Preface |
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iii | (8) |
Symbols |
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xi | |
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1. Metallic Resistance Heating Wire |
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1 | (62) |
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1.1 Standard Resistance Heating Alloys |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Metallurgical Background |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 Oxidation Resistance and Heater Life |
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6 | (18) |
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1.4 Influence of the Surroundings: Corrosion |
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24 | (3) |
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1.5 Mechanical Properties |
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27 | (4) |
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1.6 Magnetic Properties and Noise |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (10) |
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43 | (6) |
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49 | (1) |
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1.10 Comparison of Different Wire Alloys |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (2) |
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1.12 Ribbon and Ribbon Standard Sizes |
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54 | (4) |
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1.13 Weight of Wire and Ribbon |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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1.16 Checking Resistance Heating Wire |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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2. Wires (and Ribbons) Made of Materials Different From Resistance Heating Alloys |
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63 | (18) |
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2.1 Metals and Alloys for Low Operating Temperatures |
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63 | (11) |
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2.2 The Halogen Tubular Heater |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (3) |
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3. General Information About Electrical Heating Elements |
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81 | (88) |
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3.1 Definition of an Electrical Heating Element |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (14) |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (31) |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (14) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (10) |
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3.10 Element Surface Load and Temperature of Element and Wire |
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162 | (2) |
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3.11 Requirements for Elements |
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164 | (1) |
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3.12 Classification of Heating Elements |
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164 | (2) |
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3.13 Limits for Use of Metal Wires |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (18) |
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4.1 Elastically Suspended Wire or Ribbon |
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169 | (4) |
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4.2 Straight or Corrugated Wire or Ribbon on Fixed Supports |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (5) |
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181 | (3) |
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4.5 Suspended Punched Strip |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (48) |
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5.1 Wire and Ribbon on Ceramic Fiber |
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187 | (7) |
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5.2 Coil on Flat Ceramic Plate |
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194 | (1) |
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5.3 Wire on (Cylindrical) Ceramic |
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195 | (14) |
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209 | (5) |
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214 | (11) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (108) |
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6.1 Metal-Sheathed Tubular Element |
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236 | (70) |
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6.2 Powder-Filled Cartridge Element |
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306 | (4) |
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6.3 Embedded in Metal Groove |
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310 | (4) |
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314 | (1) |
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6.5 Cement-Insulated Element |
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314 | (1) |
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6.6 Sheathed Mica Element |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (17) |
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6.8 Heating Cable and Rope Heater |
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336 | (2) |
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6.9 Embedded Tube Heaters for Heating of Fluids |
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338 | (1) |
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6.10 Embedded in Ceramic Fiber |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (12) |
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344 | (4) |
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348 | (4) |
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7.3 Pressure-Sensitive Elements |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (18) |
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355 | (1) |
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8.2 PTC Elements of the Ceramic Type |
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356 | (13) |
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8.3 PTC Elements of the Polymer Type |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (2) |
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9. Silicon Carbide and Carbon Elements |
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373 | (4) |
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375 | (2) |
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10. Domestic Appliances and Heaters |
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377 | (6) |
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378 | (1) |
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10.2 Heating of Water and Beverages |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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10.4 Space Heating and Room Comfort |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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10.6 Individual Body Comfort |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
Appendix |
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383 | (66) |
Index |
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449 | |