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E-raamat: Marathi [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

  • Formaat: 680 pages
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jul-1997
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9780203168547
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Marathi
  • Formaat: 680 pages
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jul-1997
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9780203168547
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203168547
A complete grammatical description of Marathi, which belongs to the Indo-European family and is spoken in Maharashtra State in India.
Acknowledgements xxviii(2)
Key to abbreviations xxx(3)
Maps
xxxiii(2)
Introduction xxxv
SYNTAX 1(272)
1.1 GENERAL QUESTIONS
1(124)
1.1.1 SENTENCE TYPES
1(60)
1.1.1.1 Direct speech and indirect speech
1(6)
1.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences
7(35)
1.1.1.2.1 Yes-no questions
7(4)
1.1.1.2.1.1 Neutral yes-no questions
7(1)
1.1.1.2.1.2 Leading questions
8(2)
1.1.1.2.1.2.1-2 Degree of certainty of answers to leading questions
10(1)
1.1.1.2.1.3 Alternative questions
10(1)
1.1.1.2.2 Question-word questions
11(21)
1.1.1.2.2.1 Constituents of the sentence that can be questioned
16(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be questioned
16(7)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be questioned
20(3)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1 Non-finite clauses
21(2)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.1 Infinitival clauses
21(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.2 Participial clauses
22(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.3 Nominalized clauses
22(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.3 Constituents of noun phrases that can be questioned
23(5)
1.1.1.2.2.1.4 Constituents of postpositional phrases that can be questioned
28(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.5 Constituents of coordinate structures that can be questioned
29(2)
1.1.1.2.2.1.6 Number of sentence constituents that can be questioned
31(1)
1.1.1.2.2.2 - 1.1.1.2.2.2.1 Status of the questioned element
32(1)
1.1.1.2.3 Echo questions
32(5)
1.1.1.2.3.1 Yes-no echo questions
32(3)
1.1.1.2.3.2 Question-word echo questions
35(1)
1.1.1.2.3.3 Yes-no question echo questions
36(1)
1.1.1.2.3.4-7 Elements of the sentence that can be questioned in echo questions
36(1)
1.1.1.2.4 Answers
37(5)
1.1.1.2.4.1 - 1.1.1.2.4.1.3 Answers not market as distinct speech acts
37(1)
1.1.1.2.4.2 Answers in the form of incomplete sentences
37(5)
1.1.1.2.4.2.1 Minimum answers to yes-no questions
38(3)
1.1.1.2.4.2.1.1 Response particles `yes' and no'
39(1)
1.1.1.2.4.2.1.2 Answers to leading questions
40(1)
1.1.1.2.4.2.2 Answers to question-word questions
41(1)
1.1.1.3 Imperatives
42(19)
1.1.1.3.1 Positive imperative
42(13)
1.1.1.3.1.1 Possible person-number combinations
42(11)
1.1.1.3.1.1.1 The direct imperative
42(2)
1.1.1.3.1.1.2 The optative
44(3)
1.1.1.3.1.1.3 The suggestive
47(1)
1.1.1.3.1.1.4 The obligative
48(3)
1.1.1.3.1.1.5 The future obligative
51(1)
1.1.1.3.1.1.6 The future
52(1)
1.1.1.3.1.1.7 Prohibitive
53(1)
1.1.1.3.1.2 Degrees of imperative
53(2)
1.1.1.3.1.2.1 Use of pahu and bara in imperative sentences
54(1)
1.1.1.3.2 - 1.1.1.3.2.2 The negative imperative
55(2)
1.1.1.3.3 Other devices of expressing imperatives
57(4)
1.1.1.3.3.1 Yes-no questions as imperatives
57(4)
1.1.1.3.3.2 Question-word questions as imperatives
58(1)
1.1.1.3.3.3 Statements as generic imperatives
58(1)
1.1.1.3.3.4 Parallel statements as negative imperatives
58(1)
1.1.1.3.3.5 Performatives as imperatives
59(1)
1.1.1.3.3.6 Contingent forms as negative imperatives
59(1)
1.1.1.3.3.7 Imprecation (cursing)
59(1)
1.1.1.3.3.8 Statements (implying advice) as imperatives
60(1)
1.1.1.3.3.9 Questions as imperatives
61(1)
1.1.2 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
61(64)
1.1.2.1 General markers of subordination
61(1)
1.1.2.2 Noun clauses
62(14)
1.1.2.2.1 Marking of noun clauses
62(1)
1.1.2.2.2 Types of noun clauses
63(4)
1.1.2.2.2.1 Finite noun phrase complements
63(1)
1.1.2.2.2.2 Non-finite noun phrase complements
64(1)
1.1.2.2.2.3 Finite verbal complements
65(1)
1.1.2.2.2.3.1 Complementizer ki construction
65(1)
1.1.2.2.2.4 Non-finite verbal complements
66(1)
1.1.2.2.3 Indirect statements
67(2)
1.1.2.2.4 Indirect questions
69(2)
1.1.2.2.5 Indirect commands
71(1)
1.1.2.2.6 - 1.1.2.2.6.7 Non-finite noun clauses
72(4)
1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses)
76(27)
1.1.2.3.1 Marking the sentential relative clause
76(4)
1.1.2.3.2 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
80(4)
1.1.2.3.3 - 1.1.2.3.3.3 Position of the head noun
84(1)
1.1.2.3.4 - 1.1.2.3.4.4 Form of the relativized element
84(1)
1.1.2.3.5 - 1.1.2.3.5.3 Position of relativized element
85(1)
1.1.2.3.6 Headless relative clauses
86(2)
1.1.2.3.7 Elements of the sentence that can be relativized
88(15)
1.1.2.3.7.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized
88(4)
1.1.2.3.7.1.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized by finite/sentential relative clauses
88(1)
1.1.2.3.7.1.2 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized by participial clauses
89(3)
1.1.2.3.7.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be relativized
92(5)
1.1.2.3.7.2.1 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be relativized by the sentential relative clause
92(2)
1.1.2.3.7.2.2 Constituents of subordinate clauses that can be relativized by the participial relative
94(3)
1.1.2.3.7.3 Elements of noun phrases that can be relativized
97(3)
1.1.2.3.7.4 Elements of postpositional phrases that can be relativized
100(1)
1.1.2.3.7.5 Elements of coordinate structures that can be relativized
100(3)
1.1.2.4 Adverb clauses
103(21)
1.1.2.4.1 Marking and position
103(1)
1.1.2.4.2 Different types of adverb clauses
103(21)
1.1.2.4.2.1 Adverb clauses of time
103(6)
1.1.2.4.2.1.1 Finite clauses with relative clause-like time markers
103(2)
1.1.2.4.2.1.2 Participial non-finite constructions
105(4)
1.1.2.4.2.2 Manner
109(2)
1.1.2.4.2.2.1 Relative clause-like manner adverbial clauses
109(1)
1.1.2.4.2.2.2 Participial constructions as manner adverbials
110(1)
1.1.2.4.2.3 Purpose
111(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4 Cause
112(3)
1.1.2.4.2.4.1 Finite clause marked with karan `because'
112(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4.2 Gerund
113(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4.3 Infinitive
114(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4.4 Participles
114(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4.5 Conjunctive particle ani `and'
115(1)
1.1.2.4.2.5 Conditional and concessive clauses
115(5)
1.1.2.4.2.5.1 Conditional clauses
115(4)
1.1.2.4.2.5.2 Concessive clauses
119(1)
1.1.2.4.2.6 Results
120(1)
1.1.2.4.2.7 Degree
121(3)
1.1.2.4.2.7.1 Clauses of comparative degree
121(1)
1.1.2.4.2.7.2 Equative
122(2)
1.1.2.4.3 Non-finite comparative clauses
124(1)
1.1.2.5 - 1.1.2.5.1 Sequence of tenses
124(1)
1.2 STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS
125(33)
1.2.1 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE
125(16)
1.2.1.1 Copular sentences
125(4)
1.2.1.1.1-3 Copular sentences with nominal, adjectival, and adverbial complements
125(1)
1.2.1.1.4-5 Retention and deletion of copula
126(1)
1.2.1.1.6 Different types of copula
127(2)
1.2.1.2 Verbal sentences
129(9)
1.2.1.2.1 Subject
129(4)
1.2.1.2.2 Direct object
133(3)
1.2.1.2.3 Indirect object
136(1)
1.2.1.2.4 Other types of verbal arguments oblique objects
137(1)
1.2.1.2.5 Combination of arguments
137(1)
1.2.1.2.6 Order of arguments
138(1)
1.2.1.3 Adverbials
138(3)
1.2.1.3.1 - 1.2.1.3.1.1-2 Types of adverbials
138(2)
1.2.1.3.1.3 Cases of noun phrases
140(1)
1.2.1.3.1.4.1-2 Adverbial clauses
140(1)
1.2.1.3.2 Position of adverbials
140(1)
1.2.1.3.3 Optionality of adverbs
141(1)
1.2.2 ADJECTIVE PHRASES
141(3)
1.2.2.1 Definition
141(2)
1.2.2.1.1 Operational definition of adjective phrases
142(1)
1.2.2.2 Adjectivals with arguments
143(1)
1.2.2.3 Adverbial modification of adjectives
144(1)
1.2.3 ADVERBIAL PHRASES
144(3)
1.2.3.1 Definition
144(2)
1.2.3.2 Adverbial modifiers of adverbials
146(1)
1.2.4 - 1.2.4.3.5 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES
147(2)
1.2.4.4 Cases governed by postpositions
148(1)
1.2.5 NOUN PHRASE (NOMINAL CONSTITUENT)
149(9)
1.2.5.1 Definition
149(1)
1.2.5.2 Modifiers in noun phrases
150(6)
1.2.5.2.1 Attributive adjectives
150(1)
1.2.5.2.2 Relative clauses
150(1)
1.2.5.2.3 Possessive adjectives
150(1)
1.2.5.2.4-5 Articles and demonstrative objects
151(1)
1.2.5.2.6 Quantifiers and numerals
151(2)
1.2.5.2.7 Adverbials
153(1)
1.2.5.2.8 Emphatic markers and limiters
154(1)
1.2.5.2.9 Comparative/superlative/equative structures
154(1)
1.2.5.2.10 Other elements
155(1)
1.2.5.3-4 Co-occurrence and combination of modifiers
156(1)
1.2.5.5 Order of constituents in the noun phrase
157(1)
1.3 COORDINATION
158(24)
1.3.1.1 Sentence coordination
158(5)
1.3.1.1.1 `and' coordination
159(1)
1.3.1.1.2 `but' coordination
160(2)
1.3.1.1.3 `or' coordination
162(1)
1.3.1.2 - 1.3.1.2.3 Number of coordinators
163(1)
1.3.1.3 Coordination of major categories
163(5)
1.3.1.3.1 `and' coordination
163(1)
1.3.1.3.2 `but' coordination
164(1)
1.3.1.3.3 `or' coordination
165(3)
1.3.1.4 Coordination and accompaniment
168(1)
1.3.1.5 Structural parallelism and coordination
169(13)
1.3.1.5.1 Adjectives and participial constructions
170(1)
1.3.1.5.2 Nouns and nominalized constructions
171(1)
1.3.1.5.3 Different types of adverbials
172(2)
1.3.1.5.4 Active and passive verbs
174(1)
1.3.1.5.5 Coordination of different categories of verbs
175(1)
1.3.2.1 - 1.3.3.3 Elements of the sentence that can be omitted under identity in coordination
175(1)
1.3.3.4 Verb agreement in coordination
176(6)
1.4 NEGATION
182(13)
1.4.1 SENTENCE NEGATION
182(7)
1.4.1.1 Negation as a finite/auxiliary verb
186(2)
1.4.1.2 Negation in modals
188(1)
1.4.1.3 Negation and tense
188(1)
1.4.2 CONSTITUENT NEGATION
189(1)
1.4.3 MULTIPLE NEGATIVES
190(1)
1.4.4 NEGATION AND COORDINATION
191(1)
1.4.5 NEGATION AND SUBORDINATION (NEG RAISING)
192(1)
1.4.6 UNIVERSAL NEGATION
193(2)
1.5 ANAPHORA
195(12)
1.5.1 - 1.5.1.2 MEANS OF EXPRESSING ANAPHORA
195(3)
1.5.1.3 Personal pronouns
197(1)
1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronouns
197(1)
1.5.1.5-6 Other means of expressing anaphora
198(1)
1.5.2 ANAPHORA IN DIFFERENT SYNTACTIC CONTEXTS
198(9)
1.5.2.1 Anaphora within the clause
198(1)
1.5.2.2 Anaphora in coordinate structures
199(2)
1.5.2.3 Anaphora between superordinate and subordinate clauses
201(5)
1.5.2.3.1 Anaphora between a superordinate and a following subordinate clause
201(1)
1.5.2.3.2 Anaphora between a superordinate and a preceding subordinate clauses
202(2)
1.5.2.3.3 Anaphora between a non-finite subordinate clause and a superordinate clause
204(2)
1.5.2.4 Anaphora between different subordinate clauses
206(1)
1.5.2.5 Anaphora between different sentences
207(1)
1.6 REFLEXIVES
207(12)
1.6.1 MEANS OF EXPRESSING REFLEXIVITY
207(1)
1.6.2 SCOPE OF REFLEXIVITY
207(4)
1.6.3 POSITION OF THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
211(1)
1.6.4-5 POSSIBLE RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTECEDENT AND REFLEXIVE
212(4)
1.6.6 REFLEXIVE RELATIONS WITHIN NOMINALIZED CLAUSES
216(1)
1.6.7 REFLEXIVE RELATIONS WITHIN ORDINARY NOUN PHRASES
217(1)
1.6.8 REFLEXIVES WITHOUT OVERT ANTECEDENTS
217(1)
1.6.9 OTHER USES OF REFLEXIVE FORMS
218(1)
1.6.9.1 Reflexive pronouns as emphatic pronoun
218(1)
1.6.9.2 Reflexive as an adverb
219(1)
1.6.9.3 Codependency of the coreferential referents
219(1)
1.7 RECIPROCALS
219(3)
1.8 COMPARISON
222(5)
1.8.1-3 MEANS OF EXPRESSING COMPARISON
222(3)
1.8.4 ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE OMITTED UNDER IDENTITY
225(1)
1.8.5 TWO TYPES OF COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE
225(1)
1.8.6 CORRELATIVE COMPARISON
226(1)
1.8.7 SUPERLATIVE
226(1)
1.9 EQUATIVES
227(2)
1.10 POSSESSION
229(5)
1.10.1 SENTENCE TYPES EXPRESSING POSSESSION
229(2)
1.10.2 ALIENABLE AND INALIENABLE POSSESSION
231(1)
1.10.3 TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT POSSESSION
231(1)
1.10.4-5 POSSESSION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENTITIES
231(2)
1.10.6 OTHER
233(1)
1.11 EMPHASIS
234(18)
1.11.1 SENTENCE EMPHASIS
234(16)
1.11.1.1 Non-contradictory emphasis
234(3)
1.11.1.2 Contradictory emphasis
237(1)
1.11.2.1 Constituent emphasis
238(12)
1.11.2.1.1 Emphatic stress
238(1)
1.11.2.1.2 Emphatic particles
239(4)
1.11.2.1.3 Movement of emphasized element
243(1)
1.11.2.1.4-5 Clefting and pseudoclefting
244(1)
1.11.2.1.6 Emphasis by dislocation
245(2)
1.11.2.1.7 Repetition
247(1)
1.11.2.1.8 Inversion
248(1)
1.11.2.1.9 Combinations of devices to express emphasis
249(1)
1.11.2.2.1 - 1.11.2.2.2.4 Elements that may be emphasized
249(1)
1.11.2.2.2.5 Emphasis of more than one constituent simultaneously
250(1)
1.11.3 FOCUS OF YES-NO QUESTIONS
250(2)
1.12 TOPIC
252(2)
1.12.1 MEANS OF INDICATING THE TOPIC OF A SENTENCE
252(2)
1.12.2 ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE TOPICALIZED
254(1)
1.12.3 OBLIGATORY OPTIONAL STATUS OF TOPICALIZATION
254(1)
1.13 HEAVY SHIFT
254(6)
1.13.1 HEAVY SHIFT PROCESSES
254(1)
1.13.2 STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO HEAVY SHIFT
255(3)
1.13.2.1 Adjective phrases
255(1)
1.13.2.2 Noun phrases
255(3)
1.13.2.3 Adverb phrases
258(1)
1.13.3-4 LANDING SITES OF HEAVY STRUCTURES
258(2)
1.13.5 HEAVY SHIFT WITH ELEMENTS ADJACENT TO COMPLEMENTIZERS
260(1)
1.14 OTHER MOVEMENT PROCESSES
260(1)
1.15 MINOR SENTENCE TYPES
260(8)
1.15.1 VOCATIVES
261(2)
1.15.2 EXCLAMATIONS
263(2)
1.15.3 GREETINGS
265(1)
1.15.4 TOPIC QUESTIONS
265(1)
1.15.5 SHORT ANSWERS
266(1)
1.15.6 INFINITIVE SENTENCES
267(1)
1.15.7 NONCHALANT EXPRESSIONS
267(1)
1.16 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF WORD CLASSES
268(5)
1.16.1 NOUN
268(1)
1.16.2 PRONOUN
268(1)
1.16.3 VERB
269(1)
1.16.4 ADJECTIVE
269(1)
1.16.5 POSTPOSITION
270(1)
1.16.6 NUMERAL AND QUANTIFIER
270(2)
1.16.7 PARTICLE
272(1)
MORPHOLOGY 273(264)
2.1 INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
273(186)
2.1.1 NOUN INFLECTION
273(102)
2.1.1.1 Means used to express syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases
273(10)
2.1.1.2 Expression of syntactic functions
283(21)
2.1.1.2.1 Subject of intransitive verbs
283(1)
2.1.1.2.2 Subject of transitive verbs
284(1)
2.1.1.2.3 Subject of copular constructions
285(1)
2.1.1.2.3.1 Subject of `dative subject constructions'
285(1)
2.1.1.2.4 Direct object
286(6)
2.1.1.2.5 Indirect object
292(1)
2.1.1.2.6 Object of comparisons
293(1)
2.1.1.2.7 Object of equation
293(2)
2.1.1.2.8 Other objects governed by verbs
295(2)
2.1.1.2.9 Complement of copula constructions
297(1)
2.1.1.2.10 Subject complement
298(1)
2.1.1.2.11 Object complement
299(1)
2.1.1.2.12 Objects governed by adjectives
300(1)
2.1.1.2.13 Agent in passive/pseudopassive/impersonal constructions
301(2)
2.1.1.2.14 Topic
303(1)
2.1.1.2.15 Emphasized elements
304(1)
2.1.1.3 - 2.1.1.3.4 Syntactic functions in non-finite or nominalized constructions
304(1)
2.1.1.4 Means of expressing non-local semantic functions
305(30)
2.1.1.4.1 Benefactive
305(1)
2.1.1.4.2 Source
306(2)
2.1.1.4.3 Instrumental
308(2)
2.1.1.4.4 Comitative
310(1)
2.1.1.4.5 Circumstance
311(1)
2.1.1.4.6 - 2.1.1.4.6.3 Possessive
312(1)
2.1.1.4.7 Possessed
312(1)
2.1.1.4.8 Quality
312(3)
2.1.1.4.9 Quantity
315(1)
2.1.1.4.10 Material
316(1)
2.1.1.4.11 Manner
317(2)
2.1.1.4.12 Cause
319(1)
2.1.1.4.13 Purpose
320(1)
2.1.1.4.14 Function
321(1)
2.1.1.4.15 Reference
321(1)
2.1.1.4.16-17 Essive and translative
322(1)
2.1.1.4.18 Part-whole
323(1)
2.1.1.4.19 Partitive
324(2)
2.1.1.4.19.2 & 2.1.1.4.19.4 Non-partitive numerals and quantifiers
325(1)
2.1.1.4.19.5 Partitive negative quantifiers
326(1)
2.1.1.4.19.6 Non-partitive negative quantifier
326(1)
2.1.1.4.20 Price
326(1)
2.1.1.4.21 Value
327(1)
2.1.1.4.22 Distance
327(1)
2.1.1.4.23 Extent
328(1)
2.1.1.4.24 Concessive
329(1)
2.1.1.4.25 Inclusion
330(1)
2.1.1.4.26 Exclusion
330(1)
2.1.1.4.27 Addition
331(1)
2.1.1.4.28 Vocative
331(3)
2.1.1.4.29 Citation form
334(1)
2.1.1.4.30 Label form
334(1)
2.1.1.5 Local Semantic functions
335(20)
2.1.1.5.1 General location
335(2)
2.1.1.5.2 Proximate location
337(2)
2.1.1.5.3 Interior
339(2)
2.1.1.5.4 Exterior
341(1)
2.1.1.5.5 Anterior
342(2)
2.1.1.5.6 Posterior
344(1)
2.1.1.5.7-8 Superior and superior-contact location
345(2)
2.1.1.5.9-10 Inferior and inferior-contact location
347(1)
2.1.1.5.11-12 Lateral and lateral-contact location
348(2)
2.1.1.5.13-14 Citerior and citerior-contact location
350(1)
2.1.1.5.15-16 Ulterior and ulterior-contact location
351(1)
2.1.1.5.17-18 Medial location
351(1)
2.1.1.5.19 Circumferential location
352(1)
2.1.1.5.20 Citerior-anterior location
352(1)
2.1.1.5.21-29 Motion past long objects
352(1)
2.1.1.5.30 Other directional locations
353(1)
2.1.1.5.31 Locational precision
353(2)
2.1.1.6 Location in time
355(11)
2.1.1.6.1 General time expression
355(5)
2.1.1.6.1.1 Time of day
355(2)
2.1.1.6.1.2 Period of day
357(1)
2.1.1.6.1.3 Day of the week
358(1)
2.1.1.6.1.4 Month of the year
358(1)
2.1.1.6.1.5 Year
359(1)
2.1.1.6.1.6 Festivals
359(1)
2.1.1.6.1.7 Seasons
359(1)
2.1.1.6.2 Frequentatives
360(1)
2.1.1.6.3 Punctual future
361(1)
2.1.1.6.4 Punctual past
361(1)
2.1.1.6.5 Duration
362(1)
2.1.1.6.6-7 Anterior duration-past and future
362(1)
2.1.1.6.8 Posterior duration-past
363(1)
2.1.1.6.9 Posterior duration-future
364(1)
2.1.1.6.10 Anterior-general
364(1)
2.1.1.6.11 Posterior-general
365(1)
2.1.1.6.12 Point in period-past
365(1)
2.1.1.6.13 Point in period-future
365(1)
2.1.1.7 Double case-marking
366(2)
2.1.1.8.1 The number-marking system in nouns
366(1)
2.1.1.8.2-3 The extent to which the system of number-marking is obligatory
366(1)
2.1.1.8.4 Collective and distributive plural
367(1)
2.1.1.8.5 Collective nouns
367(1)
2.1.1.8.6 Manner of realization of the number distinction
368(1)
2.1.1.8.7 Number-marking of foreign words
368(1)
2.1.1.9 Noun classes
368(2)
2.1.1.9.1 Gender
368(1)
2.1.1.9.2 Meaning of noun classes
369(1)
2.1.1.9.3-4 Classifiers
369(1)
2.1.1.9.5 Assignments of loan words to noun classes
370(1)
2.1.1.10 - 2.1.1.10.6 Definiteness marking in noun phrases
370(3)
2.1.1.11 - 2.1.1.11.6 Indefiniteness marking on noun phrases
373(1)
2.1.1.12 - 2.1.1.12.4 Referential and non-referential indefiniteness
374(1)
2.1.1.13 - 2.1.1.13.2 Genericness
374(1)
2.1.1.14 - 2.1.1.14.4 Degree of importance of actors
375(1)
2.1.2 PRONOUNS
375(19)
2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns
375(14)
2.1.2.1.1 Free pronouns
376(2)
2.1.2.1.1.1 - 2.1.2.1.1.5 Obligatory optional status of pronouns
378(3)
2.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2.1.3.7 Person distinctions in pronouns
381(1)
2.1.2.1.4 - 2.1.2.1.5.2 Number marking in pronouns
381(1)
2.1.2.1.6 - 2.1.2.1.6.1 Proximity marking in pronouns
382(1)
2.1.2.1.7 Special anaphoric pronouns
382(1)
2.1.2.1.8 Gender distinctions in pronouns
382(1)
2.1.2.1.9 - 2.1.2.1.9.1 Other relationships
382(1)
2.1.2.1.10 Lists of pronominal forms
382(1)
2.1.2.1.11 Tense marking in pronouns
382(1)
2.1.2.1.12 Status distinctions in pronouns
383(1)
2.1.2.1.13-14 Special non-specific indefinite pronouns
384(1)
2.1.2.1.15 - 2.1.2.1.15.3 Special emphatic pronouns
385(1)
2.1.2.1.16 Complex pronouns
385(1)
2.1.2.1.17 Pronoun-noun constructions
386(1)
2.1.2.1.18 Pairs of pronouns
386(1)
2.1.2.1.19 Secondary pronoun system
386(1)
2.1.2.1.20 - 2.1.2.1.20.1.5 Case system in pronouns
387(2)
2.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2.7 Reflexive pronouns
389(2)
2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronouns
391(1)
2.1.2.4 - 2.1.2.4.11.1 Possessive pronouns
391(1)
2.1.2.5 - 2.1.2.5.8.1 Demonstrative pronouns
391(1)
2.1.2.6 - 2.1.2.6.1 Interrogative pronouns
391(3)
2.1.2.6.2 Other question words
393(1)
2.1.2.7 - 2.1.2.7.3 Relative pronouns
394(1)
2.1.3 VERB MORPHOLOGY
394(56)
2.1.3.1 Voice
394(13)
2.1.3.1.1 - 2.1.3.1.1.1.3 Passive
394(6)
2.1.3.1.1.2 - 2.1.3.1.2.3 Impersonal passive
399(1)
2.1.3.1.2 - 2.1.3.1.2.2 Means of decreasing the valency of a verb
400(1)
2.1.3.1.3 Means of increasing the valency of a verb
401(6)
2.1.3.1.3.1.1 Verbal causativization
401(4)
2.1.3.1.3.2 Agentivity of the causee
405(2)
2.1.3.1.3.3 Omission of causee
407(1)
2.1.3.2 Tense
407(7)
2.1.3.2.1 Tenses distinguished formally
408(6)
2.1.3.2.1.1 Universal time reference
408(1)
2.1.3.2.1.2 Present
409(1)
2.1.3.2.1.3 - 2.1.3.2.1.3.2 Past
410(3)
2.1.3.2.1.4 Future
413(1)
2.1.3.2.3 Absolute/relative tense
414(1)
2.1.3.3 Aspect
414(17)
2.1.3.3.1 Perfective aspect
414(4)
2.1.3.3.1.1-2 Form of perfective aspect
415(1)
2.1.3.3.1.3 - 2.1.3.3.1.3.4 Situations indicated by the perfect aspect
416(2)
2.1.3.3.1.4 Similarity between expression of perfect aspect and recent past tense
418(13)
2.1.3.3.2 Aspect and duration
418(13)
2.1.3.3.2.1 Nature of marking
418(13)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1 Perfective
418(3)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.1 dza `to go'
419(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.2 pah/bagh `to see'
420(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.3 de `to give'
420(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.4 tak `to drop'
420(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.5 ghe `to take'
421(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1.6 tsuk `to make a mistake'
421(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.2 Imperfective aspect
421(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.3 Habitual aspect
422(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.4-5 Continuous and progressive aspects
423(2)
2.1.3.3.2.1.6 Ingressive aspect
425(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.7 Terminative aspect
425(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.7.1 Prior completion
426(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.8 Iterative aspect
426(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.9-10 Semelfactive and punctual aspects
427(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.11 Durative aspect
428(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.12 Simultaneous aspect
429(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.13 Other aspects
430(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2 Restriction on the combination of different aspectual values
431(1)
2.1.3.4 Mood
431(12)
2.1.3.4.1 Indicative
432(1)
2.1.3.4.2 Conditional
432(1)
2.1.3.4.3 Imperative
433(1)
2.1.3.4.4 Subjunctive/optative
434(1)
2.1.3.4.5 Intentive
434(1)
2.1.3.4.6 Debitive
435(1)
2.1.3.4.7 Potential
436(3)
2.1.3.4.7 - 2.1.3.4.7.1 Potential and permission
438(1)
2.1.3.4.8 Degree of certainty
439(1)
2.1.3.4.9 Authority for assertion
440(1)
2.1.3.4.10 Hortatory
441(1)
2.1.3.4.11 Monitory
441(1)
2.1.3.4.12-13 Narrative and consecutive
442(1)
2.1.3.4.14 Contingent
442(1)
2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms
443(3)
2.1.3.5.1 Infinitive
443(1)
2.1.3.5.2 Gerund
444(2)
2.1.3.5.2.1 Relative participles
445(1)
2.1.3.5.2.2 Adverbial participles
445(1)
2.1.3.5.2.3 Conjunctive/absolutive participles
445(1)
2.1.3.5.2.4 Agentive participle
446(1)
2.1.3.6 Agreement
446(4)
2.1.3.6.1-2 Categories which must/may be coded in6 the verb
446(1)
2.1.3.6.3 Conditioning factors
446(1)
2.1.3.6.4 Features of subject coded in verb
447(1)
2.1.3.6.5 Effect on coding of incompatible features
447(2)
2.1.3.6.5.1 Discrepancies between syntactic and semantic features
448(1)
2.1.3.6.6 Environment in which there is no verb agreement
449(1)
2.1.3.6.7 Identity between subjects of different verbs
449(1)
2.1.3.6.8-9 Reflexive form of the verb
450(1)
2.1.3.6.10 Orientation of actions and incorporation
450(1)
2.1.3.7 Change or loss of features in a string of verbs
450(1)
2.1.4 ADJECTIVES
450(2)
2.1.5 - 2.1.5.4 POSTPOSITIONS
452(1)
2.1.6 NUMERALS/QUANTIFIERS
452(7)
2.1.6.1 Forms of numerals
452(3)
2.1.6.2 Cardinal numerals as attributes
455(1)
2.1.6.3 Counting different kinds of objects
455(1)
2.1.6.4-5 Ordinal numerals
455(3)
2.1.6.6 Quantifiers
456(2)
2.1.6.6.1-2 Quantifier compounds and other means of quantification
458(1)
2.1.7 - 2.1.7.2.4 ADVERBS
459(1)
2.1.8 CLITICS AND PARTICLES
459(1)
2.2 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
459(78)
2.2.1 DERIVATION OF NOUNS
460(24)
2.2.1.1 Nouns from nouns
460(8)
2.2.1.2 Nouns from verbs
468(12)
2.2.1.2.1 Syntax of deverbal nouns and non-derived nouns
479(1)
2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives
480(3)
2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs
483(1)
2.2.1.5 Nouns from other categories
484(1)
2.2.1.5.1 Postpositions
484(1)
2.2.1.5.2 Reflexive pronoun
484(1)
2.2.2 DERIVATION OF VERBS
484(3)
2.2.2.1 Verbs from nouns
484(2)
2.2.2.2 Verbs from verbs
486(1)
2.2.2.3-5 Verbs from other categories
486(1)
2.2.3 DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES
487(17)
2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns
487(7)
2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs
494(2)
2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives
496(5)
2.2.3.4 Adjectives from adverbs
501(2)
2.2.3.5 Adjectives from other categories
503(1)
2.2.4 DERIVATION OF ADVERBS
504(10)
2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns
504(5)
2.2.4.2 Adverbs from verbs
509(2)
2.2.4.3 Adverbs from adjectives
511(1)
2.2.4.4 Adverbs from adverbs
512(2)
2.2.4.5 Adverbs from other categories
514(1)
2.2.5 POSTPOSITIONS
514(1)
2.2.5.1 Order of suffixes
515(1)
2.2.6 DERIVATION OF POSTPOSITIONS
515(22)
2.2.6.1 Complex postpositions
515(1)
2.2.6.2 Simple derived postpositions
516(1)
2.2.6.2.1 De-nominal
516(1)
2.2.6.2.2 De-verbal
517(1)
2.2.6.2.3 De-adjectival
517(1)
2.2.6.2.4 De-adverbial
517(1)
2.2.6.3 Compound morphology
517(20)
2.2.6.3.1 Nouns
518(11)
2.2.6.3.1.1 Noun-noun compounds
518(1)
2.2.6.3.1.2 Superordinate compounds
519(1)
2.2.6.3.1.3 Complex compounds
520(1)
2.2.6.3.1.4 Hyponymous compounds
520(1)
2.2.6.3.1.5 Attributed compounds
521(1)
2.2.6.3.1.6 Emphatic compounds
521(1)
2.2.6.3.1.7 Reduplicative compounds
522(1)
2.2.6.3.1.8 Echo-words/Partially reduplicative compounds
523(1)
2.2.6.3.1.9 Adjective-noun compounds
524(1)
2.2.6.3.1.10 Noun + ganik
525(1)
2.2.6.3.2.1 Noun-verb compounds
526(1)
2.2.6.3.2.2 Participle-noun compounds
526(1)
2.2.6.3.3.1 Adjective-numeral compounds
527(1)
2.2.6.3.3.2 Reduplicated and echo-compounds
527(2)
2.2.6.3.4 Verbs
529(6)
2.2.6.3.4.1 Conjunct verbs
529(2)
2.2.6.3.4.2 Verb-verb compounds/serial verbs
531(2)
2.2.6.3.4.3 Reduplicative verb compounds
533(2)
2.2.6.3.5 Hybrid compounds
535(2)
PHONOLOGY 537(40)
3.1 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS (SEGMENTAL)
537(10)
3.1.1 DISTINCTIVE SEGMENTS
537(1)
3.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF DISTINCTIVE SEGMENTS
538(9)
3.1.2.1 Non-syllabics (consonants)
538(4)
3.1.2.1.1 Plosives and africates
538(3)
3.1.2.1.2 Fricatives
541(1)
3.1.2.1.3 Nasals
541(1)
3.1.2.1.4 Liquids
542(1)
3.1.2.1.5 Semi vowels
542(1)
3.1.2.2 Syllabics
542(2)
3.1.2.2.1 Vowels
542(3)
3.1.2.2.1.2 Diphthongs
544(1)
3.1.2.2.1.3 Nasal vowels
544(1)
3.1.2.2.2 Nasal diphthongs
545(1)
3.1.2.2.3 Nasalization of glides
546(1)
3.1.2.2.4 Vowel assimilation
546(1)
3.1.2.3 Consonants and vowels occurring in loan words
546(1)
3.1.2.4 Restrictions on phonological segments by grammatical categories
547(1)
3.2 PHONOTACTICS
547(7)
3.2.1 DISTRIBUTION OF SEGMENTS
547(1)
3.2.1.1 Word-final consonants
547(1)
3.2.1.2 Word-initial consonants
547(1)
3.2.2 CONSONANT CLUSTERS
547(5)
3.2.2.1 Distribution of consonant clusters
547(1)
3.2.2.2 Possible consonant clusters
548(4)
3.2.2.2.1 Possible word-initial consonant clusters
548(1)
3.2.2.2.2 Possible word-medial consonant clusters
549(3)
3.2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF VOWELS
552(1)
3.2.3.1 Word-final vowels
552(1)
3.2.3.2 Word-initial vowels
552(1)
3.2.3.3 Sequences of (syllabic) vowels
552(1)
3.2.4 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF LEXICAL MORPHEMES AND WORD STRUCTURE
552(1)
3.2.5 SYLLABLES
553(1)
3.2.5.1 Assignment of medial clusters to syllables
553(1)
3.2.5.2 Canonical Syllable
553(1)
3.2.6 RESTRICTIONS BETWEEN CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
553(1)
3.2.6.1 Restrictions between syllable-initial units and following vowels
553(1)
3.2.6.2 Restrictions between word/syllable-final units and preceding vowels
553(1)
3.2.6.3-5 Restrictions between syllable-initial and syllable-final units
554(1)
3.2.6.6 Phonotactic patterns in different word classes
554(1)
3.3 SUPRASEGMENTALS
554(8)
3.3.1 DISTINCTIVE DEGREES OF LENGTH
554(1)
3.3.1.1-2 Vowels
554(1)
3.3.1.3 Semivowels
554(1)
3.3.1.4 Stops
555(1)
3.3.1.5 Liquids
555(1)
3.3.1.6 Nasals
555(1)
3.3.1.7 Affricates
555(1)
3.3.1.8 Fricates
555(1)
3.3.2 STRESS
555(4)
3.3.3 TONES/PITCH
559(1)
3.3.4 INTONATION
559(3)
3.3.4.1 Major intonation patterns
559(3)
3.4 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (SEGMENTAL)
562(14)
3.4.1 ALTERNATIONS
562(7)
3.4.1.1 Assimilatory processes
562(2)
3.4.1.1.1 Consonant assimilation
563(1)
3.4.1.1.1.1 Nasal assimilation
563(1)
3.4.1.1.1.2 Retroflexion
563(1)
3.4.1.1.1.3 Palatalization
563(1)
3.4.1.2 Dissimilatory processes
564(1)
3.4.1.3 Other alternations between segments
564(5)
3.4.1.3.1 Vowel shortening
564(2)
3.4.1.3.1.1 High vowel shortening
564(2)
3.4.1.3.1.2 Low vowel shortening
566(1)
3.4.1.3.2 Glide formation
566(1)
3.4.1.3.3 Vowel raising
567(1)
3.4.1.3.4 Vowel lowering
567(2)
3.4.1.3.5 Vowel lengthening
569(1)
3.4.2 METATHESIS
569(1)
3.4.3 COALESCENCE AND SPLIT
570(1)
3.4.4 DELETION AND INSERTION
570(5)
3.4.4.1 Deletion processes
570(2)
3.4.4.1.1 Degemination
570(1)
3.4.4.1.2 Word-final schwa deletion
570(1)
3.4.4.1.3 Stem-final /a/ deletion
571(1)
3.4.4.1.4 Stem-final /e/ deletion
571(1)
3.4.4.1.5 Deletion of long high vowels in non-final position
571(1)
3.4.4.1.6 Deletion of short vowels
572(1)
3.4.4.2 Insertion processes
572(3)
3.4.4.2.1 The increment vowel
572(1)
3.4.4.2.2 Glide insertions
573(1)
3.4.4.2.3 Vowel insertion for cluster simplification
573(2)
3.4.4.2.4 Apparent schwa insertion
575(1)
3.4.4.2.5 Gemination
575(1)
3.4.5 REDUPLICATION
575(1)
3.5 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (SUPRASEGMENTAL)
576(1)
IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS 577(6)
4.1 IDEOPHONES
577(5)
4.2 INTERJECTIONS
582(1)
LEXICON 583(19)
5.1 STRUCTURED SEMANTIC FIELDS
583(13)
5.1.1 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY
583(5)
5.1.1.1 Kin related by blood
583(2)
5.1.1.1.1 Own generation
583(1)
5.1.1.1.2 First ascending generation
584(1)
5.1.1.1.3 Second ascending generation
584(1)
5.1.1.1.4 First descending generation
584(1)
5.1.1.1.5 Second descending generation
584(1)
5.1.1.1.6 Other relatives
585(1)
5.1.1.2 Kin by partial blood
585(1)
5.1.1.3 Kin by marriage
586(1)
5.1.1.4 Kin by adoption
587(1)
5.1.1.5 Kin by fostering
587(1)
5.1.2 COLOR TERMINOLOGY
588(1)
5.1.3 BODY PARTS
589(3)
5.1.4 COOKING TERMINOLOGY
592(3)
5.1.4.1 Methods of cooking
592(1)
5.1.4.2 Cooking implements
593(1)
5.1.4.3 Typical dishes
594(1)
5.1.5 AGRICULTURE
595(1)
5.1.5.1 Crops grown in the area
595(1)
5.1.5.2 Agricultural implements
595(1)
5.1.5.3 Agricultural activities
596(1)
5.2 BASIC VOCABULARY
596(6)
BIBLIOGRAPHY 602(12)
INDEX 614
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