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E-raamat: Mobile Positioning and Tracking - From Conventional to Cooperative Solutions: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques [Wiley Online]

  • Formaat: 298 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Jul-2010
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 470663030
  • ISBN-13: 9780470663035
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 140,62 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Mobile Positioning and Tracking - From Conventional to Cooperative Solutions: From Conventional to Cooperative TechniquesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 298 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Jul-2010
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 470663030
  • ISBN-13: 9780470663035
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470663035
Current trends in mobile services envisage location-based networking as a major strong stimulator for the development of novel solutions for obtaining positioning information in wireless networks. This book discusses mobile positioning solutions applied on top of current wireless communication networks. In addition, the authors introduce advanced and novel topics such as localization in heterogeneous and cooperative networks, providing a unified treatment of the topic for researchers and industry professionals alike. Furthermore, the book focuses on application areas of positioning, basics of wireless communications for positioning, data fusion and filtering techniques, fundamentals of tracking, error mitigation techniques, positioning systems and technologies, and cooperative mobile positioning systems.

This book will be a valuable guide for advanced students studying related courses. Professionals and practitioners in the field of positioning and mobile technologies, and software and service developers will also find this book of interest.

This book presents the most recent state of the art in mobile positioning and tracking techniques.

This book discusses mobile positioning solutions applied on top of current wireless communication networks. In addition, the authors introduce advanced and novel topics such as localization in heterogeneous and cooperative networks, providing a unified treatment of the topic for researchers and industry professionals alike. Furthermore, the book focuses on application areas of positioning, basics of wireless communications for positioning, data fusion and filtering techniques, fundamentals of tracking, error mitigation techniques, positioning systems and technologies, and cooperative mobile positioning systems.

Key Features:

  • Covers the state of the art of satellite- and terrestrial-based positioning systems, spanning from outdoor to indoor environments and from wide area networks to short-range networks
  • Discusses a whole range of topics related to mobile positioning: from fundamentals of positioning to the description of a wide spectrum of mobility models for tracking, from details on data fusion and filtering techniques to error mitigation techniques (including aspects of signal processing)
  • Provides a solid bridge between research and industry envisaging a potential implementation of the presented solutions
  • Fills the gap between positioning and communication systems, showing how features of communication systems can be used for positioning purposes and how the retrieved location information can be used to enhance the performance of wireless networks.
  • Includes an accompanying website

This book will be a valuable guide for advanced students studying related courses. Professionals and practitioners in the field of positioning and mobile technologies, and software and service developers will also find this book of interest.

About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Notations xxix
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Application Areas of Positioning (Chapter 2)
5(1)
1.2 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning (Chapter 3)
6(1)
1.3 Fundamentals of Positioning (Chapter 4)
6(1)
1.4 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques (Chapter 5)
7(1)
1.5 Fundamentals of Tracking (Chapter 6)
7(1)
1.6 Error Mitigation Techniques (Chapter 7)
8(1)
1.7 Positioning Systems and Technologies (Chapter 8)
8(1)
1.8 Cooperative Mobile Positioning (Chapter 9)
9(2)
2 Application Areas of Positioning
11(22)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Localization Framework
11(2)
2.3 Location-based Services
13(14)
2.3.1 LBS ecosystem
13(3)
2.3.2 Taxonomies
16(2)
2.3.2.1 Application categories
18(9)
2.4 Location-based Network Optimization
27(4)
2.4.1 Radio network planning
28(1)
2.4.2 Radio resource management
28(1)
2.4.2.1 Beamforming
29(1)
2.4.2.2 Power control
29(1)
2.4.2.3 Packet scheduling
29(1)
2.4.2.4 Handover
30(1)
2.5 Conclusions
31(2)
3 Basics of Wireless Communications for Positioning
33(28)
Nicola Marchetti
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Radio Propagation
34(6)
3.2.1 Path loss
35(1)
3.2.2 Shadowing
36(1)
3.2.3 Small-scale fading
36(1)
3.2.3.1 Multipath fading
37(1)
3.2.4 Radio propagation and mobile positioning
37(1)
3.2.4.1 Measurements
38(1)
3.2.4.2 Position estimation
38(1)
3.2.4.3 NLOS positioning error mitigation
39(1)
3.2.5 RSS-based positioning
39(1)
3.3 Multiple-antenna Techniques
40(5)
3.3.1 Spatial diversity
41(1)
3.3.2 Spatial multiplexing
41(1)
3.3.3 Gains obtained by exploiting the spatial domain
42(1)
3.3.3.1 Array gain
42(1)
3.3.3.2 Diversity gain
43(1)
3.3.3.3 Multiplexing gain
43(1)
3.3.3.4 Interference reduction
44(1)
3.3.4 MIMO and mobile positioning
44(1)
3.4 Modulation and Multiple-access Techniques
45(6)
3.4.1 Modulation techniques
45(1)
3.4.1.1 OFDM
45(2)
3.4.1.2 Spread spectrum
47(1)
3.4.2 Multiple-access techniques
48(1)
3.4.2.1 TDMA
48(1)
3.4.2.2 FDMA/OFDMA
48(1)
3.4.2.3 CDMA
49(1)
3.4.2.4 SDMA
49(1)
3.4.2.5 CSMA/CA
50(1)
3.4.3 OFDMA and mobile positioning
51(1)
3.5 Radio Resource Management and Mobile Positioning
51(3)
3.5.1 Handoff, channel reuse and interference adaptation
51(1)
3.5.1.1 Handoff prioritization
52(1)
3.5.1.2 Channel reuse and interference adaptation
53(1)
3.5.1.3 Predictive channel reservation
53(1)
3.5.2 Power control
53(1)
3.6 Cooperative Communications
54(2)
3.6.1 RSS-based cooperative positioning
54(2)
3.7 Cognitive Radio and Mobile Positioning
56(3)
3.8 Conclusions
59(2)
4 Fundamentals of Positioning
61(30)
4.1 Introduction
61(1)
4.2 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures
61(4)
4.2.1 Positioning-system topology
62(1)
4.2.2 Physical coverage range
62(2)
4.2.3 Integration of positioning solutions
64(1)
4.3 Types of Measurements and Methods for their Estimation
65(5)
4.3.1 Cell ID
65(1)
4.3.2 Signal strength
66(1)
4.3.3 Time of arrival
66(2)
4.3.4 Time difference of arrival
68(1)
4.3.5 Angle of arrival
68(2)
4.3.6 Personal-information identification
70(1)
4.4 Positioning Techniques
70(12)
4.4.1 Proximity sensing
70(1)
4.4.1.1 Physical contact
70(1)
4.4.1.2 Identity methods
70(1)
4.4.1.3 Macropositioning
71(1)
4.4.2 Triangulation
72(1)
4.4.2.1 Lateration
72(2)
4.4.2.2 Hyperbolic localization
74(1)
4.4.2.3 Angulation
75(1)
4.4.3 Fingerprinting
76(2)
4.4.3.1 Calibration phase for database creation
78(1)
4.4.3.2 Image/video approaches
78(1)
4.4.3.3 Collaborative approach for database maintenance
79(1)
4.4.4 Dead reckoning
79(1)
4.4.5 Hybrid approaches
80(1)
4.4.5.1 Hybrid angulation and lateration
80(1)
4.4.5.2 Hybrid angulation and hyperbolic localization
81(1)
4.5 Error Sources in Positioning
82(6)
4.5.1 Propagation
82(1)
4.5.1.1 Non-line-of-sight
82(1)
4.5.1.2 Multipath fading
83(1)
4.5.1.3 Shadowing
84(1)
4.5.1.4 Body shadowing
84(1)
4.5.1.5 Interference
85(1)
4.5.1.6 The ionosphere
85(1)
4.5.2 Geometry
86(1)
4.5.3 Equipment and technology
87(1)
4.6 Metrics of Location Accuracy
88(2)
4.6.1 Circular error probability
88(1)
4.6.2 Dilution of precision
88(1)
4.6.3 Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)
89(1)
4.7 Conclusions
90(1)
5 Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques
91(28)
5.1 Introduction
91(1)
5.2 Least-squares Methods
92(8)
5.2.1 Linear least squares
93(1)
5.2.2 Recursive least squares
94(2)
5.2.3 Weighted nonlinear least squares
96(1)
5.2.3.1 Example of application
97(3)
5.2.4 The absolute/local-minimum problem
100(1)
5.3 Bayesian Filtering
100(10)
5.3.1 The Kalman filter
102(2)
5.3.1.1 Extended Kalman filter
104(1)
5.3.1.2 Unscented Kalman filter
105(2)
5.3.1.3 Convergence issues
107(1)
5.3.2 The particle filter
108(1)
5.3.3 Grid-based methods
109(1)
5.4 Estimating Model Parameters and Biases in Observations
110(2)
5.4.1 Precalibration
111(1)
5.4.2 Joint parameter and state estimation
112(1)
5.5 Alternative Approaches
112(5)
5.5.1 Fingerprinting
112(1)
5.5.2 Time series data
113(3)
5.5.2.1 Single exponential smoothing
116(1)
5.5.2.2 The double exponential smoother
116(1)
5.6 Conclusions
117(2)
6 Fundamentals of Tracking
119(30)
6.1 Introduction
119(1)
6.2 Impact of User Mobility on Positioning
120(1)
6.2.1 Localizing static devices
120(1)
6.2.2 Added complexity in tracking
120(1)
6.2.3 Additional knowledge in cooperative environments
121(1)
6.3 Mobility Models
121(14)
6.3.1 Conventional models
121(1)
6.3.2 Models based on stochastic processes
122(1)
6.3.2.1 Brownian-motion model
122(1)
6.3.2.2 Random walk model
123(1)
6.3.2.3 Waypoint random walk
124(1)
6.3.2.4 Gauss-Markov model
125(1)
6.3.2.5 Models based on Markov chains
126(2)
6.3.3 Geographical-restriction models
128(1)
6.3.3.1 Pathway mobility model
128(1)
6.3.4 Group mobility models
129(2)
6.3.4.1 Reference point group mobility model
131(1)
6.3.4.2 Correlation group mobility model
131(1)
6.3.5 Social-based models
132(1)
6.3.5.1 Model based on a sociability factor
133(2)
6.4 Tracking Moving Devices
135(11)
6.4.1 Mitigating obstructions in the propagation conditions
136(1)
6.4.2 Tracking nonmaneuvering targets
136(2)
6.4.3 Tracking maneuvering targets
138(1)
6.4.3.1 Process adaptation using maneuver detection
138(1)
6.4.3.2 Multiple-model approaches
139(2)
6.4.4 Learning position and trajectory patterns
141(1)
6.4.4.1 The expectation maximization algorithm
142(2)
6.4.4.2 The k-means algorithm
144(2)
6.5 Conclusions
146(3)
7 Error Mitigation Techniques
149(28)
Ismail Guvenc
7.1 Introduction
149(2)
7.2 System Model
151(4)
7.2.1 Maximum-likelihood algorithm for LOS scenarios
153(1)
7.2.2 Cramer-Rao lower bounds for LOS scenarios
154(1)
7.3 NLOS Scenarios: Fundamental Limits and ML Solutions
155(7)
7.3.1 ML-based algorithms
157(1)
7.3.2 Cramer-Rao lower bound
158(4)
7.4 Least-squares Techniques for NLOS Localization
162(3)
7.4.1 Weighted least squares
162(1)
7.4.2 Residual-weighting algorithm
163(2)
7.5 Constraint-based Techniques for NLOS Localization
165(5)
7.5.1 Constrained LS algorithm and quadratic programming
165(1)
7.5.2 Linear programming
166(1)
7.5.3 Geometry-constrained location estimation
166(2)
7.5.4 Interior-point optimization
168(2)
7.6 Robust Estimators for NLOS Localization
170(2)
7.6.1 Huber M-estimator
170(1)
7.6.2 Least median squares
171(1)
7.6.3 Other robust estimation options
172(1)
7.7 Identify and Discard Techniques for NLOS Localization
172(3)
7.7.1 Residual test algorithm
172(3)
7.8 Conclusions
175(2)
8 Positioning Systems and Technologies
177(36)
Andreas Waadt
Guido H. Bruck
Peter Jung
8.1 Introduction
177(1)
8.2 Satellite Positioning
178(7)
8.2.1 Overview
178(1)
8.2.2 Basic principles
179(1)
8.2.2.1 Mathematical background
180(3)
8.2.3 Satellite positioning systems
183(1)
8.2.3.1 Introductory remarks
183(1)
8.2.3.2 The Global Positioning System
183(1)
8.2.3.3 Augmentation systems
184(1)
8.2.3.4 GPS III and GALILEO
184(1)
8.2.4 Accuracy and reliability
184(1)
8.2.5 Drawbacks when applied to mobile positioning
184(1)
8.3 Cellular Positioning
185(15)
8.3.1 Overview
185(1)
8.3.2 GSM
186(1)
8.3.2.1 Cell ID
186(4)
8.3.2.2 RSSI
190(1)
8.3.2.3 Mobile-assisted TOA
191(2)
8.3.2.4 Accuracy and reliability
193(2)
8.3.3 UMTS
195(1)
8.3.3.1 3GPP standardization
195(1)
8.3.3.2 OTDOA-IPDL
196(1)
8.3.3.3 U-TDOA
197(1)
8.3.3.4 A-GNSS-based positioning
198(1)
8.3.4 Emergency applications in cellular networks
199(1)
8.3.5 Drawbacks when applied to mobile positioning
200(1)
8.4 Wireless Local/Personal Area Network Positioning
200(7)
8.4.1 Solutions on top of wireless local networks
200(1)
8.4.1.1 UWB
201(1)
8.4.1.2 Bluetooth
202(2)
8.4.1.3 WLAN (Wi-Fi)
204(1)
8.4.2 Dedicated solutions
204(1)
8.4.2.1 RFID
204(1)
8.4.2.2 Infrared
205(1)
8.4.2.3 Ultrasound
206(1)
8.5 Ad hoc Positioning
207(1)
8.6 Hybrid Positioning
208(2)
8.6.1 Heterogeneous positioning
208(1)
8.6.2 Cellular and WLAN
208(1)
8.6.3 Assisted GPS
209(1)
8.7 Conclusions
210(3)
9 Cooperative Mobile Positioning
213(38)
9.1 Introduction
213(2)
9.2 Cooperative Localization
215(6)
9.2.1 Robot networks
215(1)
9.2.2 Wireless sensor networks
215(3)
9.2.2.1 Clustering
218(1)
9.2.3 Wireless mobile networks
219(2)
9.3 Cooperative Data Fusion and Filtering Techniques
221(6)
9.3.1 Coop-WNLLS: Cooperative weighted nonlinear least squares
222(1)
9.3.1.1 Example of application
222(3)
9.3.2 Coop-EKF: Cooperative extended Kalman filter
225(1)
9.3.2.1 Example of application
225(2)
9.4 COMET: A Cooperative Mobile Positioning System
227(23)
9.4.1 System architecture
228(1)
9.4.2 Data fusion methods
229(1)
9.4.2.1 1L-DF: One-level data fusion
229(2)
9.4.2.2 2L-DF: Two-level data fusion
231(6)
9.4.3 Performance evaluation
237(1)
9.4.3.1 Simulation models
237(3)
9.4.3.2 Simulation results
240(10)
9.5 Conclusions
250(1)
References 251(14)
Index 265
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