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E-raamat: LTE Communications and Networks - Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges: Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges [Wiley Online]

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  • Formaat: 360 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111938527X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119385271
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 142,74 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
LTE Communications and Networks - Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges: Femtocells and Antenna Design ChallengesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 360 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111938527X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119385271
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119385271

A comprehensive resource to the latest developments of system enhancement techniques of Femtocells, power management, interference mitigation and antenna design

LTE Communications and Networks fills a gap in the literature to offer a comprehensive review of the most current developments of LTE Femtocells and antennas and explores their future growth. With contributions from a group of experts that represent the fields of wireless communications and mobile communications, signal processing and antenna design, this text identifies technical challenges and presents recent results related to the development, integration and enhancement of LTE systems in portable devices.

The authors examine topics such as application of cognitive radio with efficient sensing mechanisms, interference mitigation and power management schemes for the LTE systems. They also provide a comprehensive account of design challenges and approaches, performance enhancement techniques and effects of user’s presence on the LTE antennas. LTE Communications and Networks also highlights the promising technologies of multiband, multimode and reconfigurable antennas for efficient design of portable LTE devices. Designed to be a practical resource, this text:

  • Explores the interference mitigation, power control and spectrum management in LTE Femtocells and related issues
  • Contains information on the design challenges, different approaches, performance enhancement and application case scenarios for the LTE antennas 
  • Covers the most recent developments of system enhancement techniques in terms of Femtocells, power management, interference mitigation and antenna design
  • Includes contributions from leading experts in the field 

Written for industry professionals and researchers, LTE Communications and Networks is a groundbreaking book that presents a comprehensive treatment to the LTE systems in the context of Femtocells and antenna design and covers the wide range of issues related to the topic.

List of Contributors xv
Preface xvi
1 Introduction
1(18)
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
Masood Ur Rehman
1.1 Evolution of Wireless and Cellular Communication
2(3)
1.1.1 1 G
3(1)
1.1.2 2 G
3(1)
1.1.3 2.5 G
3(1)
1.1.4 2.75 G
4(1)
1.1.5 3 G
4(1)
1.1.6 3.5 G
4(1)
1.1.7 4 G/LTE
5(1)
1.2 LTE Architecture
5(6)
1.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks
8(1)
1.2.1.1 Signalling System
8(1)
1.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility
9(1)
1.2.1.3 BS Efficiency
9(1)
1.2.2 LTE Radio Frame
10(1)
1.3 LTE Antennas
11(1)
1.4 LTE Applications
11(3)
1.4.1 Communications
11(1)
1.4.2 Public Safety
12(1)
1.4.3 Device-to-Device Communications
12(1)
1.4.4 Video Streaming
12(1)
1.4.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
12(1)
1.4.6 Internet of Things
13(1)
1.4.7 Wearable Systems
13(1)
1.4.8 Cloud Computing
13(1)
1.5 Book Organization
14(2)
References
16(3)
Part I LTE Femtocells 19(166)
2 LTE Femtocells
21(17)
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
2.1 Introduction
21(5)
2.1.1 Cross-Tier Interference
22(2)
2.1.2 Co-Tier Interference
24(1)
2.1.3 Downlink Interference Modelling
24(1)
2.1.4 Uplink Interference Modelling
25(1)
2.2 Platform for Femtocell Deployment
26(1)
2.3 LTE Architecture Overview
26(2)
2.3.1 LTE Downlink Transmission
27(1)
2.3.2 LTE Uplink Transmission
27(1)
2.4 LTE Femtocell Interference Analysis
28(3)
2.4.1 Scenario 1: Cross-Tier Interference Analysis
28(1)
2.4.2 Scenario 2: Effects of Femtocell Access Mode Deployment
28(1)
2.4.3 Scenario 3: Co-Tier Interference Analysis
29(1)
2.4.4 Scenario 4: Effects of Varying FAP Transmit Power Levels on MUEs
29(2)
2.5 Interference Mitigation: Current State of the Art
31(2)
2.5.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment
31(1)
2.5.2 Power Control
32(1)
2.5.3 Antenna Schemes
33(1)
2.6 Cognitive Femtocells: A Smart Solution to a Complex Problem
33(2)
2.7 Summary
35(1)
References
36(2)
3 Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radio-Based LTE Femtocells
38(46)
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
3.1 Introduction
39(2)
3.2 Femtocells
41(8)
3.2.1 Femtocells - Interference versus Deployment
43(3)
3.2.2 Femtocells - Typical Interference Mitigation Techniques
46(1)
3.2.2.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment Schemes
46(1)
3.2.2.2 Power Control (PC) Schemes
46(1)
3.2.2.3 Antenna Schemes
48(1)
3.3 Interference Mitigation in Femtocells using Cognitive Radio
49(25)
3.3.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation
51(1)
3.3.1.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - PC
52(1)
3.3.1.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Spectrum Access
54(1)
3.3.1.3 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Antenna Schemes
64(1)
3.3.1.4 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Joint Schemes
66(4)
3.3.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation versus Conventional Interference Mitigation
70(4)
3.4 Summary
74(1)
References
75(9)
4 Coverage Area-Based Power Control for Interference Management in LTE Femtocells
84(20)
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
4.1 Introduction
85(3)
4.2 Coverage Radius Based Power Control Scheme (PS)
88(2)
4.2.1 Radius Limit Setting
89(1)
4.2.2 Initial Coverage Radius
89(1)
4.2.3 Self-Update
89(1)
4.2.4 Final Radius
89(1)
4.3 System Model
90(2)
4.4 Performance Analysis
92(8)
4.4.1 Results and Discussion
93(1)
4.4.1.1 SINR Cross-Tier (Single Cell)
93(1)
4.4.1.2 SINR Co-Tier (Single Cell)
94(1)
4.4.1.3 Downlink Throughput (Single Cell)
95(1)
4.4.1.4 Co- and Cross-Tier SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell)
96(1)
4.4.1.5 Droppage in SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell)
97(1)
4.4.1.6 Coverage Area Bounds and Impact on SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell)
99(1)
4.5 Summary
100(1)
References
101(3)
5 Energy Management in LTE Femtocells
104(46)
Kapil Kanwal
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
Masood Ur Rehman
Xiaodong Yang
5.1 Introduction
105(1)
5.2 Architecture of LTE Networks
105(3)
5.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks
106(1)
5.2.1.1 Signalling System
106(1)
5.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility
107(1)
5.2.1.3 BS Efficiency
107(1)
5.2.2 Importance of Energy Management in LTE Networks
108(1)
5.3 Classification of ES Schemes
108(5)
5.3.1 Static Power Consumption
109(1)
5.3.2 Dynamic Power Consumption
109(4)
5.4 Energy Efficient Resource Allocation
113(4)
5.4.1 Hybrid FBS and MBS Based Schemes
113(1)
5.4.2 Link Adaptation Schemes
114(1)
5.4.3 Cross Layer Resource Allocation Schemes
115(1)
5.4.4 MBSFN Resource Allocation Scheme
115(2)
5.5 Bandwidth Expansion Schemes
117(6)
5.5.1 CoMP Based Coverage Expansion
117(1)
5.5.2 Time Compression (TCoM) Scheme
118(1)
5.5.3 Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM) Scheme
119(2)
5.5.4 Component Carrier Based Schemes
121(1)
5.5.5 Scheduling Based Schemes
122(1)
5.6 Load Balancing Schemes
123(7)
5.6.1 Distance Aware Schemes
123(2)
5.6.2 Coverage Expansion Based Schemes
125(1)
5.6.3 Distributed Schemes
125(2)
5.6.4 Shared Relay Based Schemes
127(1)
5.6.5 CRN Adopted Switching Off of a BS
128(1)
5.6.6 Reduced Early Handover (REHO) Scheme
129(1)
5.7 Comparative Analysis
130(5)
5.8 Open Research Issues
135(4)
5.9 Summary
139(1)
References
140(10)
6 Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Based LTE Femtocells
150(35)
Tazeen S. Syed
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
6.1 Fundamentals of Signal Processing
151(4)
6.1.1 Channel Model
151(1)
6.1.1.1 Additive Gaussian Noise Channel
151(1)
6.1.1.2 Linear Filter Channel
152(1)
6.1.1.3 Band Limited Channel
153(1)
6.1.2 Modulation Technique
153(1)
6.1.3 Error Probability
154(1)
6.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques
155(11)
6.2.1 Primary Transmitter Detection
155(1)
6.2.1.1 Energy Detector
156(1)
6.2.1.2 Matched Filter Detection
158(1)
6.2.1.3 Cyclostationary Feature Detection
159(1)
6.2.1.4 Waveform Detection
160(1)
6.2.1.5 Wavelet Detection
161(1)
6.2.1.6 Hybrid Sensing
162(1)
6.2.1.7 Multi-Taper Spectrum Sensing
163(1)
6.2.2 Collaborative/Cooperative Detection
163(3)
6.2.3 Interference Temperature Detection
166(1)
6.2.4 Primary Receiver Detection
166(1)
6.3 History Assisted Spectrum Sensing
166(1)
6.4 Model- and Statistics-Based Spectrum Sensing Classification
167(5)
6.5 Challenges and Issues
172(4)
6.6 Summary
176(1)
References
177(8)
Part II Antennas for LTE Femtocells 185(147)
7 Antenna Consideration for LTE Femtocells
187(22)
Masood Ur Rehman
7.1 Antenna Fundamentals
187(9)
7.1.1 Input Impedance and Matching
188(1)
7.1.2 Bandwidth
189(1)
7.1.3 Radiation Pattern
190(1)
7.1.4 Directivity and Gain
191(2)
7.1.5 Efficiency
193(1)
7.1.6 Polarization
193(3)
7.2 Antenna Requirements for LTE Femtocells
196(10)
7.2.1 Frequency Bands
197(4)
7.2.2 Form Factor and Size Limitation
201(1)
7.2.3 Impedance Matching, Directivity, Gain and Efficiency
201(1)
7.2.4 Directionality
202(1)
7.2.5 Polarization
203(1)
7.2.6 Human Body Effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
204(1)
7.2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
205(1)
References
206(3)
8 Multiband Antennas for LTE Femtocells
209(21)
Masood Ur Rehman
Xiaodong Yang
8.1 Fundamentals of Multiband Antennas
209(2)
8.1.1 Multiband Techniques
210(1)
8.1.1.1 Higher Order Resonances
210(1)
8.1.1.2 Multiple Resonant Structures
211(1)
8.2 Types of Multiband Antennas
211(3)
8.3 Multiband Antenna Design: Case Studies
214(13)
8.3.1 Multi-Slot Antenna
215(1)
8.3.1.1 Antenna Geometry
215(1)
8.3.1.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation
215(5)
8.3.2 Patch-Loop Combination Antenna
220(1)
8.3.2.1 Antenna Configuration
220(1)
8.3.2.2 Antenna Performance
220(7)
8.4 Open Research Issues
227(1)
References
227(3)
9 Reconfigurable Antennas for LTE Femtocells
230(29)
Masood Ur Rehman
Waqas Farooq
9.1 Fundamentals of Reconfigurable Antennas
230(4)
9.1.1 Types of Reconfigurable Antennas
231(1)
9.1.1.1 Use of Switches
232(1)
9.1.1.2 Structural and Mechanical Changes
232(1)
9.1.1.3 Material Changes
234(1)
9.2 Realization of Reconfigurable Antennas
234(3)
9.3 Rectangular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna
237(9)
9.3.1 Design Conception
237(2)
9.3.2 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode
239(1)
9.3.3 Antenna Performance Evaluation
240(6)
9.4 Circular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna
246(7)
9.4.1 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode
248(1)
9.4.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation
248(5)
9.5 Open Research Issues
253(1)
References
254(5)
10 Multimode Antennas for LTE Femtocells
259(30)
Oluyemi Peter Falade
Xiaodong Chen
Masood Ur Rehman
10.1 Multimode Antennas: Fundamentals and Types
260(1)
10.2 Design of a Compact Multimode LTE Femtocell Antenna for Handheld Devices
261(7)
10.2.1 Numerical Analysis
263(3)
10.2.2 Experimental Investigation
266(2)
10.3 Design of a Multifunctional Compact Antenna for LTE Femtocells and GNSS Systems
268(16)
10.3.1 Numerical Analysis
273(6)
10.3.2 Experimental Investigation
279(5)
10.4 Summary
284(1)
10.5 Open Challenges and Issues
284(1)
References
284(5)
11 Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas
289(33)
Masood Ur Rehman
Qammer Hussain Abbasi
11.1 Interaction of the Human Body with Antennas
290(1)
11.2 Numerical Modelling of the Human Body
291(14)
11.2.1 Evaluation and Comparison of Numerical Models of Human Body
294(1)
11.2.1.1 On-Body Transmission
294(1)
11.2.1.2 Effects on Antenna Radiation Pattern
297(1)
11.2.1.3 Electric Field Distribution
299(1)
11.2.1.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
300(5)
11.3 Evaluation of Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas
305(11)
11.3.1 On-Body Antenna Placement
308(2)
11.3.2 Antenna-Body Separation
310(2)
11.3.3 On-Body LTE Channel Characterization
312(1)
11.3.4 On-Off Body LTE Channel Characterization
313(2)
11.3.5 Body-to-Body LTE Channel Characterization
315(1)
11.4 Open Research Issues
316(1)
References
317(5)
12 The Road Ahead for LTE Femtocells
322(10)
Masood Ur Rehman
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
12.1 Future Prospects and Challenges
323(7)
12.1.1 Spectrum Sharing
324(1)
12.1.2 Intelligent/Efficient Spectrum Sensing Schemes
324(1)
12.1.3 Primary/Secondary User Issue
325(1)
12.1.4 Energy Saving
325(1)
12.1.5 Security
326(1)
12.1.6 Pilot Power/Coverage Radius Issue
326(1)
12.1.7 Signalling Overhead
326(1)
12.1.8 Proximity Services
326(1)
12.1.9 The Internet-of-Things (IoT)
327(1)
12.1.10 The Age of Big Data
328(1)
12.1.11 5G and Femtocells
328(1)
12.1.12 Antenna Design and Channel Modelling
328(2)
References
330(2)
Index 332
DR. MASOOD UR REHMAN is a Lecturer in Electronic Engineering at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. He has authored four books, eight book chapters, more than eighty technical papers in leading journals and peer-reviewed conferences, and one patent in the area of antennas and RF systems.

DR. GHAZANFAR ALI SAFDAR is a Senior Lecturer in Computer Networking at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. He has authored two books, nine book chapters and approximately sixty research papers in renowned journals and peer-reviewed conferences in the area of wireless communications and networking.
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