| Contributors |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Glossary of Terms |
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xv | |
| PART I IDENTIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTICS |
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1 | |
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1 Molecular Approaches to Virus Characterization and Detection |
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3 | |
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M.A. Erlandson and D.A. Theilrnann |
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4 | |
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1.2. Current Virus Taxonomy and Classification |
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4 | |
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1.3. Preliminary Approaches to Virus Identification |
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13 | |
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1.4. Methodology for Virus Isolation and Fractionation (Nucleic Acid and Protein Purification Techniques) |
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13 | |
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1.5. Biochemical/Molecular Approaches to Virus Identification and Diagnosis |
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14 | |
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1.6. PCR and Virus-specific Primer Development |
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21 | |
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26 | |
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2 Molecular Approaches and Techniques for the Study of Entomopathogenic Bacteria |
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32 | |
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N. Boemare and P. Tailliez |
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32 | |
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2.2. Classification of Entomopathogenic Bacteria |
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33 | |
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44 | |
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3 Molecular Methods for Identification and Diagnosis of Fungi |
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50 | |
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L.A. Castrillo and R.A. Humber |
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50 | |
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3.2. General Considerations |
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51 | |
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3.3. Genetic Fingerprinting |
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54 | |
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64 | |
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3.5. Diagnosis and Detection |
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65 | |
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3.6. Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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66 | |
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4 Molecular Approaches and the Taxonomy of Insect-parasitic and Pathogenic Nematodes |
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71 | |
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71 | |
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4.2. Nematode Diagnosis and the Barcode System |
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72 | |
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4.3. A Review of Molecular Approaches Considered for Insect-parasitic and Pathogenic Nematode Taxonomy |
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73 | |
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4.4. Techniques Considered for Obtaining DNA Sequences |
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75 | |
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93 | |
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4.6. Sequence Manipulation and Analysis |
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93 | |
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94 | |
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5 Identification and Diagnostics of Entomopathogenic Protozoa |
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101 | |
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101 | |
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5.2. Molecular Identification of Species and Strains |
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102 | |
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5.3. Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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123 | |
| PART II EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AND POPULATION GENETICS |
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129 | |
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6 Phylogenetic Studies with Entomopathogenic Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes |
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131 | |
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P. Tailliez and N. Boemare |
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131 | |
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132 | |
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6.3. Conclusions and Perspectives |
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141 | |
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7 Molecular Systematics of Entomopathogenic Fungi |
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145 | |
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145 | |
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7.2. Molecular Phylogenies of Fungi and the Origins of Entomopathogens |
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146 | |
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154 | |
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7.4. Species-level Phylogenies of Entomopathogenic Fungi |
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157 | |
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158 | |
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8 Phylogenetics and Population Genetics of Entomopathogenic and Insect-parasitic Nematodes |
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166 | |
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S.M. Peat, B.C. Hyman and B.J. Adams |
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166 | |
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167 | |
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168 | |
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168 | |
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8.5. DNA Markers Considered for Phylogenetic and 169 Population Genetics Studies |
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175 | |
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8.7. Co-phylogenesis and Cospeciation |
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182 | |
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8.8. Population Genetics Methods |
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184 | |
| PART III HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS |
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193 | |
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9 Host–Virus Interactions |
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195 | |
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J.P. Burand, M. Nakai and I. Smith |
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195 | |
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9.2. Use of Viruses as Insect Pest Control Agents |
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196 | |
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9.3. Development of Baculoviruses for Foreign Gene Expression |
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197 | |
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9.4. Insect Defences Against Viruses |
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201 | |
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9.5. Baculovirus Pathogenesis |
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202 | |
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9.6. Baculovirus Host Range |
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207 | |
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9.7. Unclassified DNA Viruses |
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210 | |
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9.8. Mechanisms of Insect Virus Persistence |
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212 | |
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9.9. Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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214 | |
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10 Insect–Protozoa–Bacteria Associations: a Model System for Investigating Host–Parasite Interactions |
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223 | |
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B.L. Weiss, G.M. Attarclo and S. Aksoy |
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223 | |
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10.2. Trypanosomatid Protozoa and Tsetse Flies |
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224 | |
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10.3. Molecular Approaches and Their Application to Study Insect Host immune Responses |
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226 | |
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10.4. Tsetse Ern' isymbionts |
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228 | |
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10.5. Control if Insect-borne Diseases |
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230 | |
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10.6. Current and Future Work |
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234 | |
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236 | |
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11 Methods in Investigating Nematode–Bacterium–Insect Symbiosis |
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241 | |
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H. Goodrich-Blair; D.J. Clarke, P.S. Grewal and T.A. Ciche |
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242 | |
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11.2. Molecular Tools to Study Entomopathogenic Nematodes |
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244 | |
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11.3. Basic Molecular Tools for the Study of Entomopathogcnic Bacteria |
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250 | |
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11.4. Techniques to Investigate Bacteria–Nematode Mutualism |
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258 | |
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11.5. Techniques in Studying EPB Virulence |
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261 | |
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11.6. Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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265 | |
| PART IV GENOMICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 2 |
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73 | |
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12 Genetic Engineering of Bacteria to Improve Efficacy Using the Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus Species |
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275 | |
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H.-W Park and B.A. Federici |
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275 | |
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12.2. Basic Biology of Bacillus thuringiensis |
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276 | |
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12.3. Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis |
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277 | |
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12.4. Genetic Factors Regulating Insecticidal Proteins |
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280 | |
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12.5. Construction of Recombinant Bacteria |
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281 | |
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12.6. Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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298 | |
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13 Genomic Analysis of the Symbiotic and Entomopathogenic Photorhabdus Bacteria |
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306 | |
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S. Gaudriaidt and E. Duchand |
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307 | |
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13.2. Sequencing and Annotation of Plwtorlialnlus Genomes |
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308 | |
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13.3. Main Features of the P haninescens Genome |
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310 | |
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13.4. Analogical Post-genomic Analysis |
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313 | |
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13.5. Post-genomic Analysis by a 'Blind' Approach |
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316 | |
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13.6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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325 | |
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14 Genomics of Entomopathogenic Viruses |
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329 | |
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J. Slack, Z. Li, S. Escasa, D. Doucet, T. Ladd, G. Quan and B. Arif |
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329 | |
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310 | |
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14.3. Analyses of DNA and Protein Sequences |
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335 | |
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14.4. Genetic Modification of Baculoviruses |
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339 | |
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342 | |
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15 Genomics and Genetic Improvement of Entomopathogenic Nematodes |
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346 | |
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346 | |
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15.2. Genomic Sequencing and Ilioinformaties |
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347 | |
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15.3. Functional Genomics: Towards Deciphering of Genomics and FSTs Sequences |
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353 | |
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15.4. Genetic Improvement |
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357 | |
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15.5. Conclusion and Future Prospects |
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358 | |
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16 Entomopathonic Fungi and the Genomics Era |
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365 | |
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R.J. St Leger and C. Wang |
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366 | |
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16.2. Procedures for Isolating Pathogen DNA |
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368 | |
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16.3. Procedures for Isolating Pathogen RNA |
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370 | |
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16.4. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis |
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371 | |
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16.5. Construction of Cloning and Expression Vector Components and Markers |
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372 | |
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16.6. Transformation Systems |
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376 | |
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16.7. Gene Cloning Strategies |
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379 | |
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16.8. Analysing Differential Gene Expression |
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389 | |
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392 | |
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16.10. Microarray Analysis |
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392 | |
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16.11. Targeted Gene Mutagenesis |
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394 | |
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395 | |
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395 | |
| Index |
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401 | |