| Foreword |
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xix | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
| Contributors |
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xxv | |
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1 Introduction: Orthognathic Surgery - A Life's Work |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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How did the sagittal splitting procedure come into being? |
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1 | (2) |
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Trauner's inverted L-shaped osteotomy of the ramus |
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3 | (1) |
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My first successful sagittal splitting of the mandibular ramus |
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3 | (1) |
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My final technique for many years |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Transoral chin correction |
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4 | (1) |
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The mobilization of the maxilla - its history |
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5 | (1) |
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Operative technique for mobilization of the maxilla |
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6 | (1) |
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Modifications of the procedures |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Segmental alveolar osteotomies |
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7 | (1) |
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Problems of maxillary anomalies in secondary cleft deformity cases |
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8 | (1) |
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The Le Fort III + I osteotomy |
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9 | (2) |
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The correction of hypertelorism |
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11 | (5) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
| Part I: Principles and Planning |
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2 Historical Evolution of Orthognathic Surgery |
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23 | (60) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (30) |
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Mandibular body ostectomies and osteotomies |
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24 | (13) |
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Surgery to the condyle and condylar neck |
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37 | (4) |
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Mandibular ramus osteotomies |
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41 | (11) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (23) |
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The Le Fort I-type maxillary osteotomy |
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54 | (4) |
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Segmental maxillary osteotomies |
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58 | (5) |
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Blood supply to the osteotomized maxilla |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Influence of craniofacial surgery |
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65 | (12) |
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Psychosocial implications of facial deformities |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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3 Orthognathic Surgery: Preliminary Considerations |
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83 | (26) |
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Definition of orthognathic surgery |
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83 | (1) |
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Aetiology of dentofacial deformities |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Classification of dentofacial deformities |
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85 | (2) |
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Morphological-aetiological classification of dentofacial deformities |
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85 | (2) |
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Terminology for orthognathic surgical procedures |
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87 | (1) |
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Maxillary surgery (Le Fort I level osteotomy) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Chin surgery (osseous genioplasty) |
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88 | (1) |
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Prevalence of dentofacial deformities |
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88 | (1) |
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Objectives of orthognathic surgery |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Effectiveness of orthognathic surgery |
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89 | (1) |
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Treatment need - who will benefit from orthognathic surgery? |
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90 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) |
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90 | (1) |
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Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN) |
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91 | (1) |
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Facial attractiveness research studies |
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91 | (1) |
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Scope of orthodontic treatment and growth guidance |
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92 | (9) |
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Dentofacial orthopaedics/growth guidance |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (4) |
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A specific problem - the young severe Class III patient |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (6) |
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107 | (2) |
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4 Orthognathic Surgery: The Patient Pathway |
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109 | (7) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Orthognathic treatment pathway - the clinician's role |
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111 | (1) |
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Sequencing of treatment and coordination of care |
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111 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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Initial consultation and interview |
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113 | (1) |
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Subsequent consultation and interview |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Preoperative orthodontics |
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114 | (1) |
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Joint 'definitive planning' clinic |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Initial postoperative period |
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114 | (1) |
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Postoperative orthodontics |
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115 | (1) |
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Joint 'result check' clinic |
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115 | (1) |
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Joint 'follow up' clinics |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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5 Patient Evaluation and Clinical Diagnosis |
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116 | (54) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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History of presenting complaint |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Suitability for orthognathic treatment |
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120 | (1) |
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Clinical diagnostic records |
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120 | (4) |
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Purpose of clinical records |
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120 | (1) |
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Mandatory records for orthognathic surgery |
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120 | (2) |
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Additional records for orthognathic surgery |
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122 | (2) |
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Patient evaluation - the basics |
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124 | (5) |
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Modified subunit principle |
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124 | (1) |
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Planes of space and axes of rotation |
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124 | (2) |
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Evaluation in repose and animation |
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126 | (1) |
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Cephalometric landmarks and definitions |
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126 | (3) |
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Systematic clinical evaluation |
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129 | (39) |
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129 | (3) |
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Clinical facial evaluation |
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132 | (22) |
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154 | (8) |
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Dental-occlusal relationship evaluation |
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162 | (6) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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6 Principles of Orthognathic Treatment Planning |
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170 | (44) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (18) |
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Evaluation of principle diagnostic parameters |
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171 | (1) |
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Chair side techniques to aid clinical diagnosis |
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171 | (17) |
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Skeletal expansion vs. contraction and effects on the overlying soft tissues |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (10) |
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190 | (6) |
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Lip-incisor relationship: The foundation stone of treatment planning |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Sequencing the planning process |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (12) |
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Cephalometric prediction planning |
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200 | (5) |
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Photographic 'montage' prediction planning |
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205 | (1) |
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Photo-cephalometric prediction planning techniques |
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205 | (6) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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7 Smile Aesthetics: Specific Considerations in the Orthognathic Patient |
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214 | (7) |
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214 | (1) |
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The alignment of the teeth |
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214 | (1) |
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Sagittal position and inclination of the maxillary incisors |
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215 | (1) |
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The visibility of the dentition in the vertical dimension |
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215 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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The visibility of the dentition in the transverse dimension |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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8 Orthodontic and Orthognathic Surgery Planning Using CBCT |
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221 | (14) |
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221 | (1) |
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3D CBCT diagnosis and treatment planning |
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222 | (6) |
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Tooth morphology and relative position within the alveolar bone |
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222 | (1) |
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Temporomandibular joint health and disease |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Dentofacial deformities and craniofacial anomalies |
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223 | (5) |
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Longitudinal assessments using CBCT |
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228 | (3) |
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Radiation from CBCT acquisition |
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229 | (1) |
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Construction of 3D surface models |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Quantitative measurements |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (4) |
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9 Psychological Evaluation and Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
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235 | (10) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Definition and clinical features of BDD |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Associated features of BDD |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Age at onset and course of illness |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Assessment of patients with BDD |
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239 | (2) |
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Preoperative screening interview |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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How surgeons can approach patients with BDD |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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10 Patient Information Provision |
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245 | (18) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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In the clinic and on the ward |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Dissatisfaction with treatment |
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246 | (1) |
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Information-seeking behaviour in patients |
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247 | (1) |
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Methods of information provision |
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247 | (14) |
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247 | (9) |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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11 Consent and Medicolegal Considerations |
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263 | (7) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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International perspective |
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264 | (1) |
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Informed consent essential requirements |
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264 | (1) |
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Informed consent for orthognathic surgery |
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265 | (1) |
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Who may legally give consent? |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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12 Preparatory and Postoperative Orthodontics: Principles, Techniques and Mechanics |
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270 | (43) |
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270 | (1) |
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Preoperative orthodontics |
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271 | (28) |
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Types of orthodontic appliance |
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271 | (2) |
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Objectives of preoperative orthodontics |
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273 | (26) |
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Preparation for the preoperative 'joint clinic' |
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299 | (1) |
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Immediate preoperative appointment |
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299 | (2) |
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Intraoperative orthodontic requirements |
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301 | (1) |
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Immediate postoperative appointment |
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302 | (4) |
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Postoperative orthodontics |
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306 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Intermaxillary working elastics |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Orthodontic settling and finishing |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (12) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Model surgery - principles |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Isolated mandibular surgery |
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314 | (1) |
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Isolated maxillary or bimaxillary surgery |
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314 | (1) |
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Model surgery - technique |
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315 | (8) |
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Dental impressions, facebow record and occlusal registration |
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315 | (1) |
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Transferring the maxillary model to the articulator |
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316 | (2) |
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Articulating the mandibular model to the maxillary model |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Construction of the occlusal wafer splints |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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14 Perioperative Considerations and Anaesthesia for Orthognathic Surgery |
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325 | (9) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (3) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (4) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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15 Postoperative Care, Nutritional Support and Oral Hygiene in the Orthognathic Surgical Patient |
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334 | (7) |
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Postoperative care of the orthognathic surgical patient |
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334 | (3) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Brushing techniques for the orthognathic patient |
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338 | (1) |
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Adjunctive chemotherapeutic agents |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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16 The Soft Tissue Effects of Orthognathic Surgery |
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341 | (6) |
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341 | (1) |
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The immediate response to orthognathic surgery |
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342 | (1) |
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Soft tissue changes with maxillary surgery |
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342 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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Maxillary superior repositioning (impaction) |
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343 | (1) |
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Maxillary inferior repositioning (setdown) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Soft tissue changes with mandibular surgery |
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344 | (1) |
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Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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17 Early Orthognathic Surgery: Considerations for Surgical Management |
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347 | (14) |
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347 | (1) |
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Diagnostic considerations |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Jaw growth considerations |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (8) |
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Mandibular hypoplasia/retrognathism |
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349 | (2) |
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Mandibular retrognathism with TMJ disorders |
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351 | (1) |
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Mandibular hyperplasia/prognathism |
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352 | (3) |
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Mandibular osteotomy techniques for growing patients |
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355 | (1) |
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Inverted 'L' osteotomy (ILO), and vertical ramus osteotomy (VRO) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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Maxillary anteroposterior hypoplasia |
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357 | (1) |
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Maxillary anteroposterior hyperplasia |
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358 | (1) |
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Maxillary vertical deformities |
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358 | (1) |
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Maxillary osteotomy techniques for growing patients |
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358 | (1) |
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Double jaw orthognathic surgery |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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18 Stability of Orthognathic Surgery |
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361 | (12) |
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361 | (1) |
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The principles of stability |
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361 | (3) |
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362 | (1) |
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Physiological adaptation after surgery |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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Surgical planning using the hierarchy of stability |
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364 | (7) |
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364 | (1) |
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The hierarchy of post-surgical stability |
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365 | (1) |
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Stability of Class II correction |
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366 | (2) |
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Stability of Class III correction |
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368 | (1) |
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Stability of early surgical treatment |
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369 | (1) |
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Stability of transverse correction |
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370 | (1) |
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Stability of asymmetry correction |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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19 Management of Select Complications in Orthognathic Surgery |
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373 | (5) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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Poor and/or inadequate bracket placement |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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Inappropriate transverse therapy |
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374 | (1) |
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Segmental vs. continuous archwire |
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374 | (1) |
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Communication between the orthodontist and the surgeon |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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Ramping in maxillary advancement surgery |
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375 | (1) |
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Avoidance of the use of large pterygoid chisel to achieve pterygomaxillary separation |
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375 | (1) |
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Serious bleeding after Le Fort I osteotomy |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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Mandibular body ostectomy |
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376 | (1) |
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Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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Summary of orthognathic surgery complications |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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20 Patient Satisfaction and Patient-Centred Outcome Measures in Orthognathic Surgery |
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378 | (15) |
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378 | (1) |
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Immediate postoperative disturbances |
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379 | (3) |
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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Long-term disturbances and physical impacts |
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382 | (2) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
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|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Long-term satisfaction and perception of improvement |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
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|
384 | (1) |
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Interpersonal support and relationships |
|
|
384 | (1) |
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|
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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|
386 | (1) |
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|
386 | (7) |
| Part II: Clinical Practice and Techniques |
|
|
Section 1: Orthognathic Surgical Planning and Techniques |
|
|
393 | (328) |
|
21 Introduction: Perspectives on Treatment Planning |
|
|
394 | (3) |
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|
|
22 Le Fort I Osteotomy and Maxillary Advancement |
|
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397 | (25) |
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397 | (1) |
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History of the Le Fort I osteotomy |
|
|
397 | (1) |
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Assessment of the maxilla |
|
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (3) |
|
Surgical technique - Le Fort I osteotomy |
|
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
|
Nasal changes - specific considerations and minimizing undesirable changes |
|
|
408 | (5) |
|
Variations of the Le Fort I osteotomy |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Quadrilateral (quadrangular) osteotomy |
|
|
413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
|
Complications associated with the Le Fort I osteotomy - occurrence, prevention and management |
|
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
|
Undesirable nasal changes |
|
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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|
417 | (3) |
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420 | (2) |
|
23 Total Maxillary Set-Back Osteotomy |
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422 | (6) |
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|
422 | (1) |
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|
423 | (1) |
|
Surgical technique and considerations |
|
|
423 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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|
425 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
|
24 Sagittal Split Osteotomy and Mandibular Advancement |
|
|
428 | (12) |
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|
|
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
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|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Preoperative orthodontics |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Anteroposterior orthodontic preparation |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Transverse orthodontic preparation |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Vertical orthodontic preparation |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Third molars and mandibular osteotomies |
|
|
434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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|
435 | (1) |
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|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Fibrous union of the bone |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Postoperative orthodontics |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
25 Mandibular Set-Back Procedures |
|
|
440 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Clinical assessment and planning |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Preoperative orthodontic treatment |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Bilateral sagittal split set-back osteotomy versus the intraoral vertical subsigmoid osteotomy |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Bilateral sagittal split set-back osteotomy |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Intraoral vertical mandibular ramus osteotomy |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
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|
|
447 | (1) |
|
26 Surgical Correction of Vertical Maxillary Excess (VME) |
|
|
448 | (15) |
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
448 | (1) |
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|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Presenting features of VME |
|
|
448 | (5) |
|
Principles in planning the surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Lower anterior face height |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Upper lip-maxillary incisor relationship |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Postoperative orthodontics |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Alternative treatment options |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
27 Surgical Management of Vertical Maxillary Deficiency (VMD) |
|
|
463 | (17) |
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|
|
463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Idiopathic vertical maxillary deficiency |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
Ancillary surgical techniques |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Outcomes and complications |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
28 Surgical Correction of Skeletal Anterior Open Bite: Segmental Maxillary Surgery |
|
|
480 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Development of the open bite malocclusion |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Treatment of growing patients |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Treatment of skeletally mature patients |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Orthodontic correction of anterior open bite |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Combined orthodontic and surgical treatment |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Vertical maxillary excess - orthodontic preparation |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Planning the position of the interdental osteotomies |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
The amount of superior repositioning of the maxilla |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Mandibular position after autorotation |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Correction of transverse discrepancies |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
Open bite secondary to short mandibular ramus with a normal condyle: mandibular surgery |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Open bite secondary to a combination of vertical maxillary excess and short mandibular ramus |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Open bite secondary to short mandibular ramus with condylar resorption |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Idiopathic condylar resorption |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
29 Surgical Correction of Anterior Open Bite: Differential Posterior Maxillary Impaction |
|
|
498 | (23) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (6) |
|
Principles in planning the surgical correction of skeletal anterior open bite |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Approximate rules of thumb to aid chair side planning |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Incisor inclination preparation |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Maxillary occlusal plane inclination and the smile curvature |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Transverse maxillary deficiency |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
Postoperative orthodontics |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
30 Surgical Treatment of Anterior Open Bite with Mandibular Osteotomies |
|
|
521 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Aetiology and description of skeletal anterior open bite |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Treatment decisions for surgery |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
Techniques for maximizing stability when anticlockwise rotation of the mandible is used |
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
31 Rotation of the Maxillomandibular Complex |
|
|
530 | (25) |
|
|
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Principles of conventional treatment designs |
|
|
530 | (3) |
|
Principles of rotation of the maxillomandibular complex treatment design |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Geometry and visualization of the rotation of the maxillomandibular complex |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Indications and treatment designs using the constructed maxillomandibular triangle |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Control of the aesthetic treatment effect |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Surgical compromise for orthodontic compromise |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Orthodontic treatment considerations |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Rotation points and direction of rotation |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Clockwise rotation of the maxillomandibular complex |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at ANS |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at the upper incisor tip |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at Pogonion |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at points posterior to ANS (i.e. zygomatic buttress or PNS) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Counterclockwise rotation of the maxillomandibular complex |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at ANS |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at the zygomatic buttress |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Centre of rotation at the PNS |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
Step-by-step development of a cephalometric surgical visual treatment objective |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Reconciling the cephalometric prediction rotation point with the surgical rotation point |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Stability after clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of the maxillomandibular complex |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
32 Specific Considerations in the 'Low Angle' Patient |
|
|
555 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Aetiology and consequences |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Common features of low angle cases |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Case assessment and treatment planning |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Clinical and cephalometric assessments for a low angle case |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Temporomandibular joint considerations |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Soft tissue factors and lip musculature |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Periodontal considerations |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Restorative considerations |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Prediction of surgical outcome |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Pre-surgical orthodontics |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Post-surgical orthodontics |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Implants to improve facial contours |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Lip and submental procedures |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Post-surgical stability and evidence of effectiveness |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
571 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Patient and procedure selection |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Postoperative complications |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
34 Asymmetries of the Maxilla and Mandible |
|
|
581 | (27) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Aetiology and classification |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Classification of maxillary asymmetry |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Classification of mandibular asymmetry |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (11) |
|
Principles in planning the surgical correction of maxillary and mandibular asymmetry |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Define the location and level (i.e. facial thirds) of the asymmetry |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Define the type and extent of the asymmetry |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Determine which tissues are involved |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Maintain/improve exposure of maxillary incisors |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Maintain/improve lower anterior face height (LAFH) proportion |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Maintain/improve sagittal skeletal relationships (maxilla, mandible and chin) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Correct midlines (to facial midline) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Preoperative model surgery |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Postoperative orthodontics |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
35 Temporomandibular Joint Replacement Surgery in the Orthognathic Patient |
|
|
608 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
History of TMJ reconstruction |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Autogenous or alloplastic? |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Guidelines for TMJ replacement |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Surgical planning for TMJ reconstruction |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
TMJ pathology related to the orthognathic patient |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Case 1: Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Case 2: Iatrogenic malocclusion |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Case 3: Post-traumatic facial asymmetry |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
36 Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion |
|
|
620 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Rapid maxillary expansion |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Treatment planning - surgical options to widen the maxilla |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Patient selection and case assessment for SARPE |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Presurgical orthodontic considerations |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of surgical techniques for SARPE |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Postoperative management and appliance activation |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Evidence for stability of expansion achieved with SARPE |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
37 Mandibular Midline Osteotomy |
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
38 Segmental Surgery of the Maxilla |
|
|
635 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Segmental Le Fort I osteotomy |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Anterior maxillary segmental osteotomy |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Posterior maxillary segmental osteotomy |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
39 Total Subapical Mandibular Osteotomy |
|
|
642 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
40 Endoscopy in Maxillary and Mandibular Orthognathic Surgery |
|
|
647 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Maxillary orthognathic surgery |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Mandibular orthognathic surgery |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Endoscopic orthognathic surgery for the orthodontist |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
41 The Role of the Orthognathic Surgeon in Facial Feminization Surgery |
|
|
654 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Male and female faces: aesthetics |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Surgical procedures of special interest to the orthognathic surgeon |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
42 Contemporary Approach to Surgical Timing in Orthognathic Surgery: The 'Surgery First' Concept |
|
|
663 | (12) |
|
Federico Hernandez-Alfaro |
|
|
|
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
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|
666 | (1) |
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666 | (1) |
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Postoperative orthodontics |
|
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669 | (1) |
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Definition of the appropriate timing for surgery |
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669 | (4) |
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673 | (2) |
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43 Neurosurgical Access Surgery: The Role of the Orthognathic Surgeon |
|
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675 | (15) |
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|
675 | (1) |
|
History of skull base surgery |
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676 | (1) |
|
Anatomy of the skull base |
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676 | (1) |
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676 | (1) |
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676 | (1) |
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677 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa |
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677 | (1) |
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677 | (1) |
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678 | (1) |
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678 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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680 | (1) |
|
Access to the anterior part of the anterior cranial base and treatment of the frontal sinus (removal of the frontal bandeau/frontal bar) |
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681 | (1) |
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Access to the central compartment |
|
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681 | (1) |
|
Transmandibular approach to the central compartment |
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682 | (1) |
|
Access to the lateral compartments/infratemporal fossa/middle cranial fossa |
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684 | (4) |
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688 | (1) |
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Secondary correction of complications |
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688 | (1) |
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689 | (1) |
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44 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome |
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690 | (11) |
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690 | (2) |
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692 | (1) |
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692 | (1) |
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692 | (1) |
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693 | (1) |
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693 | (1) |
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694 | (1) |
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694 | (1) |
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695 | (1) |
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Choice of surgical technique in treatment planning |
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695 | (1) |
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696 | (1) |
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696 | (1) |
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696 | (1) |
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697 | (1) |
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698 | (1) |
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698 | (1) |
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698 | (1) |
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698 | (1) |
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698 | (1) |
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699 | (1) |
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700 | (1) |
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45 Mandibular Intraoral Distraction Osteogenesis |
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701 | (12) |
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701 | (1) |
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701 | (1) |
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701 | (1) |
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701 | (1) |
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704 | (1) |
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Bilateral mandibular lengthening |
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704 | (1) |
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704 | (1) |
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705 | (1) |
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705 | (1) |
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705 | (1) |
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707 | (1) |
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Unilateral mandibular lengthening |
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707 | (1) |
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Ramus lengthening procedure |
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|
707 | (4) |
|
Postoperative considerations |
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711 | (1) |
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712 | (1) |
|
46 Maxillary Intraoral Distraction Osteogenesis |
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713 | (8) |
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713 | (1) |
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714 | (1) |
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|
714 | (1) |
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Maxillary Le Fort I level advancement |
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|
714 | (1) |
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|
714 | (2) |
|
Maxillary Le Fort I level advancement in clefts |
|
|
716 | (1) |
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|
716 | (1) |
|
Modified Le Fort III midface advancement |
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
Subcranial Le Fort III midface advancement |
|
|
718 | (1) |
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|
718 | (1) |
|
Postoperative considerations |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
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|
720 | (1) |
|
Section 2: Adjunctive Surgery |
|
|
721 | (56) |
|
47 Introduction: Adjunctive Surgery |
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|
722 | (2) |
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|
|
723 | (1) |
|
48 Rhinoplasty and Nasal Changes In Relation to Orthognathic Surgery |
|
|
724 | (15) |
|
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|
|
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|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
Basic steps in rhinoplasty |
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
Nasal function following maxillary osteotomies |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Aesthetic changes in the nose following orthognathic surgery |
|
|
729 | (1) |
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|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Nasal tip and supratip region |
|
|
730 | (1) |
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|
731 | (1) |
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|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Intraoperative procedures to manage nasal changes with orthognathic surgery |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
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|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
ANS recontouring/subspinal osteotomy |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
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|
735 | (1) |
|
Septal trimming and septal fixation with suture |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Secondary nasal procedures following orthognathic surgery |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Alar soft tissue techniques |
|
|
736 | (1) |
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|
736 | (1) |
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|
736 | (1) |
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736 | (1) |
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736 | (1) |
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737 | (2) |
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739 | (8) |
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739 | (1) |
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740 | (1) |
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740 | (1) |
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741 | (1) |
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741 | (1) |
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|
741 | (1) |
|
Anaesthesia and positioning |
|
|
741 | (1) |
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741 | (1) |
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|
741 | (1) |
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|
743 | (1) |
|
Superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) flap |
|
|
743 | (1) |
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744 | (1) |
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744 | (1) |
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744 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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745 | (1) |
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746 | (1) |
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746 | (1) |
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746 | (1) |
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746 | (1) |
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|
746 | (1) |
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|
746 | (1) |
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|
|
746 | (1) |
|
50 Soft Tissue Resuspension |
|
|
747 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
747 | (1) |
|
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|
747 | (3) |
|
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|
750 | (1) |
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|
750 | (1) |
|
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|
750 | (1) |
|
51 Soft Tissue Augmentation and Fat Grafting |
|
|
751 | (7) |
|
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|
751 | (1) |
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|
751 | (1) |
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|
752 | (2) |
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|
754 | (1) |
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|
754 | (1) |
|
Refinement and preparation |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
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|
754 | (1) |
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|
755 | (1) |
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|
755 | (1) |
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|
755 | (1) |
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|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
52 Aesthetic Surgery of the Submental-Cervical Region |
|
|
758 | (5) |
|
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|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Submental and cervical skin |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Position of mandible and chin |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Surgical options and evaluation |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
|
|
760 | (1) |
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|
760 | (1) |
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|
760 | (1) |
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|
760 | (2) |
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|
762 | (1) |
|
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|
762 | (1) |
|
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
53 Surgical Options for Aesthetic Enhancement of the Lips and Perioral Region |
|
|
763 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Patient assessment and communication - not everyone needs bigger lips |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Mucosal reduction cheiloplasty procedure |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
|
|
768 | (5) |
|
Intraoral soft tissue surgery for excessive gingival display |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
|
|
774 | (3) |
|
Section 3: Orthognathic Surgery in the Cleft Patient and Orthognathic Aspects of Craniofacial Surgery |
|
|
777 | (76) |
|
54 Introduction: Craniofacial Surgery |
|
|
778 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
55 Developmental Disorders of the Craniofacial Complex |
|
|
780 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Development of the craniofacial region |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Embryonic development of the face |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Embryonic development of the secondary palate |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
|
783 | (1) |
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|
784 | (1) |
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|
784 | (1) |
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|
784 | (1) |
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|
784 | (1) |
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|
785 | (1) |
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|
785 | (1) |
|
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|
785 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
Treacher Collins syndrome |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
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|
787 | (1) |
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|
787 | (1) |
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|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Non-syndromic craniosynostosis |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Syndromic craniosynostoses: Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
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|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Craniofrontonasal syndrome |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Carpenter syndrome 1 and 2 |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Chromosomal abnormalities causing craniosynostosis |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Mouse models of craniosynostosis |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Frontonasal dysplasias 1-3 |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
|
792 | (4) |
|
56 Orthognathic Surgery in the Patient with Cleft Lip and Palate |
|
|
796 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
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|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
Dental input and orthodontic retention |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
Factors in planning orthognathic care |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
Surgical input (adjunctive) |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
Dental/periodontal health and tooth quality factors |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Soft tissue approaches to the maxilla |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Maxillary horseshoe osteotomy |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Choice of distractor type |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Early mandibular distraction in Pierre Robin sequence for compromised airway |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Management of hard palate fistulas at the time of cleft orthognathic surgery |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Adjunctive surgery to improve facial contouring following orthognathic procedures |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Free fat grafting to the face |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Cleft lip revisions and augmentation |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Speech and language input |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
57 Craniofacial Asymmetry: Causes and Management |
|
|
813 | (25) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Causes and classification of craniofacial asymmetry |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Congenital causes of asymmetry |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
Developmental causes of asymmetry |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
Acquired causes of asymmetry |
|
|
821 | (2) |
|
Evaluation and assessment |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Component facial analysis |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Three-dimensional data acquisition and manipulation |
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
Principles of symmetry reconstruction |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Staging and timing of intervention |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Orthodontic considerations |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
|
836 | (2) |
|
58 High Level Maxillofacial Osteotomies |
|
|
838 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Indications for midfacial osteotomies |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
|
841 | (4) |
|
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
59 Le Fort-based Maxillofacial Vascularized Transplantation |
|
|
846 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Le Fort II-based allotransplantation |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Le Fort III-based allotransplantation |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Orthognathic planning for maxillofacial allotransplantation |
|
|
847 | (2) |
|
Facial identity and cross gender transplants |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
Pre-clinical investigation in swine |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
|
|
849 | (2) |
|
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
|
|
851 | (2) |
|
|
|
853 | (14) |
|
60 Orthognathic Surgery - One Patient's Perspective |
|
|
854 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
My orthognathic surgical treatment |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
Advice on preoperative patient preparation |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
61 Responding to Patients' Psychological and Social Needs Following Orthognathic Surgery |
|
|
857 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Living with a disfiguring jaw condition |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
How do facial deformities affect patients and their families? |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
How to respond to patients' needs |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
How healthcare professionals can support their patients adjusting to their different appearance |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
What does each element of FACES mean in practice? |
|
|
861 | (2) |
|
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
The delivery of FACES in a healthcare setting |
|
|
863 | (2) |
|
|
|
865 | (2) |
| Index |
|
867 | |
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