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E-raamat: Nanopatterned and Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes [Wiley Online]

Edited by (University of Guelph, Canada), Edited by (University of Illinois, Champaign), Edited by (University of Southampton, UK)
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Nanopatterned and Nanoparticle-Modified ElectrodesSuurem pilt
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Volume XVII in the "Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering" series, this monograph covers progress in this rapidly developing field with a particular emphasis on important applications, including spectroscopy, medicinal chemistry and analytical chemistry.
As such it covers nanopatterned and nanoparticle-modified electrodes for analytical detection, surface spectroscopy, electrocatalysis and a fundamental understanding of the relation between the electrode structure and its function.
Written by a group of international experts, this is a valuable resource for researchers working in such fields as electrochemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, analytical and medicinal chemistry.
List of Contributors xi
Series Preface xvii
Preface xix
1 Surface Electrochemistry with Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes 1(58)
Victor Climent
Juan M. Feliu
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Concepts of Surface Crystallography
2(7)
1.3 Preparation of Single-Crystal and Well-Oriented Surfaces
9(4)
1.4 Understanding the Voltammetry of Platinum
13(11)
1.4.1 CO Charge Displacement Experiment
15(3)
1.4.2 Stepped Surfaces
18(6)
1.5 Potential of Zero Charge of Platinum Single Crystals
24(10)
1.5.1 Total Charge Curves in Coulometric Analysis
29(3)
1.5.2 Model for the Estimation of the Potential of Zero Free Charge
32(1)
1.5.3 Applications of Electrocapillary Equation
32(2)
1.6 The Laser-Induced Temperature Jump Method and the Potential of Maximum Entropy
34(6)
1.7 Electrocatalytic Studies with Single-Crystal Electrodes
40(7)
1.7.1 Carbon Monoxide on Platinum
40(3)
1.7.2 Oxygen Reduction
43(4)
1.8 Concluding Remarks
47(2)
Acknowledgments
49(1)
References
49(10)
2 Electrochemically Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles 59(38)
Lu Wei
Na Tian
Zhi Y. Zhou
Shi G. Sun
2.1 Introduction
59(1)
2.2 Metal Nanoparticles of High-Index Facets and High Surface Energy
60(13)
2.2.1 NPs of {hk0} High-Index Facets
61(5)
2.2.2 NPs of {hkk} High-Index Facets
66(1)
2.2.3 NPs of {hhl} High-Index Facets
66(3)
2.2.4 NPs of {hkl} High-Index Facets
69(2)
2.2.5 Electrochemistry-Mediated Shape Evolution
71(1)
2.2.6 Electrochemical Milling and Faceting
72(1)
2.3 Metallic Alloy Nanoparticles of High-Index Facets and High Surface Energy
73(6)
2.3.1 Pd-Pt Alloy NPs
74(2)
2.3.2 Pt-Rh Alloy NPs
76(1)
2.3.3 Fe-Ni Alloy NPs
77(2)
2.4 Metal Nanoparticles of Low-Index Facets
79(5)
2.4.1 Fe NPs with High Surface Energy
79(2)
2.4.2 Cu NPs
81(2)
2.4.3 Pt NPs
83(1)
2.5 Nanoparticles of Metal Oxides and Chalcogenides
84(6)
2.5.1 Cuprous Oxide
84(5)
2.5.2 Lead Sulfide
89(1)
2.6 Summary and Perspectives
90(1)
Acknowledgment
91(1)
References
91(6)
3 Direct Growth of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials at Electrode Surfaces 97(48)
Sapanbir S. Thind
Aicheng Chen
3.1 Introduction
97(1)
3.2 Growth of 1D Nanomaterials
98(1)
3.3 Nanowires
98(10)
3.3.1 Formation of Na2Ti6O13, H2Ti3O7, and TiO2 Nanowires
99(5)
3.3.2 Synthesis of Various Nanowires Using Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) Templates
104(2)
3.3.3 TiO2 Nanowires through Thermal Oxidation Treatment
106(2)
3.4 Nanorods
108(5)
3.4.1 Effect of Oxygen Source on the Formation of Titanium Oxide Films
110(3)
3.5 Nanotubes
113(8)
3.5.1 Nanotube Growth Control
116(3)
3.5.1.1 Effect of Fluorine Concentration
116(1)
3.5.1.2 Length and Diameter of Nanotubes
117(2)
3.5.2 Modification of TiO2 Nanotubes
119(2)
3.6 Direct Growth of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
121(7)
3.6.1 Nanoplates
121(5)
3.6.2 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
126(2)
3.7 Growth of Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials
128(7)
3.7.1 Nanodendrites
128(2)
3.7.2 Nanoflowers
130(5)
3.8 Summary
135(1)
Acknowledgments
136(1)
References
136(9)
4 One-Dimensional Pt Nanostructures for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 145(54)
Gaixia Zhang
Shuhui Sun
4.1 Introduction
145(1)
4.2 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of 1D Pt Nanostructures
146(30)
4.2.1 1D Pt Nanowires/Nanorod and Nanotubes
148(28)
4.2.1.1 Pt Nanowires/Nanorods
148(13)
4.2.1.2 Pt Nanotubes
161(13)
4.2.1.3 Pt Multipods
174(2)
4.3 1D Pt-Based Nanostructures as Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
176(13)
4.3.1 Reaction Mechanisms for PEMFCs
176(1)
4.3.2 Cathode Catalysts for ORR in DHFC
176(5)
4.3.2.1 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Supportless Pt Nanotubes and Pt/C toward ORR
177(2)
4.3.2.2 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Star-Like Pt Nanowires/C and Pt/C toward ORR
179(2)
4.3.3 Anode Catalysts for MOR in DMFC
181(4)
4.3.3.1 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Pt Nanowires/TiO2 and Pt/C toward MOR
181(2)
4.3.3.2 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Pt Nanowires/CNT@SnNW and Pt/C toward MOR
183(1)
4.3.3.3 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Pt DNTs, Pt SNTs, and Pt/C toward MOR
184(1)
4.3.4 Anode Catalysts for FAOR in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell (DFAFC)
185(18)
4.3.4.1 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Pt Multipods, Pt Disks, and Pt Hexagons toward Formic Acid Oxidation
187(1)
4.3.4.2 Comparison of the Electrocatalytic Performance of Pt Y-Junction, Pt Nanowires (NW), and Pt/C toward Formic Acid Oxidation
188(1)
4.4 Conclusions and Outlook
189(1)
References
190(9)
5 Investigations of Capping Agent Adsorption for Metal Nanoparticle Stabilization and the Formation of Anisotropic Gold Nanocrystals 199(48)
Ian J. Burgess
5.1 Introduction and Scope
199(1)
5.2 The Multifunctional Role of Nanoparticle Capping Agents
199(2)
5.3 Controlled Growth of Anisotropic Nanoparticle
201(1)
5.4 Measuring Capping Agent Adsorption
202(1)
5.5 Experimental Techniques
203(5)
5.5.1 Single-Crystal Gold Electrode Preparation
203(2)
5.5.2 Chronocoulometry and the Back-Integration Technique
205(1)
5.5.3 Gibbs Excesses of the Acid/Base Forms of the Capping Agents
205(2)
5.5.4 Gibbs Excesses of Co-adsorbed Capping Agents
207(1)
5.6 Citrate-Stabilized Nanoparticles
208(4)
5.6.1 Citrate Adsorption on Au(111) Electrodes
208(2)
5.6.2 Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles
210(2)
5.7 Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants as Capping Agents
212(5)
5.7.1 Model Surfactant Adsorption on Gold Single Crystals
212(2)
5.7.2 Halide Co-adsorption on Gold Single Crystals
214(1)
5.7.3 Implications for Nanoparticle Systems
215(2)
5.8 Pyridine Derivative Capping Agents
217(22)
5.8.1 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-Stabilized Au Nanoparticles
217(2)
5.8.2 DMAP Adsorption on Polycrystalline Au
219(7)
5.8.3 Competitive Adsorption Effects
226(3)
5.8.4 DMAP Adsorption on Single-Crystal Au Surfaces
229(2)
5.8.5 Directed Growth Using DMAP as a Capping Agent
231(4)
5.8.6 4-Methoxypyridine (MOP)-Stabilized Au Nanoparticles
235(4)
5.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
239(1)
Acknowledgments
239(1)
References
240(7)
6 Intercalation of Ions into Nanotubes for Energy Storage - A Theoretical Study 247(24)
Leila Mohammadzadeh
Aleksej Goduljan
Fernando Juarez
Paola Quaino
Elizabeth Santos
Wolfgang Schmickler
6.1 Introduction
247(1)
6.2 Ionization in Nanotubes
248(2)
6.3 Electrostatic Interactions
250(1)
6.4 Details of the Investigated Systems
251(1)
6.5 Ionic Charges
252(1)
6.6 Effect of Ion Insertion on the Band Structure
253(2)
6.7 Screening of the Coulomb Potential
255(4)
6.7.1 Potential along the Axis
255(2)
6.7.2 Effective Image Radius
257(2)
6.8 Energetics of Ion Insertion
259(5)
6.8.1 Optimum Position
259(2)
6.8.2 Insertion Energies in CNTs
261(1)
6.8.2.1 Anions in CNTs
261(1)
6.8.2.2 Cations in CNTs
262(1)
6.8.3 Ions in Gold Nanotubes
262(2)
6.9 Capacity of a Narrow Nanotube in Contact with an Ionic Liquid
264(2)
6.10 Other Literature
266(1)
6.11 Outlook
267(1)
Acknowledgments
268(1)
References
268(3)
7 Surface Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials for Detection of Diseases 271(24)
Jean F. Masson
Kristy S. McKeating
7.1 An Introduction to Plasmonics
271(1)
7.2 An Overview of Plasmonic Techniques
272(7)
7.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
272(2)
7.2.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
274(2)
7.2.3 Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF)
276(2)
7.2.4 Electrically Conductive Plasmonic Substrates
278(1)
7.3 Plasmonic Spectroelectrochemistry
279(6)
7.3.1 Electrochemical SPR and LSPR
279(3)
7.3.2 Electrochemical SERS
282(2)
7.3.3 Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence Electrochemistry
284(1)
7.4 Plasmonic Biosensing for the Detection of Diseases
285(2)
7.5 Outlook and Perspectives
287(1)
References
288(7)
8 Raman Spectroscopy at Nanocavity-Patterned Electrodes 295(44)
Philip N. Bartlett
8.1 Introduction
295(1)
8.2 Fabrication Methods
295(12)
8.2.1 Top Down
295(4)
8.2.2 Bottom-Up or Self-Organizing Approaches
299(2)
8.2.3 Metal Evaporation
301(3)
8.2.4 Electrodeposition
304(3)
8.3 Plasmonics
307(7)
8.3.1 Plasmonics of Nanohole Arrays
310(1)
8.3.2 Sphere Segment Void (SSV) Plasmonics
310(4)
8.4 Raman Spectroscopy
314(2)
8.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
316(2)
8.6 SERS on Nanohole Arrays
318(1)
8.7 SERS at Sphere Segment Void (SSV) Surfaces
319(5)
8.8 Some Applications in Electrochemical SERS
324(1)
8.9 Other Surface-Enhanced Phenomena
324(2)
8.10 Conclusions
326(1)
Acknowledgment
327(1)
References
327(12)
9 Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) of Electrode Surfaces 339(34)
Jian F. Li
Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
Zhong Q. Tian
9.1 Introduction
339(3)
9.2 Advantages of Isolated Mode over Contact Mode
342(1)
9.3 3D-FDTD Simulations
343(2)
9.4 Synthesis of SHINs
345(3)
9.5 Characterization of SHINs
348(2)
9.6 Applications of SHINERS in Electrochemistry
350(11)
9.6.1 SHINERS Study of Pyridine Adsorption on Au(hkl) and Pt(hkl) Single-Crystal Electrodes
351(2)
9.6.2 SHINERS for Probing the Benzotriazole Film Formation on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Cu(Poly) Electrodes
353(1)
9.6.3 SHINERS Study of Ionic Liquids at Single-Crystal Electrode Surfaces
354(3)
9.6.4 In Situ Investigation of Electrooxidation Processes at Gold Single-Crystal Surfaces
357(2)
9.6.5 Quantitative Analysis of Temporal Changes in the Passive Layer at a Gold Electrode Surface
359(2)
9.7 Summary and Outlook
361(1)
Acknowledgments
362(1)
References
362(11)
10 Plasmonics-Based Electrochemical Current and Impedance Imaging 373(30)
Xiaonan Shan
Yixian Wang
Nongjian Tao
10.1 Introduction
373(1)
10.2 Principle of Plasmonics-Based Electrochemical Current Microscopy (PECM)
374(3)
10.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions
374(1)
10.2.2 Relationship between Current and SPR Signals
375(2)
10.3 Principle of Plasmonics-Based Electrochemical Impedance Microscopy (PEIM)
377(2)
10.4 Imaging Local Electrochemical Current by PECM
379(10)
10.4.1 Experiment Setup
379(1)
10.4.2 Mapping Local Redox Reactions with PECM
380(1)
10.4.3 Detecting Trace Chemicals
381(2)
10.4.4 Spatial Resolution and Current Detection Limit
383(3)
10.4.5 Imaging Local Square-Wave Voltammetry
386(3)
10.5 Imaging the Electrocatalytic Activity of Single Nanoparticles
389(4)
10.5.1 Experiment
390(1)
10.5.2 Imaging Electrocatalytic Current of Single Pt Nanoparticles
390(3)
10.6 Mapping Local Quantum Capacitance of Graphene with PEIM
393(5)
10.6.1 Experiments
394(1)
10.6.2 Imaging Local Quantum Capacitance of Graphene
394(2)
10.6.3 Quantum Capacitance
396(2)
10.6.4 Local Quantum Capacitance and Charge Impurity Effect
398(1)
10.7 Conclusions
398(1)
References
399(4)
Index 403
Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Philip N. Bartlett is Head of the Electrochemistry Section, Deputy Head of Chemistry for Strategy, and Associate Dean for Enterprise in the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences at the University of Southampton. He received his PhD from Imperial College London and was a Lecturer at the University of Warwick and a Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Bath, before moving to his current position. His research interests include bioelectrochemistry, nanostructured materials, and chemical sensors.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.
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