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E-raamat: Microgel Suspensions - Fundamentals and Applications: Fundamentals and Applications [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Harvard University, Cambridge, USA), Edited by (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA), Edited by (Harvard University, Cambridge, USA), Edited by (Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, S)
  • Formaat: 484 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jan-2011
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527632999
  • ISBN-13: 9783527632992
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  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 206,17 €*
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  • Formaat: 484 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jan-2011
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527632999
  • ISBN-13: 9783527632992
Teised raamatud teemal:
Providing a vital link between chemistry and physics on the nanoscale, this book offers concise coverage of the entire topic in five major sections, beginning with synthesis of microgel particles and continuing with their physical properties. The phase behavior and dynamics of resulting microgel suspensions feature in the third section, followed by their mechanical properties. It concludes with detailed accounts of numerous industrial, commercial and medical applications.
Edited by David Weitz, Professor at Harvard and one of the world's pre-eminent experts in the field.
Preface xiii
List of Contributors
xvii
Part One Synthesis
1(70)
1 Microgels and Their Synthesis: An Introduction
3(30)
Robert Pelton
Todd Hoare
1.1 Introduction
3(5)
1.1.1 Defining Microgels
3(1)
1.1.1.1 The Generic Microgel: Structure and Characterization
4(2)
1.1.2 Microgels Are Special
6(1)
1.1.3 The Microgel Landscape
7(1)
1.2 Microgel Synthesis
8(11)
1.2.1 Introduction
8(2)
1.2.2 Approach 1: Microgels Formed by Homogeneous Nucleation
10(1)
1.2.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization and Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization
11(3)
1.2.2.2 Homogeneous Nucleation of Microgels from Linear Polymers
14(1)
1.2.2.3 Core-Shell Microgels
14(1)
1.2.3 Approach 2: Microgels from Emulsification
15(1)
1.2.4 Approach 3: Microgels by Polymer Complexation
16(2)
1.2.5 Exotic Microgels
18(1)
1.2.6 Summary
19(1)
1.3 Particle Derivatization
19(3)
1.3.1 Chemical Coupling to Microgels
19(1)
1.3.2 Microgel Decross-Linking
19(1)
1.3.3 Charged Microgels from Nonionic Precursors
20(1)
1.3.4 Nanoparticle-Filled Gels
21(1)
1.4 Microgel Purification and Storage
22(3)
1.4.1 Microgel Characterization
22(3)
1.5 Conclusions
25(8)
References
25(8)
2 Polymerization Kinetics of Microgel Particles
33(20)
Abdelhamid Elaissari
Ali Reza Mahdavian
2.1 Introduction
33(3)
2.2 Polymerization Processes
36(1)
2.3 Kinetics of Polymerization Reaction
37(12)
2.3.1 The Influence of Initiators
39(2)
2.3.2 The Effect of the Cross-Linking Agent
41(1)
2.3.3 The Effect of Functional Monomers
42(3)
2.3.4 Kinetic Aspects of Microgel Formation
45(4)
2.4 Conclusions
49(4)
References
49(4)
3 New Functional Microgels from Microfluidics
53(18)
Jin-Woong Kim
Liang-Yin Chu
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 Monodisperse Thermosensitive Microgels Fabricated in a PDMS Microfluidic Chip
54(3)
3.3 Monodisperse Thermosensitive Microgels Fabricated in a Capillary Microfluidic Device
57(5)
3.4 Monodisperse Thermosensitive Microgels with Tunable Volume-Phase Transition Kinetics
62(1)
3.5 Monodisperse Thermosensitive Microgels with Core-Shell Structures Containing Functional Materials
63(2)
3.6 Monodisperse Thermosensitive Microgels with Multiphase Complex Structures
65(3)
3.7 Conclusions
68(3)
References
68(3)
Part Two Physical Properties of Microgel Particles
71(92)
4 Swelling Thermodynamics of Microgel Particles
73(44)
Benjamin Sierra-Martin
Juan Jose Lietor-Santos
Antonio Fernandez-Barbero
Toan T. Nguyen
Alberto Fernandez-Nieves
4.1 Introduction
73(3)
4.2 Swelling Thermodynamics
76(18)
4.2.1 Polymer/Solvent Mixing
76(3)
4.2.2 Rubber Elasticity
79(2)
4.2.3 Ionic Effects
81(1)
4.2.3.1 Ideal Gas Contribution
81(2)
4.2.3.2 Electrostatic Energy of a Homogeneously Charged Microgel
83(1)
4.2.3.3 Contribution from Counterion Correlations
84(2)
4.2.3.4 Effect of a Slightly Inhomogeneous Fixed-Charge Distribution
86(2)
4.2.4 Equilibrium: Equation of State
88(6)
4.3 Theory Versus Experiment
94(14)
4.3.1 Role of Flory Solubility Parameter
94(3)
4.3.2 Influence of Cross-Linking Density
97(1)
4.3.3 Effect of Charge Density
98(2)
4.3.4 Salt Effects
100(2)
4.3.5 Effect of Added Polymer
102(2)
4.3.6 Cononsolvency: Swelling in Solvent Mixtures
104(2)
4.3.7 Surfactant Effects
106(2)
4.4 Additional Aspects
108(2)
4.4.1 Elastic Moduli
108(1)
4.4.2 Brief Remarks on Swelling Kinetics
108(2)
4.5 Summary
110(7)
References
113(4)
5 Determination of Microgel Structure by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
117(16)
Walter Richtering
Ingo Berndt
Jan Skov Pedersen
5.1 Introduction
117(1)
5.2 Form Factor of Microgels
118(11)
5.3 Core-Shell Particles
129(2)
5.2 Summary
131(2)
References
131(2)
6 Interactions and Colloid Stability of Microgel Particles
133(30)
Brian Vincent
Brian Saunders
6.1 Theoretical Background
133(8)
6.1.1 Introduction
133(3)
6.1.2 Van der Waals Interactions
136(1)
6.1.3 Electrostatic Interactions
137(2)
6.1.4 Depletion Interactions
139(1)
6.1.5 Criteria for Dispersion Stability
140(1)
6.2 Experimental Studies
141(22)
6.2.1 Temperature- and Electrolyte-Induced Aggregation
141(10)
6.2.2 Depletion-Induced Aggregation
151(2)
6.2.3 Heteroaggregation
153(1)
6.2.4 Probing Interactions between Microgel Particles
154(6)
References
160(3)
Part Three Phase Behavior and Dynamics of Microgel Suspensions
163(120)
7 Structure and Thermodynamics of Ionic Microgels
165(30)
Christos N. Likos
7.1 Introduction
165(2)
7.2 Effective Interparticle Potentials
167(7)
7.3 The Fluid Phase of Ionic Microgels
174(4)
7.4 Genetic Algorithms for the Crystal Structures
178(4)
7.5 Phase Behavior
182(7)
7.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks
189(6)
References
191(4)
8 Elasticity of Soft Particles and Colloids Near the Jamming Threshold
195(12)
Matthieu Wyart
8.1 Introduction
195(1)
8.2 Structure and Mechanical Stability
196(3)
8.3 Elastic Moduli
199(5)
8.3.1 Force Balance and Contact Deformation Operators
199(1)
8.3.2 Energy Expansion and Virtual Force Field
200(2)
8.3.3 Elastic Moduli
202(2)
8.4 Summary and Conclusion
204(3)
References
205(2)
9 Crystallization of Microgel Spheres
207(22)
Zhibing Hu
9.1 Introduction
207(1)
9.2 Synthesis and Characterization of PNIPAM Microgels
208(2)
9.3 Phase Behavior of Dispersions of PNIPAM Microgels at Room Temperature
210(3)
9.3.1 Characterization of Different Phases Using UV--Visible Spectroscopy
212(1)
9.4 Temperature- and Polymer Concentration-Dependent Phases of the PNIPAM Microgel Dispersions
213(2)
9.5 Theoretical Investigation of Phase Behavior
215(2)
9.6 Phase Diagram in Terms of Volume Fraction
217(2)
9.7 The Interparticle Potential
219(1)
9.8 Annealing and Aging Effects
220(2)
9.9 Kinetics of Crystallization
222(2)
9.10 Crystallization Along a Single Direction
224(1)
9.11 Summary and Outlook
225(4)
References
226(3)
10 Melting and Geometric Frustration in Temperature-Sensitive Colloids
229(54)
Ahmed M. Alsayed
Yilong Han
Arjun G. Yodh
10.1 Introduction
229(3)
10.2 The Experimental System
232(10)
10.2.1 Synthesis of NIPA Microgel Particles
232(3)
10.2.2 Microscopy and Temperature Control
235(3)
10.2.3 Characterization: Dynamic Light Scattering
238(2)
10.2.4 Characterization: Video Microscopy Measurement of Interparticle Potentials
240(2)
10.3 "First" Melting in Bulk (3D) Colloidal Crystals
242(12)
10.3.1 Background
242(2)
10.3.2 Sample Preparation and Imaging
244(2)
10.3.3 Positional Fluctuations and the Lindemann Parameter
246(1)
10.3.4 Bulk Melting
247(1)
10.3.5 "First" Melting Near Grain Boundaries
248(2)
10.3.6 "First" Melting Near Dislocations
250(1)
10.3.7 Positional and Angular Fluctuations Near Defects
251(2)
10.3.8 Summary
253(1)
10.4 Melting in Two Dimensions: The Hexatic Phase
254(12)
10.4.1 Theoretical Background
254(3)
10.4.2 Experimental Background
257(1)
10.4.3 2D Samples
258(1)
10.4.4 Data Analysis
259(5)
10.4.5 The Hexatic Phase and Other Features of the Phase Diagram
264(1)
10.4.6 The Order of the Phase Transitions
265(1)
10.4.7 Summary
265(1)
10.5 Geometric Frustration in Colloidal "Antiferromagnets"
266(7)
10.5.1 Background
266(3)
10.5.2 The Experimental System
269(1)
10.5.3 Antiferromagnetic Order
270(1)
10.5.4 Stripes and the Zigzagging Ground State
270(1)
10.5.5 Dynamics
271(2)
10.5.6 Summary
273(1)
10.6 Future
273(10)
References
274(9)
Part Four Mechanical Properties
283(72)
11 Yielding, Flow, and Slip in Microgel Suspensions: From Microstructure to Macroscopic Rheology
285(26)
Michel Cloitre
11.1 Introduction
285(1)
11.2 Advanced Techniques for Microgel Rheology
286(5)
11.2.1 Macroscopic Shear Rheology
286(2)
11.2.2 DWS-Based Microrheology
288(2)
11.2.3 Real Space Particle-Tracking Techniques
290(1)
11.3 Near-Equilibrium Properties and Linear Rheology of Microgel Suspensions
291(6)
11.3.1 Dilute Regime and Paste Formation
291(2)
11.3.2 Linear Viscoelasticity of Microgel Pastes
293(1)
11.3.3 Elastic Properties of Concentrated Microgel Pastes
294(3)
11.4 Yielding, Flow, and Aging
297(6)
11.4.1 Yielding
297(2)
11.4.2 Flow of Microgel Pastes
299(2)
11.4.3 Slow Dynamics and Aging of Microgel Pastes
301(2)
11.5 Slip and Flow of Microgel Suspensions Near Confining Surfaces
303(4)
11.5.1 Wall Slip
303(1)
11.5.2 Direct Measurements of Slip Velocity
304(2)
11.5.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication as the Origin of Wall Slip
306(1)
11.6 Outlook
307(4)
References
307(4)
12 Mechanics of Single Microgel Particles
311(16)
Hans M. Wyss
Johan Mattsson
Thomas Franke
Alberto Fernandez-Nieves
David A. Weitz
12.1 Compressive Measurements by Variation of the Osmotic Pressure
312(3)
12.2 Capillary Micromechanics: Full Mechanical Behavior of a Single Microgel Particle
315(7)
12.3 Discussion: Effects of Particle Softness on Suspension Rheology
322(1)
12.4 Microgels as Model Glasses: Soft Particles Make Strong Glasses
323(1)
12.5 Analogy to Emulsions and Foams
324(3)
References
324(3)
13 Rheology of Industrially Relevant Microgels
327(28)
Jason R. Stokes
13.1 Introduction
327(1)
13.2 Flow Behavior
328(10)
13.2.1 Influence of Phase Volume and Concentration
329(3)
13.2.2 Shear Rheology of Concentrated Microgel Suspensions
332(3)
13.2.3 Linear Viscoelasticity of Concentrated Microgel Suspensions
335(3)
13.3 Microgel Suspension Rheology in Applications
338(12)
13.3.1 Coating Formulations
339(3)
13.3.2 Biomedical, Pharmaceutical, Personal Care, and Cosmetic Products
342(3)
13.3.3 Biopolymer Microgels for Food and Other Applications
345(1)
13.3.3.1 Starch Microgels
345(2)
13.3.3.2 Biopolymer Microgels and Particle Anisotropy
347(3)
13.4 Outlook
350(5)
References
351(4)
Part Five Applications
355(96)
14 Exploiting the Optical Properties of Microgels and Hydrogels as Microlenses and Photonic Crystals in Sensing Applications
357(18)
L. Andrew Lyon
Grant R. Hendrickson
Zhiyong Meng
Ashlee N. St. John Iyer
14.1 Introduction
357(1)
14.2 Responsive Microgel and Hydrogel-Based Lenses
358(4)
14.3 Photonic Crystals
362(6)
14.4 Other Responsive Systems
368(4)
14.5 Summary
372(3)
References
372(3)
15 Microgels in Drug Delivery
375(32)
Martin Malmsten
15.1 Introduction
375(1)
15.2 Polymer Gels
376(2)
15.3 Polymer Microgels
378(15)
15.3.1 Temperature Triggering of Microgels
380(2)
15.3.2 Electrostatic Triggering of Microgels
382(3)
15.3.3 Triggering of Microgels by Specific Metabolites
385(1)
15.3.4 Microgel Triggering by External Fields
385(4)
15.3.5 Microgel Triggering by Degradation
389(4)
15.4 Polymer Microcapsules
393(6)
15.4.1 Microcapsule Triggering
395(4)
15.5 Swelling, Loading, and Release Kinetics
399(3)
15.6 Outlook
402(5)
References
403(4)
16 Microgels for Oil Recovery
407(16)
Yuxing Ben
Ian Robb
Peng Tonmukayakul
Qiang Wang
16.1 Introduction
407(3)
16.2 Microgels Used in Oil Recovery
410(11)
16.2.1 Guar
410(1)
16.2.1.1 Gel Formation
411(4)
16.2.2 Rheology of Guar Gels and its Relation to Proppant Transport
415(1)
16.2.2.1 Proppant Transport
416(1)
16.2.3 Xanthan
416(2)
16.2.4 Gels for Gravel Packing
418(1)
16.2.5 Gels for Fluid Loss Control
419(1)
16.2.6 Gels for Pills
420(1)
16.3 Concluding Remarks
421(2)
References
421(2)
17 Applications of Biopolymer Microgels
423(28)
Eugene Pashkovski
17.1 Introduction
423(2)
17.2 Origin, Production, and Molecular Properties of Xanthan Gum
425(4)
17.3 Characterization of Xanthan and CMC Microgels
429(7)
17.4 Rheology of Silica Suspensions in Xanthan Microgel Pastes
436(6)
17.5 Aging of Concentrated Xanthan Suspensions
442(4)
17.6 Conclusions
446(5)
References
447(4)
Index 451
Alberto Fernandez-Nieves is Assistant Professor of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He received his B.S. and Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Granada (Spain) and came to the US to work with David Weitz as a Post-Doctoral Researcher in 2001. Before joining GeorgiaTech, he was Lecturer in the Department of Applied Physics at the University of Almeria (Spain). His research is in Soft Condensed Matter Physics with a focus on the connection between microscopic order and macroscopic properties.

Hans M. Wyss is assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering and the Institute of Complex Molecular Systems at Eindhoven University of Technology in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He received his MSc in Physics and his PhD in Materials Science from ETH Zurich (Switzerland). He worked as a postdoctoral researcher in David Weitz's research group at Harvard University, 2003-2008. His research interests are focused on the structure, dynamics, and rheology of soft materials.

Dr. Johan Mattsson is a Lecturer in physics at the University of Leeds, U.K.. He received his MSc in Eng. Physics from Lund University, Sweden, and his PhD in Materials Science from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. He did postdoctoral work with Prof. David Weitz at Harvard University and has held a position as Assistant Professor of physics at Chalmers. His research is directed towards the physics of disordered materials and soft matter.

David Weitz is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics at Harvard University. He received his B.S. in Physics from the University of Waterloo, and A.M. and Ph.D. in Physics from Harvard University. His research group studies the physics of soft condensed matter. Before coming to Harvard, David Weitz was a Professor of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania and a Physicist with Exxon Research and Engineering Co.