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E-raamat: Occupation and Control in International Humanitarian Law [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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Occupation and Control in International Humanitarian LawSuurem pilt
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This book presents a systematic analysis of the notion of control in the law of military occupation. The work demonstrates that in present-day occupations, control as such occurs in different forms and variations. The polymorphic features of occupation can be seen in the way states establish control over territory either directly or indirectly, and in the manner in which they retain, relinquish or regain it. The question as to what level and type of control is needed to determine the existence and ending of military occupation is explored in great detail in light of various international humanitarian law instruments. The book provides an anatomy of the required tests of control in determining the existence of military occupation based on the law. It also discusses control in relation to occupation by proxy and when and how the end of control over territory occurs so that military occupation is considered terminated. The study is informed by relevant international jurisprudence. It draws on numerous pertinent case studies from all over the world, various reports by different UN entities and other international organisations, as well as legal doctrine.

The book will be a valuable resource for academics, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of international humanitarian law, international public law, and security studies

Foreword xiii
Preface xv
List of figures
xvi
List of abbreviations
xvii
Introduction 1(1)
Overview 1(2)
The notion of control 3(9)
Structure of the book 12(1)
1 Effective control in occupation law
13(40)
1 Introduction
13(1)
2 Establishing control
14(24)
2.1 Stepping back in time
14(1)
2.1.1 Authority and control
14(1)
2.1.2 Uprisings and effectivity
15(1)
2.1.3 Exercising authority
16(1)
2.1.4 Occupation duration
16(1)
2.1.5 The Oxford Manual of 1880
16(1)
2.1.6 The Hague
17(3)
2.1.7 De lege lata
20(1)
2.2 Common Article 2 GCs
21(2)
2.3 Article 1 AP I 1977
23(1)
2.4 Anatomy of the effective control test
24(4)
2.4.1 Military presence
28(1)
2.4.2 Consent
29(3)
2.4.3 Actual vs. potential control
32(3)
2.4.4 Effective control for qualifying a situation as an occupation
35(3)
3 Joint and shared control: control exercised by an MNF and UN endorsed control
38(14)
3.1 MNF control over territory
39(2)
3.2 UN operations
41(5)
3.3 The formula for ascertaining the responsibility of the UN and troop-contributing states
46(6)
Conclusions
52(1)
2 Occupation by an intermediary
53(37)
1 Introduction
53(4)
1.1 Preliminary remarks
54(1)
1.2 Control over armed groups and subordinate governments/de facto authorities
55(2)
2 Control over an armed group: examples
57(9)
2.1 Croatia exercising control over the Croatian Defence Council (HVO)
57(2)
2.2 Uganda controlling the Congo Liberation Movement (MFC)
59(2)
2.3 Critical appraisal
61(5)
3 Control over de facto authorities: examples
66(17)
3.1 Crimea, Ukraine
67(1)
3.2 Cyprus
68(2)
3.3 Georgia
70(2)
3.3.1 The interrelationship of annexation and occupation
72(2)
3.4 Nagorno Karabakh
74(1)
3.5 Moldova
75(1)
3.5.1 Decisive influence
76(2)
3.5.2 Military presence and consent
78(3)
3.6 Critical appraisal
81(2)
4 IHL's own mechanism for control?
83(4)
4.1 Belonging to a party to the conflict under Article 4 GC III
83(3)
4.2 The potentiality of Article 29 GC IV
86(1)
Conclusion
87(3)
3 Relinquishing control over territory
90(44)
1 Introduction
90(1)
2 Legal history
91(13)
2.1 From Brussels 1874 to The Hague 1907
91(1)
2.1.1 Brussels
91(1)
2.1.2 The Hague
92(1)
2.2 GC IV and relinquishing of control over territory
93(2)
2.3 Article 6 and the general close of military operations
95(5)
2.4 Article 3 AP I 1977 and relinquishing control over the territory
100(2)
2.5 The needed test for relinquishing control in IHL
102(2)
3 Forms of relinquishing control
104(28)
3.1 Complete end of control over territory
105(1)
3.2 Temporary and partial loss of control over parts of a territory
106(2)
3.3 The potential for regaining control
108(4)
3.4 Control retained over territory after withdrawal: Gaza
112(11)
3.5 The ending of indirect (effective) control/occupation exercised by an intermediary
123(2)
3.6 Remaining based on a UN SC mandate
125(1)
3.6.1 The UNSC
125(3)
3.6.2 Iraq and UN SC 1546
128(4)
Conclusion
132(2)
4 The effect of control on substantive obligations
134(38)
1 Introduction
134(1)
2 The occupying power's substantive obligations from the perspective of IHL
135(7)
2.1 Forms and degrees of control in GCIV
136(5)
2.2 State obligations during the temporary or partial loss of control over territory
141(1)
3 Is control construed the same way in IHRL and occupation law?
142(20)
3.1 Authority and control over individuals
144(4)
3.2 Control over territory
148(11)
3.3 Degrees of IHRL obligations according to specific contexts
159(3)
4 A contextual approach to state obligations
162(4)
5 IHL and IHRL inter-application
166(4)
Conclusion
170(2)
Conclusion
172(5)
Bibliography
177(25)
1 Primary sources
177(5)
International treaties and instruments
177(1)
UN reports
178(1)
UN human rights committee concluding observations
179(1)
UN commission on human rights
179(1)
Other international organisations
179(2)
Non-governmental organisation reports
181(1)
Historical sources
181(1)
Military manuals
182(1)
2 Secondary sources
182(20)
Books, articles, and chapters
182(16)
Internet and media sources
198(4)
Table of cases
202(8)
1 International tribunals
202(4)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
202(1)
International Criminal Court (ICC)
203(1)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTT)
203(1)
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
203(1)
Special Court for Sierra Leone
204(1)
International military tribunals on WWII
204(1)
European Commission on Human Rights
204(1)
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
204(1)
UN Human Rights Committee
205(1)
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
205(1)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
205(1)
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
206(1)
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
206(1)
2 UN resolutions
206(1)
Security council
206(1)
General assembly
207(1)
3 National courts
207(1)
Canada
207(1)
Belgium
207(1)
Greece
207(1)
Israel
207(1)
Japan
208(1)
United States Military Commission
208(1)
United Kingdom
208(1)
The Netherlands
208(1)
4 Other relevant documents
208(2)
National legislation
208(1)
Laws on admitting Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation, 21 March 2014
209(1)
National commissions
209(1)
Agreements and peace plans
209(1)
Index 210
Natia Kalandarishvili-Mueller is Professor of Public International Law at Tbilisi Open University, Georgia.
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