| Preface to Volume One |
|
xiii | |
| Prologue |
|
xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxi | |
| Author |
|
xxv | |
| Personal Statements |
|
xxvii | |
|
1 Biological Thermodynamics: On Energy, Information, and Its Evil Twin, Entropy |
|
|
1 | (52) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.2 The Four Forces: Weak, Strong, Electromagnetic, and Gravitational; an Emphasis on the Weak Force |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
1.3 Energy in Its Various Forms |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.5 The Birth of Thermodynamics |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
1.6 Microscopic Origin of Entropy |
|
|
8 | (2) |
|
1.7 The Rule of Law in Physics: Energy Conservation |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
1.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.9 Energy Cannot Be Created but Can Be Transformed |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.10 Heat, Entropy, and Energy Efficiency |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
1.12 Thermodynamics of Mechanical Engines |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
1.14 Enthalpy and Internal Energy--Compared and Contrasted |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
1.15 Gibbs Free Energy and the Chemical Potential |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
1.16 Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
1.18 Thermodynamic Stability: Phase Transitions, Order Parameters, and Susceptibility Functions |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
1.19 Expanded Concepts of Entropy and Information |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
1.20 How Information Is Connected to Energy |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
1.21 Steady States and Homeostasis |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
1.22 Structures and Their Functions |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
1.23 Negative Entropy and Self-Organization |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
1.24 Biological Engines as Metaphors of the Carnot Engine |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
1.25 Metabolism: Life's Necessity |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
1.26 How Metabolism Is Linked to Aging |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
1.27 The Ultimate Source of Life's Energy: Photosynthesis |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
1.28 The Difference Between Quantum and Classical Metabolism May Be the Difference Between Health and Disease |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
1.29 Thermodynamic Processes in Metabolism |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
1.30 Two Paths to Metabolic Energy Production |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
1.31 Inflammation, Pathogenesis, and Obesity |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
1.32 Ecological Symbiosis of Plants and Animals |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
1.33 Metabolic Dysfunction and Disease States |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
1.34 Inflammation, Toxicity, and Reactive Oxygen Species |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
1.35 What Can Einstein's Theories of Relativity Tell Us about Aging? |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
1.36 Limitations of Scientific Reductionism and a Way out |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
2 Biological Engines and the Molecular Machinery of Life |
|
|
53 | (42) |
|
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.1 Living Systems Viewed as Machines |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.2 Physical Forces in a Biological Context |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.3 Force and Energy Generation at the Organismic Level |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
2.4 Cell Energetics: The Cell as a Machine |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
2.5 Cells' Tensional Integrity: Tensegrity |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
2.6 The Mechanics of Cell Motion: Cell Motility |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
2.7 Energy Production and Energy Transduction |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
2.11 Energy and Material Transport in and out of a Cell |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
2.11.3 Ion Channels and Ion Pumps |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
2.13 Work During Cell Division: Chromosome Separation |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
2.15 Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
2.16 Intermediate Filaments |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
2.17 The Quantum of Biological Energy: ATP |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
2.18 Molecular and Biological Machines: Motor Proteins |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
2.20 The Myosin Family of Motors |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
2.21 The Kinesin Family of Motors |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
2.23 Energy Combustion Similarities between Cells and Automobiles |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
2.24 Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
2.25 Analogy between Mechanical and Biological Engines |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
2.26 Biological Thermodynamics |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
2.27 The Many Types of Biological Signals |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
2.28 Neuronal Signal Propagation |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
2.29 Electromagnetic Energy across Scales of Biology |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
2.29.1 Bioenergetics: The Davydov Soliton |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
2.29.2 Biological Coherence: The Frohlich Model |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
2.30 Electrodynamic Interactions in Biology |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
2.32 Electric Field Effects Present in Cells and Acting on Cells |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
2.33 Ionic Current Flows through Intra-Cellular Electrolytes |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
2.35 Electron Conduction and Tunneling |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
2.36 Interactions of Biological Systems with Electromagnetic Radiation |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
2.37 Bioelectricity and Biomagnetism |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
2.38 Biological Engines and the Quantum Biological Processes Explaining Cognition |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
2.39 Connections between Electricity, Magnetism, and Energy Generation |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
2.40 Connections between Microtubules, Molecular Motors, and Mitochondria: Toward a Molecular Explanation of Free Will |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
2.41 Collective Unconscious and Society |
|
|
91 | (4) |
|
|
|
91 | (4) |
|
3 From Quantum Biology to Quantum Medicine |
|
|
95 | (86) |
|
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
3.1 On the Cusp of a Quantum Biology Revolution |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
3.2 A Historical Perspective on Physics |
|
|
97 | (8) |
|
3.3 The Dawn of Quantum Biology |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
3.5 Quantum Weirdness and Biology |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
3.6 Can Objections to Quantum Biology Be Overcome? |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
3.7 The Appeal of Quantum Mechanisms to Biology |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
3.8 Biophotons: Light in Cells |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
3.9 Quantum Nature of Vision, Olfaction, and Bird Navigation |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
3.10 Photosynthesis: Quantum Metabolism of Plants |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
3.12 Consequences of Quantum Metabolism |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
3.13 Synchronization of Cellular Activities |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
3.14 The Orchestra of Life: Biological Coherence |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
3.16 Classical and Quantum Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
3.17 Energy and Information: A Marriage of Physics and Information Science in Biology |
|
|
130 | (3) |
|
3.18 Classical and Quantum Information in Biology |
|
|
133 | (5) |
|
3.19 Aging and Senescence |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
3.19.1 Machine versus Biological Engine Analogy |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
3.19.2 Non-Redox Mediated Causes of Dysfunctional Oxidative Metabolism |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
3.19.3 Energy Transfer and Transformation of Information: Defense against Biological Aging |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
3.20 Can Special Relativity Be of Relevance to Biology? |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
3.21 Information and Nutrition |
|
|
143 | (7) |
|
3.22 Chemical Potential of Physical Biological Systems |
|
|
150 | (4) |
|
3.23 Is Consciousness a Quantum Phenomenon? |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
3.24 Brain's Processing Power: How Many Flops and How Many Watts? |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
3.25 The Human Brain: Its Structural Complexity and Amazing Efficiency |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
3.26 The Neuron: Its Architecture and Central Role in the Brain's Activities |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
3.27 The Special Role of Neuronal Microtubules and the Cytoskeleton |
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
3.28 Where Is Memory Stored in the Brain? |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
3.29 Are There Quantum Excitations in Microtubules? |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
3.30 Is Anesthesia a Quantum Process? |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
3.31 Relevance of Quantum Biology to Health and Disease |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
3.32 The Feasibility of Encoding the Totality of the Human Experience and the Information Field of the Brain |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
3.33 An Integrated Perspective of Energy and Information Flow in Health and Disease |
|
|
169 | (12) |
|
|
|
176 | (5) |
|
4 From Systems Biology to Systems Medicine |
|
|
181 | (64) |
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
4.1 Problem Solving: Reductionism versus Simplifying Complexity |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
4.2 Symmetries, Conservation Laws, and Symmetry Breaking |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
4.3 Systems: Open and Closed, Simple and Complex |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
4.4 Stability, Biological Complexity, and Energy Flows |
|
|
188 | (6) |
|
4.5 Implications for Clinical Practice |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
4.6 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life, and by the Breaking of Symmetry |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
4.7 Steady States, Attractor States, Strange Attractors, and Chaos |
|
|
196 | (4) |
|
4.8 Nonlinear Interactions: Positive and Negative Feedback Loops |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
4.9 Why Life Exists: A Chaos Theory Perspective |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
4.10 A Pedestrian Overview of Systems Biology |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
4.11 Relevance of Chaos Theory to Human Biology |
|
|
202 | (3) |
|
4.12 Self-Organization and Self-Regulation |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
4.13 Playing Simple Games with Profound Implications: Cellular Automata |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
4.15 Simplifying Complexity |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
4.16 The Limitations in Molecular Biology and Reductionism in Explaining the Living World |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
4.17 Systems of Wholes and Parts |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
4.18 Complexity and Information |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
4.19 Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Phase Transitions |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
4.20 A Biological Example: Metabolic Memory |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
4.21 Plus ga Change, Plus C'est la Mime Chose |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
4.22 The Physics of Heat and the Biology of Inflammation: Are They Related? |
|
|
219 | (4) |
|
4.23 Distinctions Between Homeostasis, Dynamic Equilibrium, and Steady States |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
4.24 Classes of Systems: Man-Made and Biological |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
4.25 Application of Molecular Biology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes to Clinical Enigmas |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
4.26 Integrated Complexity of Systems Biology into an Optimally Functioning Whole |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
4.27 Systems Theory: A Perspective |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
4.29 Complicated Systems and Complex Systems |
|
|
228 | (5) |
|
4.30 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
4.31 Algorithmic Medicine? |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
4.32 An Added Layer of Complexity: Gut Microbiome |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
4.33 Electronic Medical Records |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
4.34 An Anecdote Shared by Greg Shorr Regarding the Use of His Electronic Medical Record on the Native American Reservation |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
4.35 The Neuroendocrine and Immune System Hormonal Stress Responses: Adaptive Versus Pathologic and the Role of the Fitness Landscape Model |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
4.37 An Unsuspected Trigger of Mental Status Change |
|
|
241 | (4) |
|
|
|
241 | (4) |
|
5 Introduction to the Roadmap of Future Medicine: The Physiological Fitness Landscape |
|
|
245 | (62) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
5.1 Models Inspired by Physics Can Help Understand Biological Systems |
|
|
245 | (11) |
|
5.1.1 A Free-Energy Landscape Model |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
5.1.2 Biological Motors as Mechanical Engines |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
5.1.3 Biological Thermodynamic Engines |
|
|
249 | (4) |
|
5.1.4 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
5.2 The Bridge from Physics to Physiology and Medicine |
|
|
256 | (9) |
|
5.2.1 Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking and Reductionism |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
5.2.2 Biological Mechanisms of Survival and Stress |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
5.2.3 Why Do We Need a New Medicine? |
|
|
261 | (4) |
|
5.3 Creative Thinking, Information Transfer, and the Physiological Fitness Landscape |
|
|
265 | (21) |
|
5.3.1 Physiological Fitness Landscape |
|
|
266 | (4) |
|
5.3.2 Order Parameters, Control Parameters, and Physiological Fitness Landscape for Disease State |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
5.3.3 An Example of Order and Control Parameters of Diabetes, The Classic Metabolic Disease |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
5.3.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as a Guiding Concept in Medical Diagnosis |
|
|
274 | (12) |
|
5.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as an Organizing Principle for Understanding Health and Disease |
|
|
286 | (8) |
|
5.4.1 Survival and Design Principles for Its Achievement |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 The Various Types of Stress and the Physiological Fitness Landscape |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
5.4.3 Main Features of the Physiological Fitness Landscape |
|
|
288 | (4) |
|
5.4.4 Entropy Increase along the Time Axis and Aging |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
5.4.5 Curing a Disease Is Not Reversing Aging |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
5.5 A Look at the Elements of the Metabolism Story |
|
|
294 | (13) |
|
5.5.1 The Stress Response |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
5.5.2 Metabolism and the NHR Superfamily |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
5.5.3 The Biology of Time |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
5.5.4 Calorie Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, and Time-Restricted Feeding |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
5.5.7 Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
5.5.8 Chronic Diseases of Aging as Metabolic Disorders |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (4) |
|
6 Science Seen Through the Lessons of Life |
|
|
307 | (23) |
|
6.1 A Bird's-Eye Overview of the Book's Messages |
|
|
307 | (4) |
|
6.2 Anecdotes and Their Morals |
|
|
311 | (13) |
|
6.2.1 Anecdote 1: Football Teams |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
6.2.2 Anecdote 2: Synchronization in Music |
|
|
314 | (5) |
|
6.2.3 Anecdote 3: The Power of Placebos |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 Anecdote 4: Human Interconnectedness |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
6.2.5 Anecdote 5: A 40-Year-Old Professional Athlete |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
6.3 The Essence of This Book's Message |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
6.4 Understanding Biology and Medicine through the Lens of Physics |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
6.5 Calming Words of Advice for the Patient |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
6.6 A Few Words about Free Will |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
6.7 On the Importance of Connections at All Levels |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
6.8 The Physiological Fitness Landscape and Society |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
6.9 Striving for Balance Amongst Complexity |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
6.11 The Bridge from Physiology to Spirituality |
|
|
329 | (1) |
| Note |
|
330 | (1) |
| References |
|
330 | (1) |
| Index |
|
331 | |
Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta