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E-raamat: Nuclear Energy: Promise or Peril? [World Scientific e-raamat]

Edited by (Huldenberg, Belgium), Edited by (Institute Of Cancer Research, Uk), Edited by (Centre D'etudes De Saclay, France), Edited by (Vrije Univ, The Netherlands)
  • Formaat: 288 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Aug-1999
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789812813121
  • World Scientific e-raamat
  • Hind: 125,66 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 288 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Aug-1999
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-13: 9789812813121
Nuclear energy will inevitably become an important issue worldwide in the 21st century. It pollutes the environment, with consequences that are highly controversial; and it generates plutonium the essential component of nuclear weapons. At the same time, it is a realistic alternative to at least some of the expected huge increase in global demand for fossil-fuel burning, which itself is a major source of environmental pollution, and not least of greenhouse gases.This invaluable book attempts to provide, for the non-technical reader, an objective and critical account of the main issues involved. The authors are authorities in their own fields, and their contributions have been read in manuscript, discussed and criticised by a wider, international group of experts. Thus, whilst much of its contents may arouse controversy, the book should be an excellent starting point for informed public discussion of a vitally important topic.
Preface 10(2)
Nuclear Electricity - An Aide Memoire
12(17)
Introduction
12(1)
Basics
12(2)
Thermal Reactors
14(3)
The Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
15(1)
The Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
16(1)
Heavy Water Reactors
16(1)
Gas, Cooled, Graphite Moderated Reactors
16(1)
Water Cooled, Graphite Moderated Reactors (RBMK)
17(1)
Radioactive and Fissile Products
17(3)
Health Hazards
20(3)
Further Developments
23(3)
"Enhanced Safety" Reactor Designs
23(1)
Plutonium Fuelled Thermal Reactors: MOX
24(1)
Fast Reactors
24(1)
Thorium Reactors
25(1)
Accelerator Hybrids: "Incinerators"
25(1)
Fusion Reactors
25(1)
Resources for Nuclear Fission Power
26(1)
Economics
26(3)
References
27(2)
Preventing Climate Change: The Role of Nuclear Energy
29(17)
Introduction
29(1)
The Objective of Emission Controls
30(4)
Selecting a Stabilization Target
34(1)
Limits on Fossil-fuel Emissions
35(4)
Other greenhouse gases
35(1)
Carbon emissions
36(2)
Non-fossil-fuel carbon emissions
38(1)
Fossil-fuel emissions
39(1)
Carbon-free Energy Supply
39(3)
The Potential Role of Fission
42(4)
Conclusion
45(1)
World Energy and Climate in the Next Century
46(9)
Introduction
46(1)
Energy Consumption and the Environment
46(4)
Alternatives to Carbon Emitting Fuels
50(5)
Solar energy
50(1)
Geothermal Power
51(1)
Fission
51(1)
Fusion
52(1)
Costs
52(1)
The optimum Earth temperature
52(1)
Some Conclusions
53(2)
Energy Efficiency is the Key
55(9)
Introduction
55(2)
Development and energy demand
57(2)
Scenarios for the Future
59(3)
How to do it?
62(2)
Reference
63(1)
Problems and Prospects for Nuclear Power in India
64(12)
Introduction
64(1)
Milestones
64(1)
Nuclear Power Programme
65(1)
Lessons Learned
66(2)
Environmental Aspects and Technology Development
68(1)
Other Nuclear Energy Production Techniques
69(1)
Subcritical Systems
69(1)
Fusion
69(1)
Fast breeder reactors
70(1)
How Market Forces Can Impede the Development of New Technologies
70(1)
Influence of Capital
71(5)
India
71(1)
China
71(1)
Indonesia
72(1)
Pakistan
72(1)
Conclusion
73(2)
Appendix: Milestone Chart and Important Dates
75(1)
References
75(1)
Energy in a Changing World
76(12)
Introduction
76(1)
Distribution of electric energy consumption
76(2)
Energy consumption patterns
78(1)
Energy Consumption patterns for Germany
78(2)
Energy for big, rapidly developing countries
80(4)
Energy for least-developed countries
84(4)
Conclusions
86(2)
Safety of Nuclear Power - Some Observations
88(4)
Introduction
88(1)
Relevance of "Defence in Depth" to the Three Mile Island Accident
89(1)
History and Future of Water-cooled Reactors
90(1)
Water Reactor with Passive Safety Features
90(2)
The Nature and Management of Nuclear Wastes
92(13)
Introduction
92(1)
General Background on Back-end Nuclear Wastes
93(4)
Some Issues Related to Nuclear Wastes
97(1)
The Management of Spent Fuels and of Separated Plutonium
98(3)
Transmutation as a Complementary Option to Geological Disposal?
101(2)
Waste Management in Relation to Long-term Nuclear Development and the Use of Thorium
103(2)
Conclusion
103(2)
The Storage of Nuclear Wastes
105(20)
Introduction
105(1)
The Nature of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Power Reactors
106(2)
Existing Strategies
108(3)
The regulatory framework
108(1)
Low and very low level waste
109(1)
Short-lived ILW
110(1)
HLW and long-lived ILW
110(1)
Long Term Storage/Disposal
111(10)
Process modelling
113(2)
The near-field
115(2)
The geosphere
117(3)
The biosphere
120(1)
Summary: the state of repository modelling
121(1)
Utilisation in Power Reactors
121(1)
Transmutation and Sub-Critical Reactor Systems
122(3)
Spent Fuel Management
125(14)
Introduction
125(1)
The Energy Framework and Breeders
126(1)
The Non-proliferation Issue
127(9)
A US Perspective
127(3)
A European perspective
130(1)
Historical background
130(3)
The proliferation risk
133(1)
All In My Back Yard (AIMBY) or Regional Centres?
134(2)
Economic Considerations
136(3)
Conclusions
136(3)
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Does Reprocessing Make Sense?
139(13)
Introduction
139(1)
The US Fuel Cycle
139(3)
The French Nuclear Fuel Cycle
142(1)
Criteria For Choice
143(3)
Radiation and accident hazard
144(1)
Proliferation potential
144(1)
Economics
144(2)
Nulcear Fuel Supply
146(4)
When the breeder reactor?
149(1)
Disposal Of Spent Fuel Or High-Leavel Nuclear Wastes
150(2)
Conclusion
151(1)
Why Reprocess? A UK Case Study
152(9)
Introduction
152(1)
Early Hopes for Nuclear Power
152(1)
Disillusionment
153(1)
Nuclear Power Retains its Attractions in some Countries
153(1)
Tighter Controls needed on the Spread of Nuclear Power
154(1)
Nuclear Proliferation-the Hidden Costs
155(1)
Reprocessing and Waste Management in Britain
155(3)
History of Nuclear Waste policy in the UK
158(3)
The Disposal of Separated Plutonium Stocks
161(24)
Introduction
161(1)
The Issue
162(2)
Weapons-Grade Plutonium (WPu)
163(1)
Separated Reactor-Grade Plutonium
163(1)
Reactor-Grade Plutonium in Spent Nuclear Fuel
163(1)
Management of Weapons-Grade Plutonium
164(7)
Options available
165(1)
The US National Academy of Sciences Analysis
165(2)
The US Department of Energy's two-track decision
167(2)
Facing Reality
169(1)
Priority actions
170(1)
Management of Separated Reactor-grade Plutonium
171(6)
General Background
172(1)
The UK situation
172(1)
The Belgian situation
173(1)
Separated civilian plutonium stocks
174(1)
The Alternatives
174(1)
Storage
175(1)
Immobilisation and Disposal
176(1)
The MOX option
176(1)
Utilisation of UK MOX fuel in overseas reactors
177(1)
Alternative fuels and reactor designs
177(1)
Separated Plutonium Management: Comparing the situation in the US and in Europe
177(5)
Plutonium Storage
178(1)
MOX fabrication
178(1)
MOX-fuel irradiation
179(1)
Economic evaluation
180(1)
In Europe
180(1)
In the United States
181(1)
Recommendations
182(3)
Military weapons-grade plutonium
182(1)
Civilian separated reactor-grade plutonium stocks
182(2)
Appendix: Cost Comparison of Plutonium Disposal Options (A Numerical Example)
184(1)
The Disposal of Plutonium
185(10)
Introduction
185(1)
Weapon Plutonium
185(1)
Building On Other
Chapters In This Book
186(3)
Prescription
189(3)
Excess US weapon plutonium
189(2)
Russian excess weapon plutonium
191(1)
Disposal of separated civil plutonium
191(1)
Spent fuel containing plutonium
191(1)
Competitive, Commercial, Mined Geological Repositories
192(1)
The Highly Enriched Uranium Problem
192(1)
The Long-Term Future
193(2)
Fast Neutron and Accelerator-Driven Reactors
195(14)
The Prospects of Nuclear Energy
195(5)
Fast Neutron Reactors
200(4)
Accelerator-Driven Systems
204(5)
References
208(1)
Prospects for Accelerator-Driven Reactors: Amplifier
209(15)
Introduction
209(1)
Reactor Safety
210(2)
Accelerator Technology
212(1)
Thorium Fuel and Plutonium Reduction
213(3)
Thorium Fuel and Non-Proliferation
216(1)
Technical Obstacles
217(2)
Waste Transmutation
219(5)
Conclusion
222(2)
The Risk of Proliferation and International Safeguards
224(20)
Introduction
224(3)
Genesis and Development of the Non-Proliferation Policy
227(1)
The Most Critical Threats to Non-Poliferation
228(6)
Countries Non-Signatories of the NPT
228(2)
Secret Facilities
230(1)
Illegal Trafficking of Fissile Materials
231(1)
Fissile Materials from Dismantled Weapons
232(2)
The Safeguards System: a Barrier against Proliferation
234(10)
The instruments of the Safeguards System
235(1)
Technical Limitations of the Safegaurds System
235(2)
Legal Limitations of the Safeguards System
237(2)
Improvements in IAEA Safeguards: Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System
239(1)
Preliminary Legal Amendments
239(2)
The Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System
241(2)
Conclusion
243(1)
The Risk of Proliferation: the Role of International Agencies
244(14)
Treaty Coverage: The NPT and Regional Weapon-Free-Zones
244(2)
The European Union
246(1)
The Zangger Committee and the NSG
247(1)
The Evolution of IAEA Safeguards
248(3)
The Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System
250(1)
International Control of Plutonium?
251(2)
The International Bodies Administering the CWC, BWC AND CTBT
253(1)
A Cut-off Convention
254(1)
The Role of the Security Council
255(1)
Some Conclusions
256(2)
Nuclear threats
256(1)
The IAEA
256(1)
Chemical and biololgical threats and the need for a complete elimination of nulcear weapons
257(1)
Co-operation between the varification agencies and the Security Council
257(1)
Concluding Impressions 258(4)
Global Energy Management
258(1)
Health and the Envioroment
259(2)
Nuclear Weapons Proliferation
261(1)
Appendix: Technical Notes and Units 262(7)
Introduction
262(1)
Prefixes
262(1)
Time
262(1)
Mass
263(1)
Temperature
263(1)
Pressure
263(1)
Energy
264(1)
Power
265(1)
Carbon and Carbon Dioxide
265(1)
Energy Sources and Use
266(1)
Economies of Energy
266(1)
Radioactivity
267(1)
Element Symbols
268(1)
List of Abbreviations 269(4)
Biographies 273(3)
Acknowledgements 276(1)
Index 277