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E-raamat: Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(South Central College, North Mankato, Minnesota, USA), (Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA)
  • Formaat: 812 pages, 197 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2006
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781315221922
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Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PICSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 812 pages, 197 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2006
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781315221922
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315221922
From cell phones and television remote controls to automobile engines and spacecraft, microcontrollers are everywhere. Programming these prolific devices is a much more involved and integrated task than it is for general-purpose microprocessors; microcontroller programmers must be fluent in application development, systems programming, and I/O operation as well as memory management and system timing.

Using the popular and pervasive mid-range 8-bit Microchip PIC® as an archetype, Microcontroller Programming offers a self-contained presentation of the multidisciplinary tools needed to design and implement modern embedded systems and microcontrollers. The authors begin with basic electronics, number systems, and data concepts followed by digital logic, arithmetic, conversions, circuits, and circuit components to build a firm background in the computer science and electronics fundamentals involved in programming microcontrollers.

For the remainder of the book, they focus on PIC architecture and programming tools and work systematically through programming various functions, modules, and devices. Helpful appendices supply the full mid-range PIC instruction set as well as additional programming solutions, a guide to resistor color codes, and a concise method for building custom circuit boards.

Providing just the right mix of theory and practical guidance, Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC® is the ideal tool for any amateur or professional designing and implementing stand-alone systems for a wide variety of applications.
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Basic Electronics 1
1.0 The Atom
1
1.1 Isotopes and Ions
2
1.2 Static Electricity
3
1.3 Electrical Charge
4
1.3.1 Voltage
4
1.3.2 Current
4
1.3.3 Power
5
1.3.4 Ohm's Law
5
1.4 Electrical Circuits
6
1.4.1 Types of Circuits
6
1.5 Circuit Elements
8
1.5.1 Resistors
9
1.5.2 Revisiting Ohm's Law
9
1.5.3 Resistors in Series and Parallel
10
1.5.4 Capacitors
12
1.5.5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
13
1.5.6 Inductors
14
1.5.7 Transformers
15
1.6 Semiconductors
15
1.6.1 Integrated Circuits
16
1.6.2 Semiconductor Electronics
16
1.6.3 P-Type and N-Type Silicon
17
1.6.4 The Diode
17
Chapter 2 Number Systems 19
2.0 Counting
19
2.0.1 The Tally System
19
2.0.2 Roman Numerals
20
2.1 The Origins of the Decimal System
20
2.1.1 Number Systems for Digital-Electronics
22
2.1.2 Positional Characteristics
22
2.1.3 Radix or Base of a Number System
23
2.2 Types of Numbers
23
2.2.1 Whole Numbers
24
2.2.2 Signed Numbers
24
2.2.3 Rational, Irrational, and Imaginary Numbers
24
2.3 Radix Representations
25
2.3.1 Decimal versus Binary Numbers
25
2.3.2 Hexadecimal and Octal
26
2.4 Number System Conversions
27
2.4.1 Binary-to-ASCII-Decimal
28
2.4.2 Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
29
2.4.3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
29
Chapter 3 Data Types and Data Storage 33
3.0 Electronic-Digital Machines
33
3.1 Character Representations
33
3.1.1 ASCII
34
3.1.2 EBCDIC and IBM
36
3.1.3 Unicode
36
3.2 Storage and Encoding of Integers
37
3.2.1 Signed and Unsigned Representations
37
3.2.2 Word Size
38
3.2.3 Byte Ordering
39
3.2.4 Sign-Magnitude Representation
40
3.2.5 Radix Complement Representation
41
3.3 Encoding of Fractional Numbers
44
3.3.1 Fixed-Point Representations
45
3.3.2 Floating-Point Representations
46
3.3.3 Standardized Floating-Point Representations
47
3.3.4 IEEE 754 Single Format
48
3.3.5 Encoding and Decoding Floating-Point Numbers
50
3.4 Binary-Coded Decimals (BCD)
51
3.4.1 Floating-Point BCD
52
Chapter 4 Digital Logic, Arithmetic, and Conversions 55
4.0 Microcontroller Logic and Arithmetic
55
4.0.1 CPU Flags
55
4.0.2 Word Size
56
4.1 Logical Instructions
56
4.1.1 Logical AND
57
4.1.2 Logical OR
57
4.1.3 Logical XOR
57
4.1.4 Logical NOT
58
4.2 Microcontroller Arithmetic
58
4.2.1 Unsigned and Two's Complement Arithmetic
58
4.2.2 Operations on Decimal Numbers
60
4.3 Bit Manipulations and Auxiliary Operations
62
4.3.1 Bit Shift and Rotate
62
4.3.2 Comparison Operations
63
4.3.3 Other Support Operations
63
4.4 Unsigned Binary Arithmetic
64
4.4.1 Multi-byte Unsigned Addition
64
4.4.2 Unsigned Multiplication
65
4.4.3 Unsigned Division
67
4.5 Signed Binary Arithmetic
67
4.5.1 Overflow Detection in Signed Arithmetic
69
4.5.2 Sign Extension Operations
70
4.5.3 Multi-byte Signed Operations
71
4.6 Data Format Conversions
72
4.6.1 BCD Digits to ASCII Decimal
72
4.6.2 Unsigned Binary to ASCII Decimal Digits
73
4.6.3 ASCII Decimal String to Unsigned Binary
73
4.6.4 Unsigned Binary to ASCII Hexadecimal Digits
75
4.6.6 Signed Numerical Conversions
76
Chapter 5 Circuits and Logic Gates 77
5.0 Digital Circuits
77
5.1 The Diode Revisited
78
5.1.1 The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
79
5.2 The Transistor
81
5.2.1 Bipolar Transistor
81
5.2.2 MOS Transistor
83
5.3 Logic Gates
84
5.4 Transistor-Transistor Logic
85
5.4.1 Inverter Gates
86
5.4.2 The AND Gate
87
5.4.3 The NAND Gate
87
5.4.4 The OR Gate
88
5.4.5 The NOR Gate
88
5.4.6 Positive and Negative Logic
89
5.4.7 The XOR Gate
90
5.4.8 Schmitt Trigger Inverter
91
5.5 Other TTL Logic Families
93
5.6 CMOS Logic Gates
93
Chapter 6 Circuit Components 95
6.0 Power Supplies
95
6.1 Clocked Logic and Flip-flops
96
6.1.1 The RS Flip-flop
96
6.1.2 Clocked RS Flip-flop
98
6.1.3 The D Flip-flop
99
6.1.4 The Edge-triggered D Flip-flop
100
6.1.5 Preset and Clear Signals
101
6.1.6 D Flip-flop Waveform Action
102
6.1.7 Flip-flop Applications
103
6.2 Clocks
103
6.2.1 Clock Waveforms
104
6.2.2 The TTL Clock
105
6.2.3 The 555 Timer
106
6.2.4 Microcontroller Clocks
106
6.3 Frequency Dividers and Counters
107
6.3.1 Frequency Dividers
107
6.3.2 The JK Flip-flop Counter
107
6.3.3 Ripple Counters
108
6.3.4 Decoding Gates
110
6.3.5 Synchronous Counters
110
6.3.6 Counter ICs
112
6.3.7 Shift Registers
113
6.4 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
115
6.4.1 Multiplexers
115
6.4.2 Demultiplexers
118
6.4.3 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer ICs
118
6.5 Input Devices
118
6.5.1 Switches
118
6.5.2 Switch Contact Bounce
120
6.5.3 Keypads
121
6.6 Output Devices
122
6.6.1 Seven-segment LED
122
6.6.2 Liquid Crystal Displays
124
6.6.3 LCD Technologies
125
Chapter 7 The Microchip PIC 129
7.0 The PICMicro Microcontroller
129
7.0.1 Programming the PIC
130
PIC Programmers
131
Development Boards
131
7.0.2 Prototyping the PIC Circuit
132
7.1 PIC Architecture
134
7.1.1 Baseline PIC Family
134
PIC10 Devices
135
PIC12 Devices
135
PIC14 Devices
138
7.1.2 Mid-range PIC Family
138
PIC16 Devices
139
7.1.3 High-Performance PIC Family
139
PIC18 Devices
139
Chapter 8 Mid-range PIC Architecture 141
8.0 Processor Architecture and Design
142
8.0.1 Harvard Architecture
142
8.0.2 RISC CPU Design
143
8.0.3 Single-word Instructions
143
8.0.4 Instruction Format
144
8.0.5 Mid-Range Device Versions
145
8.1 The Mid-range Core Features
145
8.1.1 Oscillator
145
8.1.2 System Reset
147
8.1.3 Interrupts
148
8.2 Mid-Range CPU and Instruction Set
149
8.2.1 Mid-Range Instruction Set
149
8.2.2 STATUS and OPTION Registers
151
8.3 EEPROM Data Storage
153
8.3.1 EEPROM in Mid-Range PICs
153
8.4 Data Memory Organization
154
8.4.1 The w Register
154
8.4.2 The Data Registers
154
Memory Banks
154
The SFRs
155
The GPRs
157
8.4.3 Indirect Addressing
158
8.5 Mid-range I/O and Peripheral Modules
158
8.5.1 I/O Ports
159
8.5.2 Timer Modules
160
8.5.3 Capture-and-Compare Module
160
8.5.4 Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) Module
161
8.5.5 USART Module
161
8.5.6 A/D Module
161
Chapter 9 PIC Programming: Tools and Techniques 163
9.0 Microchip's MPLAB
163
9.0.1 Embedded Systems
164
9.1 Integrated Development Environment
165
9.1.1 Installing MPLAB
165
9.1.2 Creating the Project
167
9.1.3 Project Build Options
169
9.1.4 Building the Project
169
9.2 Simulators and Debuggers
170
9.2.1 MPLAB SIM
171
9.2.2 MPLAB Hardware Debuggers
172
9.2.3 A "Quick-and-Dirty" Debugger
174
9.3 Programmers
174
9.4 Engineering PIC Software
175
9.4.1 Using Program Comments
176
Program Header
176
Commented Banners
177
Commented Bitmaps
178
9.4.2 Defining Data Elements
179
The cblock Directive
179
9.4.3 Banking Techniques
180
The banksel Directive
180
Bank Selection Macros
180
Deprecated Banking Instructions
181
9.4.4 Processor and Configuration Controls
182
Configuration Bits
182
9.4.5 Naming Conventions
184
9.4.6 Errorlevel Directive
186
9.5 Pseudo Instructions
186
Chapter 10 Programming Essentials: Input and Output 189
10.0 16F84A Programming Template
189
10.1 Introducing the 16F84A
191
10.1.1 Template Circuit for 16F84A
191
10.1.2 Power Supplies
191
Voltage Regulator
192
10.1.3 Comparisons in PIC Programming
193
The Infamous PIC Carry Flag
194
10.2 Simple Circuits and Programs
194
10.2.1 A Single LED Circuit
194
LED Flasher Program
196
10.2.2 LED/Pushbutton Circuit
199
10.2.3 Multiple LED Circuit
202
10.3 Programming the Seven-segment LED
204
10.4 A Demonstration Board
206
10.4.1 PCB Images for Demo Board
206
10.4.2 TestDemol Program
208
Chapter 11 Interrupts 211
11.0 Interrupts on the 16F84
211
11.0.1 The Interrupt Control Register
211
11.0.2 The OPTION Register
212
11.1 Interrupt Sources
213
11.1.1 Port-B External Interrupt
214
11.1.2 Timer0 Interrupt
214
11.1.3 Port-B Line Change Interrupt
215
Multiple External Interrupts
217
11.1.4 EEPROM Data Write Interrupt
217
11.2 Interrupt Handlers
217
11.2.1 Context Saving Operations
218
Saving w and STATUS Registers
218
11.3 Interrupt Programming
218
11.3.1 Programming the External Interrupt
219
RB0 Interrupt Initialization
220
RB0 Interrupt Service Routine
221
11.3.2 Wakeup from SLEEP Using the RBO Interrupt
222
The SleepDemo Program
223
11.3.3 Port-B Bits 4-7 Status Change Interrupt
224
RB4-7 Interrupt Initialization
225
RB4-7 Change Interrupt Service Routine
227
11.4 Sample Programs
229
11.4.1 The RB0Int Program
229
11.4.2 The SleepDemo Program
232
11.4.3 The RB4to7Int Program
235
Chapter 12 Timers and Counters 241
12.0 The 16F84 Timer0 Module
241
12.0.1 Timer0 Operation
241
Timer0 Interrupt
242
Timer0 Prescaler
242
12.1 Delays Using Timer0
243
12.1.1 Long Delay Loops
244
How Accurate the Delay?
245
The Black-Ammerman Method
245
12.2 TimerO as a Counter
246
12.3 TimerO Programming
247
12.3.1 Programming a Counter
247
A Timer/Counter Test Circuit
248
The Tmr0Counter Program
248
12.3.2 Timer0 as a Simple Delay Timer
250
12.3.3 Measured Time Lapse
252
Interrupt-driven Timer
255
12.4 The Watchdog Timer
259
12.4.1 Watchdog Timer Programming
260
12.5 Sample Programs
260
12.5.1 The Tmr0Counter program
260
12.5.2 The Timer0 Program
263
12.5.3 The LapseTimer Program
265
12.5.4 The LapseTmrint Program
269
Chapter 13 LCD Interfacing and Programming 275
13.0 LCD Features and Architecture
275
13.0.1 LCD Functions and Components
276
Internal Registers
276
Busy Flag
276
Address Counter
276
Display Data RAM (DDRAM)
276
Character Generator ROM (CGROM)
276
Character Generator RAM (CGRAM)
277
Timing Generation Circuit
277
Liquid Crystal Display Driver Circuit
278
Cursor/Blink Control Circuit
278
13.0.2 Connectivity and Pin-Out
278
13.1 Interfacing with the HD44780
279
13.1.1 Busy Flag or Timed Delay Options
280
13.1.2 Contrast Control
281
13.1.3 Display Backlight
281
13.1.4 Display Memory Mapping
281
13.2 HD44780 Instruction Set
283
13.2.1 Instruction Set Overview
283
Clearing the Display
283
Return home
284
Entry mode set
284
Display and Cursor ON/OFF
284
Cursor/display shift
284
Function set
285
Set CGRAM address
285
Set DDRAM address
285
Read busy flag and Address register
285
Write data
285
Read data
286
13.2.2 A 16F84 8-bit Data Mode Circuit
286
13.3 LCD Programming
287
13.3.1 Defining Constants and Variables
287
Using MPLAB Data Directives
289
13.3.2 LCD Initialization
290
Function Set Command
290
Display Off
291
Display and Cursor On
291
Set Entry Mode
292
Cursor and Display Shift
292
Clear Display
293
13.3.3 Auxiliary Operations
293
Time Delay Routine
293
Pulsing the E Line
295
Reading the Busy Flag
295
Bit Merging Operations
296
13.3.4 Text Data Storage and Display
298
Generating and Storing a Text String
299
Displaying the Text String
301
13.3.5 Data Compression Techniques
302
4-bit Data Transfer Mode
302
Master/Slave Systems
304
13.4 Sample Programs
306
13.4.1 LCDTest1
306
13.4.2 LCDTest2 Program
316
13.4.3 LCDTest3 Program
327
Chapter 14 Communications 339
14.0 PIC Communications Overview
339
14.1 Serial Data Transmission
340
14.1.1 Asynchronous Serial Transmission
340
14.1.2 Synchronous Serial Transmission
342
14.1.3 PIC Serial Communications
342
14.1.4 The RS-232-C Standard
343
Essential Concepts
344
The Serial Bit Stream
344
Parity Testing
345
Connectors and Wiring
345
The Null Modem
346
The Null Modem Cable
347
14.1.5 The EIA-485 Standard
349
EIA-485 in PIC-based Systems
350
14.2 Parallel Data Transmission
350
14.2.1 PIC Parallel Slave Port (PSP)
351
14.3 PIC "Free-style" Serial Programming
351
14.3.1 PIC-to-PIC Serial Communications
352
PIC-to-PIC Serial Communications Circuits
352
PIC-to-PIC Serial Communications Programs
354
14.3.2 Program Using Shift Register ICs
360
The 74HC165 Parallel-to-Serial Shift Register
361
74HC164 Serial-to-Parallel Shift Register
364
14.4 PIC Protocol-based Serial Programming
366
14.4.1 RS-232-C Communications on the 16F84
366
The RS-232-C Transceiver IC
367
PIC to PC Communications
368
An RS-232-C TTY Board
368
A 16F84A UART Emulation
369
An LCD Scrolling Routine
371
14.4.2 RS-232-C Communications on the 16F87x
375
The 16F87x USART Module
376
The USART Baud Rate Generator
376
16F87x USART Asynchronous Transmitter
379
16F87x USART Asynchronous Receiver
380
PIC-to-PC RS-232-C Communications Circuit
381
16F877 PIC Initialization Code
381
USART Receive and Transmit Routines
384
The USART Receive Interrupt
386
14.5 Sample Programs
389
14.5.1 SerialSnd Program
389
14.5.2 SerialRcv Program
394
14.5.3 Seria16465 Program
400
14.5.4 TTYUsart Program
404
14.5.5 SerComLCD Program
420
14.5.6 SerIntLCD Program
438
Chapter 15 Data EEPROM Programming 459
15.0 PIC Internal EEPROM Memory
460
15.0.1 EEPROM Programming on the 16F84
460
Reading EEPROM Data Memory on the 16F84
460
16F84 EEPROM Data Memory Write
461
16F84 EEPROM Demonstration Program
462
15.0.2 EEPROM Programming on the 16F87x
465
Reading EEPROM Data Memory on the 16F87x
467
Writing to EEPROM Data Memory in the 16F87x
467
GFR Access Issue in the 16F87x
469
15.0.3 16F87x EEPROM Circuit and Program
469
15.1 EEPROM Devices and Interfaces
475
15.1.1 The 12C Serial Interface
476
15.1.2 12C Communications
476
15.1.3 EEPROM Communications Conditions
477
15.1.4 EEPROM Write Operation
478
15.1.5 EEPROM Read Operation
478
15.1.6 12C EEPROM Devices
479
15.1.7 PIC Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)
480
MSSP in Master Mode
482
15.1.8 I2C Serial EEPROM Programming on the 16F877
486
IC2 Initialization Procedure
486
I2C Write Byte Procedure
488
I2C Read Byte Procedure
490
15.2 Sample Programs
492
15.2.1 EECounter Program
492
15.2.2 Ser2EEP Program
504
15.2.3 I2CEEP Program
521
Chapter 16 Analog to Digital and Realtime Clocks 543
16.0 A/D Converters
544
16.0.1 Converter Resolution
544
16.0.2 ADC Implementation
545
16.1 A/D Integrated Circuits
546
16.1.1 ADCO331 Sample Circuit and Program
547
16.2 PIC On-Board A/D Hardware
549
16.2.1 A/D Module on the 16F87x
549
The ADCON0 Register
550
The ADCON1 Register
552
SLEEP Mode Operation
554
16.2.2 A/D Module Sample Circuit and Program
554
16.3 Realtime Clocks
558
16.3.1 The NJU6355 Realtime Clock
558
16.3.2 RTC Demonstration Circuit and Program
560
BCD Conversion Procedures
565
16.4 Sample Programs
568
16.4.1 ADF84 Program
568
16.4.2 A2DinLCD Program
580
16.4.3 RTC2LCD Program
595
Appendix A Resistor Color Codes 613
Appendix B Building Your Own Circuit Boards 615
Appendix C Mid-range Instruction Set 621
Appendix D Supplementary Programs 659
Index 795


Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA South Central College, North Mankato, Minnesota, USA
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