This four-volume collection of primary sources explores women and industry during the long nineteenth century. The volumes examine women's work in the home, in the factories, and the law and regulation surrounding women and industry during this period.
This four-volume collection of primary sources explores women and industry during the long nineteenth century. Women and industrial work are at the heart of the industrial revolution. They were often the most numerous workers and important contributors to the protoindustrial workforce based on domestic industry. The volumes examine women's work in the home, in the factories, and the law and regulation surrounding women and industry during this period. Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary, this collection will be of great interest to students and scholars of Women's History.
Volume II: Women in Factory Industries
List of Images
Acknowledgements
General Introduction
Introduction to Volume II: Women in Factory Industries
Part
1. Overview
1. Clara E. Collet, The Collection and Utilisation of Official Statistics
Bearing on the Extent and Effects of the Industrial Employment of Women,
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 61, 2 (June 1898):
22130.
2. Helen L. Sumner, The Historical Development of Womens Work in the United
States, The Economic position of women, Proceedings of The Academy of
Political Science, (Columbia University, New York, 1910), 11-26.
3. Alfred (Samuel H. G) Kydd, Early Factories in Britain, History of the
Factory Movement, Vol. I (Burt Franklin, 1857),
1624.
Part
2. Factories and Mines
4. Victor Amadeus III, Extract from the register of the Chamber of Accounts
granting privileges to a factory of stockings and bonnets, in Chambéry,
France, on April 12,
1785.
5. Alexander Hamilton, On Manufactures, Report of the Secretary of the
Treasury on the Subject of Manufactures, 5 December
1791. Printed by order of
the House of Representatives, December 7th, 1809 (R.C Weightman, 1809),
12428, 15059,
177.
6. Robert Owen, On Child Labour at New Lanark, Parliamentary Papers, 1816,
III, Report of the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on
the State of the Children Employed in the Manufactories of the United
Kingdom, 25 April-18 June 1816, Evidence of Robert Owen, 26 April 1816,
2021.
7. Harriet H, Robinson, Lowell Sixty Years Ago, Loom and Spindle, or Life
among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company, 1898),
118.
8. Harriet H. Robinson, Characteristics of the Early Factory Girls, Loom
and Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill Girls, (Thomas Crowell and Company,
1898),
6081.
9. John Avery, Agent, Regulations to be Observed by all persons employed in
the factories of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Lowell Massachusetts,
Handbook for the Visitor to Lowell (D. Bixby and Company, 1848).
10. I. M. Boynton, Agent, 75 young women from 15 to 35 years of age, wanted
to work in the cotton mills! in Lowell and Chicopee, Mass. (1870).
11. John Campbell, [ Jesse Campbell, pseud.], Power-Loom Weaving in the West
of Scotland, History of the Rise and Progress of Power-Loom Weaving;
Vindication of the Character of Female Power-Loom Workers (Rutherglen, 1878),
1415.
12. Mrs John Van Vorst (Bessie), In a Pittsburgh Factory, in Mrs John Van
Vorst and Marie Van Vorst, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two
Ladies as Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co.,1903),
2228.
13. Marie Van Vorst and Mrs John Van Vorst, Cotton Mill in Columbia, South
Carolina, The Woman Who Toils, Being the experiences of Two Ladies as
Factory girls, (Doubleday and Page, Co., 1903),
21722.
Part
3. Health and Well-being
14. William Rathbone Greg, On the Unhealthiness of The Factory System,
Enquiry into the State of the Manufacturing Population (James Ridgeway,
1831), 1216, in The Ten hours movement in 1831 and 1832; six pamphlets and
one broadside, 1831-1832
15. Azel Ames, Sex and Health in Industry, Sex in Industry, A Plea for the
Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875), 3353,
6064.
16. Azel Ames, Health in Manufacture of Textiles, Sex in Industry, A Plea
for the Working Girl (Boston: James Osgood and Co, 1875),
6881.
17. Agnes Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, Influence of Occupation on
Health, Womens work (Methuen, 1894), 101103, 11924,
12939.
Part
4. Hours and Wages
18. Jane Dubuisson, Working-Class Women, L'Echo de la Fabrique, Journal
Industriel et Littéraire de Lyon, No 64, (23 Mars, 1834):
23.
19. James Leach, A Manchester Operative on Wages and Hours, Stubborn Facts
from the factories by a Manchester Operative (John Ollivier, 1844) 7-8,
1115.
20. The Late Employees of Taits Factory, Limerick, Englishwomans Review
of Social and Industrial Questions, Vol II, No. 1, 15 January 1876, 34-35.
21. Leonora M. Barry, Report of the General Investigator, Proceedings of the
General assembly of the Knights of Labor of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
October 4 to 19, 1887, 1537, 1581-1588.
22. Amy Bulley and Margaret Whitley, On Textile Trades, Womens Work
(Methuen & Co., 1894), 93, 101108, 11218
23. Sidney Webb, Womens Wages, in Problems of Modern Industry by Sidney &
Beatrice Webb (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1898), 46-81
Part
5. Governmental Responses
24. Speech of Lord Ashley, in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, 7th May 1842:
on moving for leave to bring in a bill to make regulations respecting the age
and sex of children and young persons employed in the mines and collieries of
the United Kingdom. (John Murray, 1842), 1319,
2831.
25. Investigation of Labor Conditions, Massachusetts House Document, no.
50, March, 1845, Reprinted in John Commons (ed.), A Documentary History of
American Industrial Society, Vol. VIII (Arthur H. Clark Company, 1910).
26. Dr Redgraves Report on Factory Operatives, Dundee Courier, 24 September
1875
27. Operatives in the American South, Report of the Committee of the Senate
upon the relations Between Labor and Capital, and Testimony Taken by the
Committee (1883). Washington, GPO,
1885. Vol. 4, 524, 53035, 598601,
696701, 72129,
741.
28. Florence Kelley, First Annual Report of the Factory Inspectors of
Illinois, for the year Ending December 15, 1893, (Springfield, Ill. 1894),
1719.
29. May Abraham Conditions of Work in the White Lead Industry, in Miss
Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H.
Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women. Royal Commission on Labour.
Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February
1893,
15153.
30. Eliza Orme and May Abraham Conditions of Womens Work in Ireland, in
Miss Eliza Orme, Miss Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret
H. Irwin, Reports, The Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour,
presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February
1893,
32329.
31. Clara Collet, Necrosis Among Match Workers, in Miss Eliza Orme, Miss
Clara E. Collet, Miss Maye Abraham, and Miss Margaret H. Irwin, Reports, The
Employment of Women, Royal Commission on Labour, presented to both Houses of
Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. February 1893, 2326
Part
6. Girls and Womens Voices
32. Eliza Marshall, Elizabeth Bentley and Hannah Brown Testify to the Sadler
Committee, Report from the Committee on the Bill to Regulate The Labour of
Children in The Mills and Factories of The United Kingdom: With the Minutes
of Evidence, appendix and index. Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be
Printed, 8 August 1832, 14853, 19599,
23031.
33. Women and Girls Testify to Working in the Mines, 1842
33.1 Condition and Treatment of the Children Employed in the Mines and
Collieries of the United Kingdom, Appendix to the First Report of The
Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into This Subject. London: William
Strange, 21, Paternoster Row,
1842.
33.2 Report by Robert Hugh Franks, Esq., On the Employment of Children and
Young Persons in the Collieries and Iron Works of the East of Scotland, and
the State, Condition, and Treatment of Such Children and Young Persons,
Appendix to Report to the Children's Employment Commission
1842.
Parliamentary Papers, 1842, vols. XV-XVII, Appendix I, pp. 108, 252, 258,
439, 461; Appendix II, pp. 107, 122,
205.
34. Girls Going to the Mills, New England, Bennett Family Letters,
1839-1846.
35. S. G. B., [ Sarah G. Bagley] Pleasures of Factory Life, The Lowell
offering: a repository of original articles on various subjects, written by
factory operatives, Number 2, December 1840: 2526
36. Harriet Farley, Letters from Susan, Lowell Offering, Volume IV, 1844
37. Factory Life as it is, Factory Tracts, No. 1, Lowell Female Labor
Reform Association, Lowell, Mass.
1845.
38. Julianna, The Evils of Factory Life, Factory tracts, No. 1, Lowell
Female Labor Reform Association, Lowell, Mass.
1845.
39. Amelia, Some of the Beauties of Our Factory SystemOtherwise, Lowell
Slavery, Lowell Reform Association, Lowell Tracts No. 1,
1845.
40. A Week in the Mill, Lowell, Massachusetts, The Lowell offering,
written, edited and published by female operatives employed in the mills,
n.s: v.5 (October 1845),
21718.
41. Interview with Miss D., Clinton Ave., The Thomson-Langdon Corset
Factory, Survey, Folklore Project, Life Histories, 1936-39, U.S. Work
Projects Administration, Federal Writers Project.
42. Ellen Johnston, The Factory Girl, Autobiography of Ellen Johnston, 1867,
(Rutherglen, 1878),
712.
43. Jeanne Bouvier, Silk Worker at Eleven, Mes mémoires, ou, 59 années
dactivité industrielle, sociale et intellectuelle dune ouvrière: 1876-1935
(La Découverte/Maspero, 1983),
5661.
44. Women and Girls show more Courage in voicing their Needs, in Reports of
the Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, and some of her Colleagues,
illustrating the Present Position of the Woman Worker, 1914, in B.L Hutchins,
Women in Modern Industry,
28284.
45. Harriet H. Robinson, Child-Life in the Lowell Cotton-Mills, Loom and
Spindle, or Life among the Early Mill girls (Thomas Crowell and Company,
1898), 2536,
39.
46. Anon, Sketches of Life in a Jute Mill, Aberdeen People's Journal, (28
May 1881):
3.
47. Adelheid Popp, The Perpetual Search for Work, Autobiography of a
Working Woman (Fisher Unwin, 1912), 21-23, 2829, 31 36, 3954, 5661,
6869,
71.
Part
7. Disaster
48. Anon. The Pemberton Disaster, Lawrence, Massachusetts, An Authentic
History of the Lawrence Calamity [ including] a chapter of Thrilling
highlights (John Dyer and Co., 1860).
49. Fearful Accident, Newland Mill, Bradford, The Freemans Journal,
Friday, December 29,
1882.
50. The New York Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911
50.1 141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire; Trapped High Up in
Washington Place Building; Street Strewn with Bodies; Piles of Dead Inside,
New York Times, March 26, 1911,
1.
50.2 Stories of Survivors. And Witnesses and Rescuers Outside Tell What They
Saw, New York Times, March 26, 1911, p.
4.
50.3 175 Workers Lose Their Lives in a Burning Shirt-Waist Factory, The
Jewish Daily Forward, 26 March 1911 (trans. into English by Tina Lunson)
50.4 We have Found you Wanting, the ILGWU and the Womens Trade Union
League, Rose Schneiderman, organizer for the ILGWU and the Womens Trade
Union League, The Survey, April 8, 1911, in Leon Stein, ed., Out of the
Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy (Quadrangle/New Times Book
Company, 1977), 196-97.
50.5 Samuel Gompers, Hostile Employers see Yourselves as Others Know You,
American Federationist, May
1911. pp. 356-61.
50.6 Agitation Among the Ladies Waistmakers Local 25, General Executive
Board Sanction Agitation, Ladies Garment Worker, October 1911,
22.
Bibliography
Index
Deborah Simonton is Associate Professor of British History, emerita, University of Southern Denmark, Visiting Professor, University of Turku, and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
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