About the Authors |
|
ix | |
Preface |
|
xi | |
1 Introduction |
|
1 | (10) |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
1.1.1 Development of MEMS |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.1.2 Development of NEMS |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2 Development of Micro/Nanoscale Measurements |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Types of Micro/Nanoscale Measurements |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 Conclusion and Outlook |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
9 | (2) |
2 Geometry Measurements at the Micro/Nanoscale |
|
11 | (68) |
|
2.1 Microvision Measurement |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
2.1.1 Micro/Nanoscale Plane Geometry Parameter Tests |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
2.1.2 Integrality Tests and Analysis of Micro/Nanometer Structures |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
2.1.3 Micro/Nanoscale Plane Dynamic Characteristic Tests |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
2.2 3D Morphology Measurements in Contact Mode |
|
|
15 | (21) |
|
2.2.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy |
|
|
15 | (6) |
|
2.2.2 Near-Field Scan Optics Microscopy (NSOM) |
|
|
21 | (5) |
|
2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy |
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
2.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy |
|
|
31 | (5) |
|
2.3 3D Morphology Optics Measurements with Non-Contact Modes |
|
|
36 | (27) |
|
2.3.1 Laser Scanning Microscopy |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
2.3.2 White Light Interferometry Morphology Measurements |
|
|
40 | (23) |
|
2.4 Micro/Nanoscale Tricoordinate Measurements |
|
|
63 | (8) |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
2.4.2 Experimental Techniques |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
2.5 Measurement of Film Thickness |
|
|
71 | (6) |
|
|
77 | (2) |
3 Dynamic Measurements at the Micro/Nanoscale |
|
79 | (42) |
|
3.1 Stroboscopic Dynamic Vision Imaging |
|
|
79 | (11) |
|
3.1.1 Principles of Plane Dynamic Measurements |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
3.1.3 Block Matching and Phase Correlation Methods |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
3.1.4 Optical Flow Field Measurement Method |
|
|
86 | (4) |
|
3.2 Stroboscopic Microscopy Interference Measurements |
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.3 Laser Doppler Microscope Vibration Measurements |
|
|
94 | (10) |
|
3.3.1 Differential Doppler Vibration Measurements |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Laser Torsional Vibration Measurements |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Laser Doppler Vibration Measurements of Single Torsional Vibrations and Single Bend Vibrations |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
3.3.4 Laser Doppler Flutter Measurements |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (15) |
|
3.4.1 Mechanical Processes in AFM |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
3.4.2 Measurement Theory and Methods of Micro/Nanometer Mechanics in AFM |
|
|
106 | (6) |
|
3.4.3 Micro/Nano Measurement System and Reference Cantilever Measurement Method in AFM |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
3.4.4 Measurement of Spring Constant of Cantilever and System Verification |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
3.4.5 Application of AFM to Nanometrology |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
4 Mechanical Characteristics Measurements |
|
121 | (70) |
|
4.1 Residual Stress Measurements of Microstructures |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
4.2 Axial Tensile Measurement |
|
|
131 | (9) |
|
4.2.1 Traditional Tensile Method |
|
|
131 | (5) |
|
4.2.2 Conversion Tensile Method |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
4.2.3 Integrated Tensile Method |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
4.2.4 Displacement Measurement of Uniaxial Tension |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
4.3 Nano-Indentation Measurements Using Contact Dode |
|
|
140 | (11) |
|
4.3.1 Basic Principles of Nano-Indentation Technology |
|
|
140 | (8) |
|
4.3.2 Nano-Indentation Measurements |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
4.3.3 Features of Nano-Indentation Technology |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (6) |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
4.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Bend Method |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (3) |
|
4.5.1 Resonance Frequency |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
4.5.2 Intrinsic Resonance Frequency |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
4.6 Stress Measurements Based on Raman Spectroscopy |
|
|
160 | (14) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
4.6.3 Experimental Techniques |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
164 | (8) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
4.6.6 Conclusion and Prospects |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
4.7 Bonding Strength Measurements |
|
|
174 | (15) |
|
|
174 | (9) |
|
4.7.2 Crack Spread Method |
|
|
183 | (6) |
|
|
189 | (2) |
5 SPM for MEMS/NEMS Measurements |
|
191 | (36) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
5.2 Atomic Force Measurement |
|
|
192 | (7) |
|
5.2.1 Atomic Force Measurement Methods |
|
|
192 | (7) |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
5.3.1 Schematic of the AFM Unit |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
5.3.2 Fiber and Sample Approach Stages |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
5.3.4 Vibration Isolation System |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
5.4 Interferometer Detection Method |
|
|
205 | (4) |
|
5.4.1 Optical Interference Theory |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
5.4.2 Interferometer Detection |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
5.7 Applications of SFM in Micro/Nano Measurements |
|
|
212 | (10) |
|
5.7.1 Three-Dimensional (3D) Imaging |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
5.7.2 Micro/Nanoelectronics |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
5.7.4 Manipulation and Spectroscopy |
|
|
218 | (4) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (5) |
6 MEMS Online Measurements |
|
227 | (28) |
|
6.1 Bulk Silicon Micromachining |
|
|
228 | (7) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (6) |
|
6.2 Surface Micromachining |
|
|
235 | (10) |
|
6.2.1 Surface Sacrificial Layer Microfabrication Process |
|
|
236 | (3) |
|
6.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Polysilicon Thin Films |
|
|
239 | (6) |
|
6.3 Polymer Materials Processing |
|
|
245 | (7) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
6.3.2 Photosensitive Polyimide (PSPI) Microvalve |
|
|
247 | (5) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (2) |
7 Typical Micro/Nanoscale Device Measurements |
|
255 | (72) |
|
7.1 MEMS Pressure Transducer Measurements |
|
|
255 | (21) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
7.1.2 Principles of MEMS Pressure Transducers |
|
|
255 | (6) |
|
7.1.3 Electrical Property Measurements |
|
|
261 | (6) |
|
7.1.4 Static Testing of MEMS Pressure Sensors |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
7.1.5 Dynamic Measurements |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
7.1.6 Impact Factors of Pressure Sensor Testing |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
7.1.7 Reliability Measurements |
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
7.2 MEMS Accelerator Measurements |
|
|
276 | (20) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Low- and Medium-Range Accelerator Measurements |
|
|
277 | (7) |
|
7.2.3 High-g MEMS Accelerator Measurements |
|
|
284 | (12) |
|
7.3 RF MEMS Testing Technology |
|
|
296 | (8) |
|
7.4 Micro/Nanoscale Devices for Infrared Measurement |
|
|
304 | (7) |
|
7.4.1 Infrared Imaging System |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
7.4.2 Infrared Imaging Measurement |
|
|
307 | (4) |
|
7.5 Typical NEMS Device Measurement |
|
|
311 | (14) |
|
7.5.1 NEMS Accelerometer Measurements |
|
|
312 | (6) |
|
7.5.2 Working Principles of a NEMS Acoustic Sensor |
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
Index |
|
327 | |