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E-raamat: Lubricant Analysis and Condition Monitoring [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Pathmaster Marketing Ltd., England)
  • Formaat: 380 pages, 32 Tables, black and white; 44 Line drawings, black and white; 48 Halftones, black and white; 92 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003245254
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 230,81 €*
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  • Tavahind: 329,73 €
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Lubricant Analysis and Condition MonitoringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 380 pages, 32 Tables, black and white; 44 Line drawings, black and white; 48 Halftones, black and white; 92 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003245254
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003245254
Almost all mechanical devices used in every industry require lubrication. Lubricant Analysis and Condition Monitoring explains the benefits of identifying, planning, implementing and using lubricant and machine condition monitoring programmes to extend the lifetimes of both lubricants and machines, to achieve maximum productivity and profitability while reducing impacts on waste and the environment.

This book:











Offers a comprehensive overview of all types of tests used in lubricant condition monitoring programmes





Discusses monitoring the condition of all types of components, machines, equipment and systems used in all industries





Considers new and emerging machines, equipment and systems, including electric and hybrid vehicles





Suggests which tests to use for each type of machine, equipment or system and, just as importantly, which tests not to use





Provides practical examples of how to set up, run and manage condition monitoring programmes and how to achieve significant cost savings through planned and predictive maintenance schedules

Gathering vital information that users of lubricants need in one place, this book is of practical use to mechanical, maintenance, manufacturing and marine engineers as well as metallurgists, chemists and maintenance technicians.
Preface xv
Author xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Purpose
1(4)
1.2 Approach
5(8)
Chapter 2 Reasons for Analysing Lubricants and Monitoring Their Condition
13(18)
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Methods to Define Lubricant Service Life
15(2)
2.3 Chemical Causes of Lubricant Deterioration
17(2)
2.4 Physical Causes of Lubricant Deterioration
19(2)
2.5 Deterioration of Machines and Equipment
21(2)
2.6 Relationships between Lubricant and Machine Deterioration
23(1)
2.7 Root Cause Analysis of Problems or Failures
24(2)
2.8 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
26(2)
2.9 Summary
28(3)
Chapter 3 Sampling Lubricants
31(20)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Sample Bottles
31(5)
3.3 Methods for Taking Lubricant Samples
36(8)
3.3.1 Oil Samples
36(1)
3.3.1.1 Drop Tube Sampling
36(1)
3.3.1.2 Drain Port Sampling
37(1)
3.3.1.3 Valve Sampling
38(2)
3.3.1.4 Safety Factors
40(1)
3.3.2 Grease Samples
40(4)
3.4 Sampling Locations
44(3)
3.4.1 Sampling Dry-Sump Circulating Systems
45(1)
3.4.2 Sampling Wet-Sump Circulating Systems
46(1)
3.4.3 Sampling Non-circulating Systems
46(1)
3.4.4 Multiple Sampling Points
46(1)
3.5 Sampling Frequency
47(2)
3.6 Summary
49(2)
Chapter 4 Testing New Lubricants
51(18)
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Organisations that Develop and Specify Tests for Lubricants
51(7)
4.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials
52(1)
4.2.2 Coordinating European Council
52(1)
4.2.3 Institute of Petroleum (The Energy Institute)
53(1)
4.2.4 International Standards Organization
53(1)
4.2.5 Society of Automotive Engineers
54(1)
4.2.6 Comite Europeen de Normalisation
55(1)
4.2.7 Deutsches Institut fiir Normung
56(1)
4.2.8 American National Standards Institute
56(1)
4.2.9 Association Francais de Normalisation
57(1)
4.2.10 Japanese Automobile Standards Organization
58(1)
4.3 Sources of Defects with New Lubricants
58(2)
4.4 Particulate Contaminants
60(1)
4.5 Moisture Contamination
61(1)
4.6 Establishing a Baseline for Subsequent Testing and Monitoring
62(1)
4.7 Lubricant Storage
63(4)
4.7.1 Storage Vessels and Containers
63(1)
4.7.1.1 Bulk Storage in Tanks
63(1)
4.7.1.2 Drum Storage
63(1)
4.7.1.3 Plastic Bottles and Tin-Plate Cans
64(1)
4.7.2 Siting the Lubricants Store
64(1)
4.7.2.1 Indoor Storage
65(1)
4.7.2.2 Outdoor Storage
66(1)
4.7.2.3 Storage of Special Types of Lubricant
66(1)
4.8 Dispensing Lubricants
67(1)
4.9 Summary
67(2)
Chapter 5 Testing Lubricants in Use
69(20)
5.1 Introduction
69(1)
5.2 Procedures for In-Service Testing of Lubricants
69(7)
5.2.1 Field Test Kits
69(3)
5.2.2 In-House Laboratories
72(1)
5.2.3 Independent Laboratories
72(4)
5.3 Sample Transportation
76(1)
5.4 Lubricant Analysis Flagging Limits
77(2)
5.5 Trend Analysis
79(5)
5.6 Lubrication and Lubricant Problems and Their Resolution
84(3)
5.7 Summary
87(2)
Chapter 6 Chemical Tests for Lubricants
89(36)
6.1 Introduction
89(1)
6.2 Chemical Tests for Oils
89(29)
6.2.1 Acid Number
89(1)
6.2.2 Base Number
90(2)
6.2.3 Oxidation Resistance
92(4)
6.2.4 Anti-Oxidant Content
96(1)
6.2.5 Varnish Formation Potential
97(2)
6.2.6 Corrosion Resistance
99(2)
6.2.7 Copper Corrosion
101(2)
6.2.8 Emulsion Characteristics
103(1)
6.2.9 Demulsibility
103(1)
6.2.10 Hydrolytic Stability
104(1)
6.2.11 Foaming Properties
105(1)
6.2.12 Carbon Residue
106(2)
6.2.13 Ash and Sulphated Ash
108(1)
6.2.14 Insolubles Contents
109(1)
6.2.15 Dissolved Gas Analysis
110(1)
6.2.16 Water Content
110(2)
6.2.17 Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Contents
112(1)
6.2.18 Metals Contents
113(3)
6.2.19 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
116(2)
6.3 Chemical Tests for Greases
118(4)
6.3.1 Corrosion Resistance
118(2)
6.3.2 Copper Corrosion
120(1)
6.3.3 Oxidation Resistance
120(1)
6.3.4 Metals Contents
121(1)
6.4 Future Chemical Tests for Oils and Greases
122(1)
6.5 Summary
122(3)
Chapter 7 Physical Tests for Lubricants
125(38)
7.1 Introduction
125(1)
7.2 Physical Tests for Oils
125(31)
7.2.1 Colour
125(1)
7.2.2 Density
126(2)
7.2.3 Kinematic and Dynamic Viscosity
128(4)
7.2.4 Apparent Viscosity
132(2)
7.2.5 Low-Temperature Viscosity
134(4)
7.2.6 Viscosity Index
138(1)
7.2.7 Pour Point
139(1)
7.2.8 FlashPoint
140(2)
7.2.9 Volatility
142(2)
7.2.10 Air Release
144(1)
7.2.11 Electrical Properties
145(3)
7.2.12 Ultrasound
148(1)
7.2.13 Particle Counts
149(5)
7.2.14 Ferrography
154(2)
7.3 Physical Tests for Greases
156(5)
7.3.1 Penetration
156(1)
7.3.2 Apparent Viscosity
157(1)
7.3.3 Pumpability and Flow Properties
158(2)
7.3.4 Dropping Point
160(1)
7.3.5 Oil Separation
160(1)
7.3.6 Tackiness
161(1)
7.4 Future Physical Tests for Oils and Greases
161(1)
7.5 Summary
162(1)
Chapter 8 Mechanical Rig Tests for Lubricants
163(18)
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Requirements for Mechanical Rig Tests for Lubricants
164(2)
8.3 Mechanical Rig Tests for Oils and Greases
166(13)
8.3.1 Four-Ball Wear and Weld Load Tests
166(1)
8.3.2 Falex Pin and Vee Tests
167(1)
8.3.3 Timken Machine Test
168(2)
8.3.4 SRV Tests
170(2)
8.3.5 Pin-on-Disk Tests
172(1)
8.3.6 FE-8 Bearing Rig Test
173(1)
8.3.7 FZG Test
174(1)
8.3.8 Filterability Tests
175(1)
8.3.9 Shear Stability Tests
176(3)
8.4 Future Mechanical Rig Tests for Oils and Greases
179(1)
8.5 Summary
180(1)
Chapter 9 Engine Tests for Lubricants
181(8)
9.1 Introduction
181(1)
9.2 Engine Tests
181(1)
9.3 Field Tests
182(5)
9.4 Summary
187(2)
Chapter 10 Condition Monitoring of Engines
189(24)
10.1 Introduction
189(1)
10.2 Gasoline and Light-Duty Diesel Engine Oils Used in Cars, Vans and Taxis
190(4)
10.3 Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils Used in Trucks and Buses
194(3)
10.3.1 Oil Drain Intervals
194(1)
10.3.2 Wear Metals
195(1)
10.3.3 Fuel Contamination
195(1)
10.3.4 Coolant Contamination
196(1)
10.3.5 Other Contaminants and Products of Degradation
196(1)
10.3.6 Lubricant Formulations and Additives
196(1)
10.3.7 Alarm Limits for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils
197(1)
10.4 Oils Used in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
197(5)
10.5 Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Oils Used in Motorcycle Engines
202(1)
10.6 Oils Used in Marine Engines
202(3)
10.6.1 Two-Stroke and Four Stroke Diesel Engine Oils
202(2)
10.6.2 Liquefied Natural Gas Engine Oils
204(1)
10.7 Natural Gas and Biogas Engine Oils
205(4)
10.8 Industrial and Off-Highway Engine Oils
209(1)
10.9 Railroad Engine Oils
210(2)
10.10 Summary
212(1)
Chapter 11 Condition Monitoring of Gears and Transmissions
213(30)
11.1 Introduction
213(1)
11.2 Types of Gears and Their Lubrication
213(5)
11.3 Monitoring of Automotive Gears
218(1)
11.4 Automatic Transmissions
218(2)
11.5 Monitoring Industrial Gears
220(5)
11.6 Bearings
225(5)
11.7 Wind Turbines
230(3)
11.8 Chains
233(3)
11.9 Couplings
236(6)
11.10 Summary
242(1)
Chapter 12 Condition Monitoring of Hydraulic Systems
243(28)
12.1 Introduction
243(1)
12.2 Hydraulic Oil and Hydraulic System Issues
243(6)
12.3 Hydraulic Oil Performance
249(1)
12.4 Monitoring Hydraulic Oils and Systems
250(8)
12.5 Hydraulic Fluid Filtration and Contamination Control
258(8)
12.6 Monitoring Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
266(3)
12.6.1 High Water-Based Hydraulic Fluids
266(1)
12.6.2 Water Glycol Hydraulic Fluids
267(1)
12.6.3 Phosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids
267(2)
12.7 Summary
269(2)
Chapter 13 Condition Monitoring of Compressors and Turbines
271(32)
13.1 Introduction
271(7)
13.2 Air Compressors
278(4)
13.3 Gas Compressors
282(3)
13.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors
285(3)
13.5 Steam and Gas Turbines for Electricity Generation
288(8)
13.6 Aviation Gas Turbines
296(3)
13.7 Water (Hydroelectric) Turbines
299(2)
13.8 Summary
301(2)
Chapter 14 Condition Monitoring of Metalworking and Production Engineering Fluids and Pastes
303(38)
14.1 Introduction
303(1)
14.2 Production Engineering Processes
303(7)
14.2.1 Metalworking and Metal Forming
303(5)
14.2.2 Heat Treatment (Quenching)
308(1)
14.2.3 Temporary Corrosion Protection
309(1)
14.3 Types of Metalworking Fluids
310(3)
14.4 Types of Metal Forming Fluids and Pastes
313(3)
14.5 Types of Heat Treatment Fluids
316(3)
14.5.1 Quenching Oils
316(1)
14.5.2 Polymer Quenchants
317(1)
14.5.3 Water and Salt Solution Quenchants
318(1)
14.6 Types of Temporary Corrosion Protectives
319(1)
14.7 Testing Methods for Production Engineering Fluids and Pastes
320(11)
14.8 Monitoring and Control Methods
331(7)
14.8.1 Metalworking Fluids
331(4)
14.8.2 Metal Forming Fluids and Pastes
335(1)
14.8.3 Heat Treatment Fluids
336(2)
14.8.4 Temporary Corrosion Preventatives
338(1)
14.9 Presentation of Results
338(1)
14.10 Summary
339(2)
Chapter 15 Condition Monitoring of Automotive and Industrial Greases
341(12)
15.1 Introduction
341(1)
15.2 Types of Greases and Solid Lubricants
341(3)
15.3 General Condition Monitoring for Greases
344(1)
15.4 Grease Lubrication for Bearings
345(2)
15.5 Monitoring Automotive Greases
347(1)
15.6 Monitoring Industrial Greases
347(5)
15.7 Summary
352(1)
Chapter 16 Lubricant Condition Monitoring Programmes, Their Implementation, Benefits and How to Avoid Problems
353(16)
16.1 Introduction
353(1)
16.2 Developing a Condition Monitoring Programme
353(4)
16.3 Predictive Maintenance of Machines, Equipment and Systems
357(1)
16.4 Lubricant Sampling Issues
358(4)
16.5 Contamination Control
362(1)
16.6 Assessing Analytical Results and Trend Analysis
363(2)
16.7 Solving and Correcting Problems
365(2)
16.8 Summary
367(2)
Glossary 369(4)
Index 373
David Whitby is Chief Executive of Pathmaster Marketing Ltd, a business development consultancy for the international downstream oil, gas and energy industries, which he founded in 1992. Pathmaster Marketing has advised clients in the UK, France, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Russia, the US, Canada, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, South Africa, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Australia on business planning, business strategy, market development and technology commercialisation. Specialist sectors include lubricants, fuels, new energies and speciality chemicals.

An Australian by birth, David began his career with British Petroleum, as a process chemist in a refinery in Western Australia. He worked for BP for 22 years in a number of management positions, including Marketing and Business Development Manager at Kalsep (an advanced separations company), Business Manager at BP Ventures, Project Leader for Industrial Lubricants at BP Research and Marketing Services Officer at Duckhams Oils.

David was Programme Director for Lubricants Courses at the Oxford Princeton Programme and he ran the Advanced Lubrication Training Programme for the UK Lubricants Association. He has written numerous papers and articles on lubricants, has chaired and lectured to international conferences and directed over 120 training lubricants courses in more than 30 countries. He writes the bimonthly "Worldwide" column for Tribology and Lubrication Tribology, published by the US Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers.

In addition to running Pathmaster Marketing, David was Non-Executive Chairman of Microbial Solutions Ltd., a start-up from the University of Oxford, from 2007 to 2015, and a Non-Executive Director of the Sonic Development Company Ltd., from 1998 to 2003. His first book, "Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance", was published by CRC Press in 2019.

David has lived in Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, for more than 38 years and is married with two daughters and four grandchildren.
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