This volume is the fourth in a six volume collection that brings together primary sources on gardens and gardening across the long nineteenth-century. Economic expansion, empire, the growth of the middle classes and suburbia, the changing role of women and the professionalisation of gardening, alongside industrialisation and the development of leisure and mass markets were all elements that contributed to and were influenced by the evolution of gardens. It is a subject that is both global and multidisciplinary and this set provides the reader with a variety of ways in which to read gardens – through recognition of how they were conceived and experienced as they developed. Material is primarily derived from Britain, with Europe, USA, Australia, India, China and Japan also featuring, and sources include the gardening press, the broader press, government papers, book excerpts and some previously unpublished material.
This volume is the fourth in a six volume collection that brings together primary sources on gardens and gardening across the long nineteenth-century. It is a subject that is both global and multidisciplinary and this set provides the reader with a variety of ways in which to read gardens.
Volume
4. Science: Applications
List of illustrations
Acknowledgments
General Introduction
Introduction to volume 4
Part
1. Natures Gardens
a) Ecology
1. William Robinson Natures Gardens: Niagara, The Garden (25 November
1871), pp. 15-16
2. Alexander Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants (La
Géographie des Plantes (1807) (English trans. Sylvie Romanowski (2009),
pp.64-66, 69-73, 74-75
3. Ernst Haeckel, General Morphology of Organisms (Generelle Morphologie der
Organismen) (1866), bk 5, ch. 19, sect 11, excerpt, pp. 286-287; Edwin
Lankester, The History of Creation(1876), pp. 353-354
4. Anne Pratt, Dispersion of Seeds, The Field, the Garden, and the
Woodland, or, Interesting Facts Respecting Flowers and Plants in General:
Designed for the Young (1841) pp. 18-29
5. Louis van Houtte Short Excursion in the Mountains and the Virgin Forest
of Brazil (Flore des Serres et des Jardins de lEurope, vol. 3 (1847),
excerpt, p. 282, 282b, 282c
6. Charles Darwin, The Struggle for Existence, The Origin of Species, (1859
edn.), pp. 71-75
7. Henry David Thoreau, The Succession of Trees (1860), lecture excerpt
b) Environment
8. Louis van Houtte, Short Excursion in the Mountains and Virgin Forests of
Brazil (Courte excursion dans les montagnes des Orgues et dans les forêts
vierges au Brésil), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de lEurope, vol. 3
(1847) p. 282e-f; 302e-f.
9. Charles Naudin, Egoism and Improvidence (Egoïsme et Imprévoyance),
Flore des Serres et des Jardins de lEurope, vol. 11 (1856), pp. 21-24
10. Robinson Natures Gardens: Niagara, The Garden (2 December 1871), pp.
26-27
11. F W Burbidge Collecting Orchids Abroad, Orchids: A Review of their
Structure and History, illustrated... (1885), Lewis R Castle, pp. 100-103
12. Jacob Forst, The Cyclopolis in Bloom, The Midland Florist and
Horticulturalist (January 1860), pp. 1-5
13. Edward Newman, Introduction, Forked Spleenwort, A History of British
Ferns (1840), pp. vii-ix, 73-74
14. Thomas C. March, Moss, Flower and Fruit Decoration (1862), pp. 30-32
15. Francis Hope, A Plea for Mosses 1 and 2 Gardeners Chronicle (13
February 1875), pp. 204-205; (1 May 1875) 560
Part
2. Experiment
a) Plant Breeding and Propagation
16. Jane W. Loudon, Modes of Propagation by Division, Instructions in
Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 70-93
17. F. W. Burbidge, Propagation, in Domestic Floriculture (2nd edn. 1875),
pp. 29-38
18. John Lindley, Leader, Gardeners Chronicle (6 July 1844), p. 443
19. Donald Beaton, Greenhouse and Window Gardening, Geraniums, Cottage
Gardener (9 August 1849), pp. 243-4, Naming New Plants and Crossing Old
Ones, (7 July 1853), 257-8
20. Thomas Meehan, review of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin,
Gardeners Monthly, vol. 2 (May 1860), pp. 151-153; Variations in Nature: A
Contribution to the Doctrine of Evolution, and the Theory of Natural
Selection, An Address before the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Montreal Meeting (August 1882), pp. 8-14
21. Maxwell T. Masters, Leader, Gardeners Chronicle (6 March 1875), pp.
308-9
22. Shirley Hibberd, The Horticulture of Fifty Years, Gardeners Magazine
(7 April, 1883), pp. 163-4
23. William Bateson, Hybridisation and Cross-breeding as a Method of
Scientific Investigation, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1900),
pp. 59-66
b) Glass Gardens
24. J. C. Loudon, Forms of Hot-house Roofs, Details of the Construction of
Roofs, Glazing of Hot-house Roofs, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), pp
314-21
25. Joseph Paxton, Description of Victoria Regia House at Chatsworth,
Gardeners Chronicle (24 August 1850), p. 548-49
26. Philip Henry Gosse, The Palm-House, Wanderings through the
Conservatories at Kew (1856), pp. 40-6
27. Robert Fish, Erecting a Greenhouse Adjoining a Residence, Cottage
Gardener and Gentlemans Companion, 12 (5 September 1854), pp. 443-5
28. Hothouses for the Million, advertisement, Gardeners Chronicle (21
January 1860), p. 60
29. Horticultural Buildings, Gardeners Chronicle (22 February 1896), p.
244; Duncan Tucker catalogue (after 1897) birds-eye-view horticultural
joinery mill and interior [ illustrations]
c) Pipes, Pumps and Cement
30. Conrad Loddiges, On Warming Hothouses by Steam, Botanical Cabinet, vol.
3 (1818)
31. James Main, On Heating Hot-houses by Hot Water; with some account of a
new mode, the invention of Mr Weekes, Gardeners Magazine, vol. 9 (February
1833), pp. 34-36; Loudon response, 36-37; Advert, Weekes Radiator,
Gardeners Chronicle (11 August 1860), 742
32. Shirley Hibberd, Gas Heating, The Amateurs Greenhouse and Conservatory
(1873), pp. 22-26
33. J. C. Loudon, On the Construction of Fountains for Gardens, Gardeners
Magazine, vol. 9 (April 1833), pp. 208-17
34. Joseph Paxton, The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth, Paxtons Magazine of
Botany, vol. 11 (1844) pp. 223-227
35. Freeman Roe, Hand-book of Fountains (1845), pp. 12-14; Hydraulic Ram
pp. 38-43
36. Observator, On the Construction of Artificial Rock Gardeners
Chronicle (4 March 1843), p. 134
37. Anon, Artistic Grottoes and Rock Formations, Neuberts Deutsches
Garten-Magazin, vol. 1 (1882), pp. 136-8
d) Garden Implements and Machines
38. Anon, Tools and Instruments, Revue Horticole, vol. 1 (April 1829), pp.
19-20
39. Jane W. Loudon, Stirring the Soil, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies
(1840), pp. 7-11
40. Elizabeth Watts, extract from Flowers and the Flower Garden (1867), pp.
15-16
41. Thomas Record, Watering Contrivances, Journal of Horticulture vol. 24
(1873), 429-32
42. James Glaisher, On a Thermometer for Taking Temperatures at the Roots of
Plants, On a Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer, Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society, vol. 4 (1873), 25-7
43. J. C. Loudon, Buddings Machine for Cropping or Shearing the Vegetable
surface of Lawns, Green Plots etc Gardeners Magazine, vol. 8 (January
1832), pp. 34-36; Patent Lawn-mowing and Rolling Machines, Gardeners
Chronicle (1869), p. 742; William Paul, Handbook of Villa Gardening (1865),
pp. 18-22; Max de Nansouty, Gardening and Automobilism, Le Jardin (1899),
220-21
44. Henry Steuart, The Planter's Guide; Or, A Practical Essay on the Best
Method of Giving Immediate Effect to Wood (1828), pp. 223-35
45. William Barron, On Transplanting Large Trees, British Winter Garden
(1852), pp. 25-39
e) Deterrents
46. J. C. Loudon, Machines of Defence, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822),
pp. 235-37
47. Peter Kendall, On the Employment of Cats in the Preservation of Fruit
from Birds, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 2nd series, vol. 1
(1835), pp. 390-1; George Fergusson Wilson, Scarecrows, Gardeners
Chronicle (23 November 1872), p. 1556
48. The Accompanying BranchesDestructionWinter Moth, Scientific
Committee, Report of meeting of 7 June 1872, Journal of the Royal
Horticultural Society, vol. 3, pp. lxxxlxxxi
49. P. M. A. Millardet, Report on the Use of a Mixture of Lime and Copper
Sulphate against Mildew, Journal dAgriculture Pratique (1885), pt 2, pp.
731-4
50. Gishurst Compound, advertisement, Gardeners Chronicle (26 February
1859), p. 182: John Lindley, leader, (9 April 1859), 312
f) Fertilisers
51. Isaac Emmerton, Composts Nos 1-8, A Plain and Practical Treatise on the
Culture & Management of the Auricula, Polyanthus, Carnation, Pink, and the
Ranunculus; with Full Directions for Preparing the Most Approved Composts,
Raising New Varieties from Seed, & C. & C. Founded Upon Thirty Years'
Successful Experience (1815), pp. 56-69
52. J. C. Loudon, Hints for a Plan for Saving Manure Lost in the Common
Sewers of London, Gardeners Magazine, vol. 5 (December 1829), pp. 690-91
53. Victor Hugo, The Intestines of Leviathan, Les Miserables, (1862)
54. John Lindley, New Manure Called Guano, Gardeners Chronicle (1841), p.
598, Adulterated Guano, [ Leader] (11 May 1850), p. 291, London Guano -
Bermondsey Incident, (1 June), 342
55. Shirley Hibberd, Manures and Composts, Profitable Gardening (1863), pp.
27-36
56. John Bennet Lawes, Superphosphate of Lime, In What do the Fertilising
Qualities of Bones Consist?, Gardeners Chronicle (1844), p. 107
Select bibliography of sources
List of press sources
Select bibliography of works cited
Index
Dr Sarah Dewis followed a career in graphic design at the BBC and completed her doctorate at Birkbeck University of London. She contributed to The Lure of Illustration in Nineteenth Centiury Picture and Press (2009) and to the Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland (2009). She has lectured at the Institute of Historical Research (2014) and is the author of The Loudons and the Gardening Press (2014).
Dr Brent Elliott was Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society from 1982 to 2007, and since 2007 has been the Societys Historian. He is the author of Victorian Gardens (1986), Treasures of the Royal Horticultural Society (1994), The Country House Garden (1995), Flora: an Illustrated History of the Garden Flower (2001), The Royal Horticultural Society: a History 1804-2004 (2004), and most recently, RHS Chelsea Flower Show: a Centenary Celebration (2013). A former editor of Garden History, he is currently editor of Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library. He is a member of the Victorian Societys Buildings Committee, and for 25 years was a member of the Historic Parks and Gardens Committee/Panel of English Heritage.
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