May
1906. (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.,)
2729.
Part
3. A Case Study: Milliners and Seamstresses
30. Robert Campbell, Of the Milliner, Of the Mantua-Maker and the
Cap-Maker, The London Tradesman, being a compendious view of all Trades,
Professions and Arts calculated for the information of Parents, and
Instruction of Youth in their Choice of Business (T. Gardner, 1747), 20610,
22729.
31. Joseph Collyer, Joseph, Of the Cap-Makers, Of the Childs coat-maker,
Of the Milliner, The Parents and Guardians Directory and the Youths
Guide in the Choice of a Profession or Trade (R. Griffiths: 1761), 90,
100-101,
19496.
32. Louis Sébastien Mercier, Les Marchandes des Modes, Le tableau de Paris
(Virchaux & Compagnie: 1781), Part I, 290-93.
33. Anon., The Milliner, The Book of Trades or Library of Useful Arts, 3rd
ed. (Tabart and Co.: 1806), Part II:
4550.
34. ENQUÊTE. Situation des ouvriers chapeliers [ Situation of the hatmakers].
LAtelier, n° 1, deuxième année, septembre 1841, 6-7.
35. Alice P. Barrows, The Training of Millinery Workers, in Economic
Position of Women, Proceedings of The Academy of Political Science in The
City of New York, Henry Raymond Mussey, (ed.), (Columbia University, 1910),
4145.
36. Helen Campbell, One of the Fur-sewers, Prisoners of Poverty: Women
Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (1886, Little, Brown, And
Company, 1900),
13949.
37. Helen Campbell, The Case of Rose Haggerty, Prisoners of Poverty: Women
Wage-Workers, Their Trades And Their Lives, (Little, Brown, And Company,
1900),
1829.
38. Anon. The Sewing-Machine in America, English Womans Journal (October
1860):
12628.
39. Azel Ames, Sewing Machine Labor, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the
Working Girl (James Osgood and Co, 1875),
11524.
40. Helen Campbell, Fashionable Dressmaker, Prisoners of Poverty: Women
Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives. (Little, Brown, and Company,
1886),
5565.
41. Eliza Orme and May Abraham, Conditions of Womens Work in Ireland, in
Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham and Miss Margaret H.
Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour,
Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, February
1893, 322
Part
4. Industrial Entrepreneurs
42. Ann Leslie, The case of Miss Leslie, and her three sisters. The
manufacturers of thread for lace, equal to any foreign; in an address to the
public, but particularly to the patriotic societies, for the encouragement of
arts and manufactures, Published at the Request, and by the Desire of several
Persons of Distinction,
1767.
43. Miss Wilson, Thread Manufacturer at Monymusk, Advertisement, Aberdeen
Journal, 1 March
1768.
44. Articles of Co-Partnery between Margaret Cameron and John Cameron,
[ Cameron and Violard]
1835.
45. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four
Years in the White House, and newspaper reviews
45.1 Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four
Years in the White House (GW Carleton & Co., Publishers,1868), 4356,
7385.
45.2 A Sensation Book on Mrs. Lincoln, Sun (Baltimore, Maryland), April 25,
1868: Supplement
45.3 Review of New Books. T. B. Peterson & Brothers, Philadelphia,
Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), April 27, 1868:
3.
45.4 New Publications Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana), May 3, 1868:
5.
46. Eleanor Coade, 17331821, pioneer of Coade Stone
46.1 The Daily Advertiser (London), Thursday, 6 February 1772
46.2 The Daily Advertiser (London), and the Gazeteer and New Daily Advertiser
(London), Monday, 21 Mar. 1774
46.3 Public Advertiser (London), April 19, 1776
46.4 London Chronicle, May 68, 1777
46.5 Morning Post (London) Sunday, May 22, 1779
46.6 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (London), Saturday, January 29,
1785.
46.7 London Gazette, February 1719, 1788
47. Madame C. J. Walker, hair culturalist, millionaire and inventor
47.1 The Richmond Planet, December 19, 1908, 4
47.2 Oregonian, August 3, 1918, p. 7
47.3 Wyoming State Tribune - May 28, 1919 - page Five
47.4 From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, 108th CONGRESS, 1st Session,
H. CON. RES. 65 Expressing the sense of Congress that Madame C. J. Walker
should be recognized for her achievements in business, her inventions, and
her commitment to the African-American community.
Part
5. Case Study: Women in the Printing Trades
48. Susan Trail, Petition to the Aberdeen City Council, Aberdeen City
Archives, Town Council Register, Vol. 63, 26 Oct.1763-21. Sept. 1773, folio
20, 5 September
1764.
49. Emily Faithfull, The Victoria Press, A paper read at the Glasgow
meeting of the national association for the promotion of social science,
English Womans Journal, October 1860,
12125.
50. Azel Ames, Typesetting, in Sex in Industry, A Plea for the Working Girl
(James Osgood and Co, 1875),
8495.
51. Margaret Irwin, Womens Labour: Printing, in Reports, On the Conditions
of Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Miss
Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H.
Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour (HMSO, 1893),
29091.
52. Margaret Irwin, PrintingWorkers Evidence, in On the Conditions of
Work in Various Industries in England, Wales, Scotland, And Ireland Miss
Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss May E. Abraham, and Miss Margaret H.
Irwin, Royal Commission on Labour 1893,
29192.
53. Edith Abbott, Printing, in Women in Industry: A Study in American
Economic History (D. Appleton and Company, 1910), 24649;
25861.
54. Printing, Labor Organizations Strong in Executive Departments at
Washington, New York Call, August 26,
1903.
Part
6. The Sweated Trades Revealed
55. Harriet Martineau, extracts on Homework from Female Industry, Edinburgh
Review, 222 (April 1859), 293,
320329.
56. Julie-Victoire Daubié, The Poor Women of the 19th century, Commissioned
by the Academie of Lyon,
1866.
57. Rates of Pay, Englishwomans Review of Social and Industrial Questions,
Vol II, (15 November 1876): 512
58. Eliza Orme and May Abraham Conditions of Womens Work in Ireland, in
Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret
H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour.
Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February
1893, 322
59. Gertrude Tuckwell, Preface, in Sweated Industries, being a Handbook of
The Daily News Exhibition, Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Part PP, Workers
Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.), 1017
60. Richard Mudie Smith, Compiler, Particulars of Worker at Stalls, Sweated
Industries Being a Handbook of The Daily News Exhibition. Part PP, Workers
Section. May 1906 (Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd.),
89117.
61. Beatrice Webb, How to Do Away with the Sweating System, A paper read at
the twenty-fourth annual congress of Co-operative Societies, held at
Rochdale, June 1892, in Problems in Modern Industry, Sidney and Beatrice Webb
(Longmans, Green and Co., 1898), 139-48.
62. B.L. Hutchins, Homework and Sweating, the causes and the remedies, Fabian
Tract No. 130, (The Fabian Society, 1907), 37, 910,
1718.
63. Jane Addams and Alice Hamilton, MD, Hull House, The Piece-Work System
as a Factor in the Tuberculosis Of Wage-Workers, Transactions of the Sixth
International Congress on Tuberculosis, vol.
3. (William Fell, 1908),
139-40.
Part
7. The Last Word
64. Ottilie Baader, The Sewing Machine and Working at Home, Ein steiniger
Weg. Lebenserinnerungen einer Sozialistin [ A Rocky Path: Life Reminiscences
of a Female Socialist] (JW Dietz Nache, GMBH, 1921), 17-21.
65. Thomas Hood, The Song of the Shirt, Punch, or the London Charivari, 5
(1843),
261.
66. Louise Otto-Peters, Klöpplerinnen (The Lace-Makers) Oederaner
Stadtanzeiger, 1840
Bibliography
Index
Deborah Simonton is Associate Professor of British History, emerita, University of Southern Denmark, Visiting Professor, University of Turku, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
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