| Contributors |
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xv | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxiii | |
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Part 1 Principles of international endocrine practice |
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1.1 A brief history of endocrinology |
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3 | (5) |
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1.2 Prevention in endocrinology |
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8 | (6) |
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1.3 Endocrinology and evolution: lessons from comparative endocrinology |
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14 | (10) |
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1.4 Hormones and receptors: fundamental considerations |
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24 | (5) |
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1.5 Molecular aspects of hormonal regulation |
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29 | (5) |
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1.6 Endocrine autoimmunity |
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34 | (11) |
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1.7 Measurement of hormones |
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45 | (9) |
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54 | (7) |
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1.9 Sports endocrinology: the use and abuse of performance-enhancing hormones and drugs |
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61 | (10) |
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Part 2 Pituitary and hypothalamic diseases |
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2.1 General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy |
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71 | (11) |
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82 | (17) |
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2.3 Aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of disease of the pituitary |
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99 | (134) |
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2.3.1 Development of the pituitary and genetic forms of hypopituitarism |
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99 | (13) |
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2.3.2 Molecular pathogenesis of pituitary tumours |
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112 | (9) |
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2.3.3 Histopathology of pituitary tumours |
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121 | (6) |
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2.3.4 Pituitary assessment strategy |
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127 | (9) |
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2.3.5 Imaging of the pituitary |
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136 | (9) |
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2.3.6 Hypopituitarism: replacement of adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal axes |
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145 | (7) |
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2.3.7 Adult growth hormone deficiency |
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152 | (13) |
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2.3.8 Surgery of pituitary tumours |
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165 | (11) |
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2.3.9 Pituitary radiotherapy |
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176 | (11) |
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2.3.10 Prolactinomas and hyperprolactinaemia (including macroprolactinaemia) |
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187 | (10) |
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197 | (12) |
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2.3.12 Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumours and gonadotropinomas |
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209 | (9) |
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218 | (5) |
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2.3.14 Pituitary carcinoma |
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223 | (6) |
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2.3.15 Pituitary incidentalomas |
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229 | (4) |
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2.4 Aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of diseases of the hypothalamus |
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233 | (34) |
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2.4.1 Hypothalamic dysfunction (hypothalamic syndromes) |
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233 | (7) |
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240 | (6) |
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2.4.3 Perisellar tumours including cysts, hamartomas, and vascular tumours |
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246 | (13) |
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2.4.4 Lymphocytic hypophysitis and other inflammatory conditions of the pituitary |
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259 | (8) |
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2.5 Pineal physiology and pathophysiology, including pineal tumours |
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267 | (6) |
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2.6 Neuropsychiatric endocrinological disorders |
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273 | (30) |
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2.6.1 Endocrinology, sleep and circadian rhythms |
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273 | (7) |
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2.6.2 Endocrinology of eating disorders |
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280 | (7) |
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2.6.3 The endocrine response to stress |
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287 | (7) |
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2.6.4 Endocrinology and alcohol |
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294 | (9) |
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3.1 Evaluation of the thyroid patient |
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303 | (68) |
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3.1.1 The history and iconography relating to the thyroid gland |
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303 | (4) |
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3.1.2 Biosynthesis, transport, metabolism, and actions of thyroid hormones |
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307 | (14) |
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3.1.3 Clinical assessment of the thyroid patient |
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321 | (4) |
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3.1.4 Thyroid function tests and the effects of drugs |
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325 | (11) |
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3.1.5 Nonthyroidal illness |
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336 | (9) |
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3.1.6 Thyroid imaging: nuclear medicine techniques |
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345 | (9) |
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3.1.6.1 Thyroid imaging: nonisotopic techniques |
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354 | (4) |
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3.1.7 Epidemiology of thyroid disease and swelling |
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358 | (13) |
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3.2 Aetiology of thyroid disorders |
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371 | (70) |
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3.2.1 Genetic factors relating to the thyroid with emphasis on complex diseases |
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371 | (14) |
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3.2.2 Environmental factors |
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385 | (11) |
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3.2.3 Iodine deficiency disorders |
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396 | (7) |
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3.2.4 Disorders of iodine excess |
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403 | (5) |
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3.2.5 Radiation-induced thyroid disease |
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408 | (8) |
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3.2.6 Autoimmune thyroid disease |
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416 | (15) |
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431 | (10) |
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3.3 Thyrotoxicosis and related disorders |
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441 | (76) |
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3.3.1 Clinical assessment and systemic manifestations of thyrotoxicosis |
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441 | (11) |
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3.3.2 Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis |
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452 | (2) |
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454 | (7) |
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Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska |
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3.3.4 Subclinical hyperthyroidism |
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461 | (5) |
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3.3.5 Causes and laboratory investigations of thyrotoxicosis |
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466 | (10) |
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3.3.6 Antithyroid drug treatment for thyrotoxicosis |
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476 | (5) |
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3.3.7 Radio-iodine treatment of hyperthyroidism |
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481 | (3) |
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3.3.8 Surgery for thyrotoxicosis |
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484 | (5) |
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3.3.9 Management of Graves' hyperthyroidism |
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489 | (6) |
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3.3.10 Graves' ophthalmopathy and dermopathy |
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495 | (13) |
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3.3.11 Management of toxic multinodular goitre and toxic adenoma |
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508 | (3) |
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3.3.12 Management of thyrotoxicosis without hyperthyroidism |
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511 | (6) |
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3.4 Hypothyroidism and pregnancy- and growth-related thyroid disorders |
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517 | (69) |
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3.4.1 Clinical assessment and systemic manifestations of hypothyroidism |
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517 | (13) |
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3.4.2 Causes and laboratory investigation of hypothyroidism |
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530 | (7) |
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537 | (6) |
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Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska |
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3.4.4 Subclinical hypothyroidism |
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543 | (4) |
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3.4.5 Thyroid disease during pregnancy |
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547 | (5) |
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3.4.6 Thyroid disease after pregnancy: postpartum thyroiditis |
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552 | (5) |
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3.4.7 Thyroid disease in newborns, infants, and children |
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557 | (14) |
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A.S. Paul van Trotsenburg |
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3.4.8 Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome |
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571 | (10) |
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3.4.9 Treatment of hypothyroidism |
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581 | (5) |
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586 | (47) |
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3.5.1 Pathogenesis of nontoxic goitre |
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586 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Management of nontoxic multinodular goitre |
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589 | (6) |
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3.5.3 Management of the single thyroid nodule |
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595 | (5) |
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3.5.4 Pathogenesis of thyroid cancer |
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600 | (9) |
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3.5.5 Pathology of thyroid cancer |
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609 | (6) |
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3.5.6 Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and lymphoma |
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615 | (10) |
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3.5.7 Medullary thyroid carcinoma |
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625 | (8) |
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Part 4 Parathyroid, calcium, and bone metabolism |
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4.1 Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors |
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633 | (9) |
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642 | (11) |
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4.3 Primary hyperparathyroidism |
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653 | (12) |
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4.4 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia |
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665 | (10) |
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4.5 Hypocalcaemic disorders, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism |
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675 | (12) |
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4.6 Hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic syndromes in children |
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687 | (14) |
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701 | (11) |
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4.8 Thyroid disorders and bone disease |
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712 | (9) |
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4.9 Paget's disease of bone |
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721 | (10) |
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4.10 Rickets and osteomalacia (acquired and heritable forms) and skeletal dysplasias |
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731 | (23) |
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4.11 Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis |
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754 | (9) |
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Part 5 The adrenal gland and endocrine hypertension |
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763 | (11) |
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774 | (7) |
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Sabapathy P. Balasubramanian |
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5.3 Adrenal incidentaloma |
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781 | (8) |
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5.4 Adrenocortical cancer |
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789 | (9) |
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5.5 Phaeochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and neuroblastoma |
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798 | (12) |
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5.6 Primary aldosteronism and other steroid-related causes of endocrine hypertension |
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810 | (15) |
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825 | (12) |
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5.8 Glucocorticoid resistance---a defect of the glucocorticoid receptor |
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837 | (6) |
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Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum |
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5.9 Adrenal insufficiency |
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843 | (17) |
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5.10 Familial glucocorticoid deficiency |
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860 | (5) |
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5.11 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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865 | (16) |
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Part 6 Neuroendocrine tumours and genetic disorders |
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6.1 Neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract: an appraisal of the past and perspectives for the future |
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881 | (16) |
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6.2 Neuroendocrine tumour markers |
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897 | (4) |
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6.3 Neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumours and the carcinoid syndrome |
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901 | (7) |
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Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan |
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908 | (6) |
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6.5 Insulinoma and hypoglycaemia |
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914 | (6) |
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920 | (4) |
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924 | (5) |
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929 | (3) |
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6.9 Imaging neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract |
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932 | (8) |
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6.10 Systemic mastocytosis |
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940 | (5) |
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6.11 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 |
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945 | (6) |
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6.12 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 |
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951 | (3) |
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6.13 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease And Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit (Sdhb, Sdhc, And Sdhd) Genes |
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954 | (6) |
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960 | (4) |
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964 | (6) |
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6.16 Molecular and clinical characteristics of the McCune-Albright syndrome |
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970 | (10) |
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980 | (9) |
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Part 7 Growth and development during childhood |
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7.1 Normal growth and sexual development |
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989 | (50) |
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7.1.1 Child and adolescent growth |
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989 | (17) |
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7.1.2 Childhood endocrinology |
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1006 | (8) |
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7.1.3 Sex determination and differentiation |
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1014 | (10) |
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7.1.4 Management of differences and disorders of sex development in the newborn |
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1024 | (15) |
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7.2 Growth and sexual disorders in childhood |
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1039 | (98) |
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7.2.1 Hypoglycaemia: assessment and management |
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1039 | (10) |
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7.2.2 Differential diagnosis of short stature and poor growth velocity |
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1049 | (11) |
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7.2.3 Genetic defects of the human somatotropic axis |
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1060 | (5) |
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7.2.4 Investigation of the slowly growing child |
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1065 | (8) |
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7.2.5 Growth hormone therapy for the growth hormone-deficient child |
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1073 | (10) |
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7.2.6 Growth-promoting agents for nongrowth hormone-deficient short children |
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1083 | (12) |
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7.2.7 Syndromic growth disorders |
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1095 | (12) |
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1107 | (5) |
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7.2.9 Delayed puberty and hypogonadism |
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1112 | (15) |
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7.2.10 Premature sexual maturation |
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1127 | (10) |
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7.3 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in children |
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1137 | (11) |
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7.4 Late effects of cancer treatment |
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1148 | (12) |
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7.5 Transition in endocrinology |
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1160 | (13) |
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Part 8 Female endocrinology and pregnancy |
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8.1 Female endocrinology and ovarian disorders |
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1173 | (99) |
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8.1.1 The generation and use of human embryonic stem cells |
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1173 | (6) |
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8.1.2 Menstrual cycle and ovulation |
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1179 | (6) |
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8.1.3 Hormonal contraception |
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1185 | (12) |
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8.1.4 Premenstrual syndrome |
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1197 | (9) |
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8.1.5 Primary ovarian failure |
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1206 | (6) |
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8.1.6 Disorders of gonadotropin secretion |
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1212 | (12) |
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8.1.7 Hyperprolactinaemic anovulation |
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1224 | (5) |
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8.1.8 Polycystic ovary syndrome: reproductive aspects |
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1229 | (6) |
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8.1.9 Polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic aspects |
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1235 | (4) |
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1239 | (10) |
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8.1.11 Infertility and assisted reproduction |
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1249 | (14) |
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8.1.12 Nutrition and reproduction |
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1263 | (9) |
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8.2 Pregnancy-related disorders |
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1272 | (61) |
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8.2.1 The endometrium: receptivity, implantation, and endometrial cancer as endocrine disease |
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1272 | (15) |
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1287 | (11) |
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8.2.3 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia |
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1298 | (7) |
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8.2.4 The breast: lactation and breast cancer as an endocrine disease |
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1305 | (13) |
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8.2.5 Endocrine disease in pregnancy |
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1318 | (15) |
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Part 9 Male hypogonadism and infertility |
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9.1 Definitions and classifications of disorders |
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1333 | (3) |
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9.2 Normal male endocrinology |
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1336 | (25) |
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9.2.1 The male gamete: spermatogenesis, mutation, function |
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1336 | (11) |
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9.2.2 Endocrine and local testicular regulation |
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1347 | (6) |
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9.2.3 Testicular hormones |
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1353 | (8) |
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9.3 Evaluation of the male patient with suspected hypogonadism and/or infertility |
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1361 | (24) |
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9.3.1 Clinical appearance and examination |
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1361 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Endocrine evaluation |
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1363 | (5) |
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1368 | (5) |
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1373 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Cytogenetics and molecular genetics |
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1375 | (5) |
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1380 | (5) |
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9.4 Male endocrinological disorders and male factor infertility |
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1385 | (98) |
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9.4.1 Congenital anorchia, acquired anorchia, testicular maldescent, varicocele |
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1385 | (8) |
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9.4.2 Disturbed spermatogenesis |
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1393 | (5) |
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9.4.3 Klinefelter's syndrome |
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1398 | (4) |
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1402 | (1) |
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1403 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Structural chromosome abnormalities |
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1404 | (4) |
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9.4.7 Sequelae of extratesticular disease |
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1408 | (10) |
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1418 | (8) |
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9.4.9 Infections/inflammation of the genital tract |
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1426 | (2) |
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1428 | (1) |
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9.4.11 Immunology infertility |
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1429 | (3) |
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9.4.12 Idiopathic infertility |
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1432 | (1) |
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9.4.13 Treatment of hypogonadism and infertility |
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1432 | (8) |
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9.4.14 Insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection |
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1440 | (7) |
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9.4.15 Cryopreservation of sperm |
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1447 | (2) |
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9.4.16 Sexuality and erectile dysfunction |
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1449 | (10) |
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1459 | (4) |
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1463 | (6) |
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9.4.19 Exogenous factors and male reproductive health |
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1469 | (1) |
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9.5.1 Environmental influences on male reproductive health |
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1469 | (6) |
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9.5.2 Androgen misuse and abuse |
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1475 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Male reproductive health |
|
|
1478 | (5) |
|
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|
Part 10 Endocrinology of ageing and systemic disease |
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10.1 Ageing and the endocrine system |
|
|
1483 | (52) |
|
10.1.1 Growth hormone and ageing |
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|
1483 | (9) |
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|
10.1.2 Endocrinology of the menopause and hormone replacement therapy |
|
|
1492 | (11) |
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10.1.3 Male reproductive health and ageing |
|
|
1503 | (8) |
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10.1.4 Dehydroepiandrosterone and ageing |
|
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1511 | (8) |
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10.1.5 Ageing and thyroid disease |
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1519 | (7) |
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10.1.6 Bone disease in older people |
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|
1526 | (9) |
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10.2 Endocrinology of systemic disease |
|
|
1535 | (50) |
|
10.2.1 Hormones and the kidney |
|
|
1535 | (11) |
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10.2.2 The endocrinology of liver disease |
|
|
1546 | (8) |
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10.2.3 Endocrinology in the critically ill |
|
|
1554 | (9) |
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10.2.4 Endocrine abnormalities in HIV infection |
|
|
1563 | (12) |
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10.2.5 Immunoendocrinopathy syndromes |
|
|
1575 | (10) |
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Part 11 Endocrinology of cancer |
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11.1 Secondary endocrine tumours, ectopic hormone syndromes, and effects of cancer treatment on endocrine function |
|
|
1585 | (26) |
|
11.1.1 Metastatic disease in endocrine organs |
|
|
1585 | (5) |
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|
|
11.1.2 Ectopic hormone syndromes |
|
|
1590 | (10) |
|
|
|
11.1.3 Long-term endocrine sequelae of cancer therapy |
|
|
1600 | (11) |
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|
|
11.2 Hormonal therapy for breast and prostatic cancers |
|
|
1611 | (26) |
|
11.2.1 Endocrine treatment of breast cancer |
|
|
1611 | (11) |
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|
|
|
11.2.2 Hormonal therapy of prostate cancer |
|
|
1622 | (15) |
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|
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|
Part 12 Obesity, lipids, and metabolic disorders |
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12.1 Epidemiology, aetiology, and management of obesity |
|
|
1637 | (22) |
|
12.1.1 Obesity as a health problem |
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|
1637 | (2) |
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12.1.2 Genetics of obesity |
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|
1639 | (7) |
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12.1.3 Assessment and management of severe obesity in childhood and adolescence |
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|
1646 | (3) |
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|
12.1.4 Assessment and management of severe obesity in adults |
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|
1649 | (3) |
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12.1.5 Weight regulation: physiology and pathophysiology |
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|
1652 | (7) |
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|
12.2 Lipoprotein metabolism and related diseases |
|
|
1659 | (18) |
|
12.2.1 Lipoprotein metabolism |
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|
1659 | (8) |
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|
|
12.2.2 Familial hypercholesterolaemia |
|
|
1667 | (6) |
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|
|
12.2.3 Genetic defects in sterol synthesis, absorption, and degradation into bile acids |
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|
1673 | (4) |
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|
|
12.3 Other metabolic disorders |
|
|
1677 | (26) |
|
12.3.1 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism |
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|
1677 | (7) |
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|
1684 | (10) |
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|
1694 | (9) |
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|
Part 13 Diabetes mellitus |
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13.1 Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus |
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|
1703 | (9) |
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|
13.2 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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|
1712 | (22) |
|
13.2.1 Clinical features of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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|
1712 | (7) |
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|
|
13.2.2 Genetics of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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|
1719 | (4) |
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|
|
13.2.3 Immunology of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1723 | (11) |
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|
|
13.3 Aetiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1734 | (39) |
|
13.3.1 Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1734 | (6) |
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|
13.3.2 Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1740 | (8) |
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|
|
13.3.3 Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1748 | (6) |
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|
13.3.4 Monogenic forms of diabetes resulting from β cell dysfunction |
|
|
1754 | (5) |
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|
13.3.5 Genetics of severe insulin resistance |
|
|
1759 | (5) |
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|
13.3.6 Metabolic syndrome |
|
|
1764 | (9) |
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|
|
13.4 Management of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1773 | (147) |
|
13.4.1 Clinical features, lifestyle management, and glycaemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1774 | (5) |
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|
|
13.4.2 Pharmacological therapy of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1779 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.3 Diabetes in diverse ethnic groups |
|
|
1795 | (1) |
|
13.4.3.1 The world pandemic of diabetes |
|
|
1795 | (4) |
|
|
|
13.4.3.2 Diabetes in South Asians |
|
|
1799 | (4) |
|
|
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|
|
13.4.3.3 Diabetes in the South Asian diaspora |
|
|
1803 | (2) |
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|
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|
|
13.4.3.4 Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa and in Africans |
|
|
1805 | (6) |
|
|
|
13.4.4 Structured education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1811 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.5 Metabolic surgery in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1818 | (7) |
|
|
|
13.4.6 Management of type 1 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1825 | (13) |
|
|
|
13.4.7 Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children |
|
|
1838 | (11) |
|
|
|
13.4.8 Hypoglycaemia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1849 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.9 Non-biological technologies in glucose sensing |
|
|
1861 | (1) |
|
13.4.9.1 Glucose monitoring |
|
|
1861 | (8) |
|
|
|
13.4.9.2 Closing the loop? |
|
|
1869 | (5) |
|
|
|
13.4.10 Management of diabetes mellitus in special situations |
|
|
1874 | (1) |
|
13.4.10.1 Hyperglycaemic crises in adult patients with diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1874 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.10.2 Diabetic ketoacidosis in childhood and adoleseence |
|
|
1888 | (7) |
|
|
|
13.4.10.3 Management of the inpatient with diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1895 | (5) |
|
|
|
Maggie Sinclair Hammersley |
|
|
13.4.10.4 Insulin Therapy In The Intensive Care Unit |
|
|
1900 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.10.5 Diabetes management in surgery |
|
|
1905 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.4.10.6 Diabetes management in pregnancy |
|
|
1908 | (12) |
|
|
|
13.5 Microvascular complications |
|
|
1920 | (35) |
|
13.5.1 Pathogenesis of microvascular disease |
|
|
1920 | (4) |
|
|
|
13.5.2 Diabetic retinopathy |
|
|
1924 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13.5.3 Diabetic nephropathy |
|
|
1935 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.5.4 Diabetic neuropathy |
|
|
1946 | (9) |
|
|
|
13.6 Macrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1955 | (21) |
|
13.6.1 Mechanisms of macrovascular disease in diabetes |
|
|
1955 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.6.2 Prediction models for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1959 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.6.3 Diabetic dyslipidaemia |
|
|
1963 | (6) |
|
|
|
13.6.4 Hypertension in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1969 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
1976 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.8 Mental health in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1990 | (15) |
|
13.8.1 Depression in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
1990 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.8.2 Diabetes mellitus and psychotic disease |
|
|
1998 | (7) |
|
|
|
13.9 Organization of diabetes care |
|
|
2005 | (10) |
|
13.9.1 Organizing a diabetes service |
|
|
2005 | (6) |
|
|
|
13.9.2 The informatics of diabetes management |
|
|
2011 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.10 Transplantation in Diabetes |
|
|
2015 | (9) |
|
13.10.1 Treatment of diabetes (Type I) through transplantation |
|
|
2015 | (4) |
|
|
|
13.10.2 Diabetes mellitus and transplantation |
|
|
2019 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
13.11 Gene therapy in diabetes mellitus |
|
|
2024 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
2031 | |