| Preface |
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10 | (2) |
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Nuclear Electricity - An Aide Memoire |
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12 | (17) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (3) |
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The Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) |
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15 | (1) |
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The Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Gas, Cooled, Graphite Moderated Reactors |
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16 | (1) |
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Water Cooled, Graphite Moderated Reactors (RBMK) |
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17 | (1) |
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Radioactive and Fissile Products |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (3) |
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"Enhanced Safety" Reactor Designs |
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23 | (1) |
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Plutonium Fuelled Thermal Reactors: MOX |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Accelerator Hybrids: "Incinerators" |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Resources for Nuclear Fission Power |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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27 | (2) |
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Preventing Climate Change: The Role of Nuclear Energy |
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29 | (17) |
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29 | (1) |
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The Objective of Emission Controls |
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30 | (4) |
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Selecting a Stabilization Target |
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34 | (1) |
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Limits on Fossil-fuel Emissions |
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35 | (4) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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Non-fossil-fuel carbon emissions |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Carbon-free Energy Supply |
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39 | (3) |
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The Potential Role of Fission |
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42 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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World Energy and Climate in the Next Century |
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46 | (9) |
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46 | (1) |
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Energy Consumption and the Environment |
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46 | (4) |
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Alternatives to Carbon Emitting Fuels |
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50 | (5) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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The optimum Earth temperature |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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Energy Efficiency is the Key |
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55 | (9) |
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55 | (2) |
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Development and energy demand |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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Problems and Prospects for Nuclear Power in India |
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64 | (12) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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Environmental Aspects and Technology Development |
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68 | (1) |
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Other Nuclear Energy Production Techniques |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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How Market Forces Can Impede the Development of New Technologies |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (5) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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Appendix: Milestone Chart and Important Dates |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Energy in a Changing World |
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76 | (12) |
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76 | (1) |
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Distribution of electric energy consumption |
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76 | (2) |
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Energy consumption patterns |
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78 | (1) |
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Energy Consumption patterns for Germany |
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78 | (2) |
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Energy for big, rapidly developing countries |
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80 | (4) |
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Energy for least-developed countries |
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84 | (4) |
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86 | (2) |
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Safety of Nuclear Power - Some Observations |
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88 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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Relevance of "Defence in Depth" to the Three Mile Island Accident |
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89 | (1) |
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History and Future of Water-cooled Reactors |
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90 | (1) |
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Water Reactor with Passive Safety Features |
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90 | (2) |
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The Nature and Management of Nuclear Wastes |
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92 | (13) |
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92 | (1) |
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General Background on Back-end Nuclear Wastes |
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93 | (4) |
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Some Issues Related to Nuclear Wastes |
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97 | (1) |
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The Management of Spent Fuels and of Separated Plutonium |
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98 | (3) |
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Transmutation as a Complementary Option to Geological Disposal? |
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101 | (2) |
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Waste Management in Relation to Long-term Nuclear Development and the Use of Thorium |
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103 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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The Storage of Nuclear Wastes |
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105 | (20) |
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105 | (1) |
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The Nature of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Power Reactors |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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Low and very low level waste |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Long Term Storage/Disposal |
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111 | (10) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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Summary: the state of repository modelling |
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121 | (1) |
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Utilisation in Power Reactors |
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121 | (1) |
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Transmutation and Sub-Critical Reactor Systems |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (14) |
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125 | (1) |
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The Energy Framework and Breeders |
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126 | (1) |
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The Non-proliferation Issue |
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127 | (9) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (1) |
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All In My Back Yard (AIMBY) or Regional Centres? |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (3) |
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136 | (3) |
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The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Does Reprocessing Make Sense? |
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139 | (13) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (3) |
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The French Nuclear Fuel Cycle |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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Radiation and accident hazard |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (4) |
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When the breeder reactor? |
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149 | (1) |
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Disposal Of Spent Fuel Or High-Leavel Nuclear Wastes |
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150 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Why Reprocess? A UK Case Study |
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152 | (9) |
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152 | (1) |
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Early Hopes for Nuclear Power |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Nuclear Power Retains its Attractions in some Countries |
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153 | (1) |
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Tighter Controls needed on the Spread of Nuclear Power |
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154 | (1) |
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Nuclear Proliferation-the Hidden Costs |
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155 | (1) |
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Reprocessing and Waste Management in Britain |
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155 | (3) |
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History of Nuclear Waste policy in the UK |
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158 | (3) |
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The Disposal of Separated Plutonium Stocks |
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161 | (24) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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Weapons-Grade Plutonium (WPu) |
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163 | (1) |
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Separated Reactor-Grade Plutonium |
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163 | (1) |
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Reactor-Grade Plutonium in Spent Nuclear Fuel |
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163 | (1) |
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Management of Weapons-Grade Plutonium |
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164 | (7) |
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165 | (1) |
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The US National Academy of Sciences Analysis |
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165 | (2) |
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The US Department of Energy's two-track decision |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Management of Separated Reactor-grade Plutonium |
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171 | (6) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Separated civilian plutonium stocks |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Immobilisation and Disposal |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Utilisation of UK MOX fuel in overseas reactors |
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177 | (1) |
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Alternative fuels and reactor designs |
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177 | (1) |
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Separated Plutonium Management: Comparing the situation in the US and in Europe |
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177 | (5) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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Military weapons-grade plutonium |
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182 | (1) |
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Civilian separated reactor-grade plutonium stocks |
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182 | (2) |
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Appendix: Cost Comparison of Plutonium Disposal Options (A Numerical Example) |
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184 | (1) |
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The Disposal of Plutonium |
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185 | (10) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Building On Other Chapters In This Book |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (3) |
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Excess US weapon plutonium |
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189 | (2) |
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Russian excess weapon plutonium |
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191 | (1) |
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Disposal of separated civil plutonium |
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191 | (1) |
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Spent fuel containing plutonium |
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191 | (1) |
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Competitive, Commercial, Mined Geological Repositories |
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192 | (1) |
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The Highly Enriched Uranium Problem |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Fast Neutron and Accelerator-Driven Reactors |
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195 | (14) |
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The Prospects of Nuclear Energy |
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195 | (5) |
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200 | (4) |
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Accelerator-Driven Systems |
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204 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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Prospects for Accelerator-Driven Reactors: Amplifier |
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209 | (15) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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Thorium Fuel and Plutonium Reduction |
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213 | (3) |
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Thorium Fuel and Non-Proliferation |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (5) |
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222 | (2) |
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The Risk of Proliferation and International Safeguards |
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224 | (20) |
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224 | (3) |
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Genesis and Development of the Non-Proliferation Policy |
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227 | (1) |
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The Most Critical Threats to Non-Poliferation |
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228 | (6) |
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Countries Non-Signatories of the NPT |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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Illegal Trafficking of Fissile Materials |
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231 | (1) |
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Fissile Materials from Dismantled Weapons |
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232 | (2) |
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The Safeguards System: a Barrier against Proliferation |
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234 | (10) |
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The instruments of the Safeguards System |
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235 | (1) |
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Technical Limitations of the Safegaurds System |
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235 | (2) |
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Legal Limitations of the Safeguards System |
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237 | (2) |
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Improvements in IAEA Safeguards: Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System |
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239 | (1) |
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Preliminary Legal Amendments |
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239 | (2) |
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The Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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The Risk of Proliferation: the Role of International Agencies |
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244 | (14) |
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Treaty Coverage: The NPT and Regional Weapon-Free-Zones |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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The Zangger Committee and the NSG |
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247 | (1) |
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The Evolution of IAEA Safeguards |
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248 | (3) |
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The Strengthened ("93+2") Safeguards System |
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250 | (1) |
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International Control of Plutonium? |
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251 | (2) |
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The International Bodies Administering the CWC, BWC AND CTBT |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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The Role of the Security Council |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Chemical and biololgical threats and the need for a complete elimination of nulcear weapons |
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257 | (1) |
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Co-operation between the varification agencies and the Security Council |
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257 | (1) |
| Concluding Impressions |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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Health and the Envioroment |
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259 | (2) |
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Nuclear Weapons Proliferation |
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261 | (1) |
| Appendix: Technical Notes and Units |
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262 | (7) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Carbon and Carbon Dioxide |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
| List of Abbreviations |
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269 | (4) |
| Biographies |
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273 | (3) |
| Acknowledgements |
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276 | (1) |
| Index |
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277 | |