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E-raamat: Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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Panjabi: A Comprehensive GrammarSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
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Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Panjabi grammar.

It presents a fresh, accessible and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Panjabi. The book moves from the script and sound through morphology and word classes to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features.

The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Panjabi grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Panjabi as used by present-day native speakers.

An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require.

Features include:















detailed treatment of the common grammatical structures and parts of speech





extensive exemplification





particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty





Gurmukhi script and transliteration provided throughout





additional chapter on the Shahmuki script





Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar is an essential reference source for the learner and user of Panjabi. With clear and simple explanations it will remain the standard reference work for years to come for both learners and linguists alike.

A Workbook and Reader to accompany this grammar can be downloaded from https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138793866.

*Please note that, due to unforseen circumstances, the Workbook and Reader have been delayed.*
Preface xvii
Introductory Note: How to use this book xxvii
Notational and Typographical Conventions xxix
Abbreviations xxxi
Part I General Introduction
Chapter 1 Panjabi Language, Scripts and Grammar: A Spatio-temporal Perspective
3(20)
1.1 Panjabi -- a very brief history
3(3)
1.2 The "Panjabi-speaking" areas
6(6)
1.3 The Panjabi scripts
12(7)
1.3.1 Shahmukhi
13(1)
1.3.2 Gurmukhi
14(5)
1.4 Panjabi grammar
19(4)
Chapter 2 Language as a Social Semiotic or Cultural Tool
23(16)
Part II Phonetics, Phonology and Script
Chapter 3 Panjabi Sounds and Script
39(28)
3.1 The Panjabi "alphabet"
39(1)
3.2 The phonetic transcription
40(2)
3.3 Names of the letters
42(2)
3.4 Panjabi pronunciation
44(4)
3.4.1 Panjabi stop consonants
44(1)
3.4.2 Panjabi continuant consonants
45(1)
3.4.2.1 Fricatives
46(1)
3.4.2.2 Frictionless continuants
47(1)
3.4.3 More recent additions
48(1)
3.5 Vowel bearer letters
48(2)
3.6 Panjabi vowel symbols
50(9)
3.6.1 CV sequences (or basic syllables)
52(2)
3.6.2 Nasalised vowels
54(1)
3.6.3 Homorganic nasals
55(2)
3.6.4 Long consonants
57(2)
3.7 Subscript characters
59(5)
3.7.1 Subscript
60(1)
3.7.2 Subscript
60(1)
3.7.3 Subscript
61(3)
3.8 Panjabi vowel and consonant diagram and chart
64(1)
3.9 There are more things in Panjabi...
65(2)
Chapter 4 Tone and Related Phenomena in Panjabi
67(24)
4.1 Panjabi as a "tone language"
67(1)
4.2 Pitch accent or tone in Panjabi
68(3)
4.3 Tone and the voiced aspirated (breathy voiced) stop consonants in Panjabi
71(1)
4.3.1 Voiced aspirated (breathy voiced) stops and tones
71(1)
4.4 H and the Panjabi tones
72(5)
4.4.1 Subscript h
73(1)
4.4.2 Full h
74(3)
4.5 Intonation in Panjabi
77(4)
4.5.1 Major intonation contours in Panjabi
77(3)
4.5.2 Mixing of intonation contours within a sentence
80(1)
4.6 Interaction of the tonal and the intonational pitches
81(2)
4.7 Homophonous and homographic words in Panjabi
83(2)
4.8 When did the tones appear in Panjabi?
85(1)
4.9 Monosyllabic words in Panjabi?
85(1)
4.10 Strong stress in Panjabi
86(5)
4.10.1 Weakening and centring of the unstressed vowels
86(1)
4.10.2 Preference for closed syllables
87(4)
Part III Grammar and Meaning
Chapter 5 Panjabi Grammar in Outline
91(14)
5.1 Introduction
91(2)
5.2 Word classes or "parts of speech" in Panjabi
93(2)
5.3 The concept of the "phrase"
95(1)
5.4 Canonical finite clause patterns in Panjabi
96(2)
5.5 Formal, functional, semantic and discourse-related categories
98(1)
5.6 More examples of the four canonical clauses
99(2)
5.7 Complements and adjuncts
101(1)
5.8 Finite clause in Panjabi
102(1)
5.9 Noun phrase and other phrases in Panjabi
103(2)
Chapter 6 Noun and Noun Phrase
105(20)
6.1 The three-way characterisation of nouns in Panjabi
105(1)
6.1.1 Classification of nouns in Panjabi
106(1)
6.2 Number and gender in Panjabi
106(2)
6.2.1 Number and gender in common nouns
106(1)
6.2.2 Number and gender in mass and collective nouns
107(1)
6.3 Noun morphology in Panjabi
108(4)
6.4 "Synthetic" case forms in Panjabi
112(4)
6.4.1 Instrumental dual "synthetic" case forms
113(1)
6.4.2 Locative plural "synthetic" case forms
114(1)
6.4.3 Ablative singular "synthetic" case forms
114(1)
6.4.4 Locative singular "synthetic" case forms
115(1)
6.5 Pronouns in Panjabi
116(6)
6.5.1 Personal pronouns
117(1)
6.5.2 Demonstratives ("third person pronouns")
118(1)
6.5.3 Possessive adjectives
118(1)
6.5.4 Reflexive pronoun
119(2)
6.5.5 Other pronouns
121(1)
6.5.6 Possessive adjectives and adjectives used as pronouns
122(1)
6.6 Structure of the noun phrase in Panjabi
122(1)
6.7 Historical perspective
123(1)
6.8 From a Panjabi folk song
124(1)
Chapter 7 Adjective, Adjective Phrase, Adverb and Adverb Phrase
125(20)
7.1 The three-way characterisation of adjectives in Panjabi
125(1)
7.2 Determiners and full adjectives
126(1)
7.3 Classification of Panjabi full adjectives
127(1)
7.4 "Black" and "red" adjectives
128(3)
7.4.1 Perfect participles ending in -ia used as adjectives
130(1)
7.4.2 Adjectives ending in -ia
131(1)
7.5 Adjectives used as pronouns
131(1)
7.6 Adverbs in Panjabi
132(7)
7.6.1 Classification of Panjabi adverbs
132(4)
7.6.2 Pre-modifier and post-modifier adverbs
136(3)
7.7 I-words, U-words, J-words and K-words
139(3)
7.8 Adjective phrase and adverb phrase
142(1)
7.9 Other phrases and constructions playing an adjectival and adverbial role
143(2)
Chapter 8 Postpositions and Postpositional Phrases in Panjabi
145(18)
8.1 The three-way characterisation of postpositions in Panjabi
145(1)
8.2 The three classes of postpositions
146(9)
8.2.1 Single-word uninflecting postpositions
146(2)
8.2.2 Single-word inflecting postpositions
148(2)
8.2.3 Postpositions derived from the inflected case-forms of nouns, or postpositions with locative meaning
150(5)
8.3 Postpositions/adverbs with ablative meaning
155(2)
8.4 Metaphorical use of postpositions
157(2)
8.5 Chained postpositional phrases
159(2)
8.6 More about metaphorical use of postpositions
161(2)
Chapter 9 Verb and Verb Phrase
163(16)
9.1 The meaning potential of a verb in the traditional Indian linguistic tradition
163(1)
9.2 Verb phrase and main verbs in Panjabi
164(1)
9.3 Three layers of inflections on verb stems
165(5)
9.4 Classification of main verbs in Panjabi
170(1)
9.5 Further classification of Class 1 verbs
171(4)
9.6 Class 2 verbs
175(1)
9.7 Suppletion
176(2)
9.8 Where the idea of verb "phases" came from
178(1)
Chapter 10 Auxiliary Verbs and the Copula
179(14)
10.1 The redundant category of "tense" in Panjabi grammar
179(2)
10.2 Types of auxiliary verbs in Panjabi
181(7)
10.2.1 Older auxiliaries
181(1)
10.2.2 Explicator auxiliaries
182(6)
10.3 The copular-existential verb (copula) in Panjabi
188(1)
10.4 The copula outside the VP
189(1)
10.5 Other developments in the grammar of the Panjabi copula
190(3)
Chapter 11 Tense, Mood and Aspect
193(36)
11.1 Main constituents of the verb phrase in Panjabi
193(2)
11.2 Personal inflectional forms of full verbs, (explicator) auxiliaries and the copula
195(10)
11.2.1 The subjunctive (unmarked) form
195(3)
11.2.2 Addition of the post-verb- -ga to the subjunctive (unmarked) form
198(3)
11.2.3 The copula
201(3)
11.2.3.1 Omission of ha1 in negative clauses
204(1)
11.3 The imperative
205(1)
11.4 Imperfect participle form
206(5)
11.4.1 Morphology of the imperfect participle form
206(1)
11.4.2 Semantics of the imperfect participle form
207(3)
11.4.3 Imperfect participle and the subtractive phases of verb stems
210(1)
11.4.4 Imperfect participle form as an adjective
210(1)
11.5 Perfect participle form
211(6)
11.5.1 Morphology of the perfect participle form
211(1)
11.5.2 Semantics of the perfect participle form
212(2)
11.5.3 Perfective participle form as an adjective
214(1)
11.5.4 Perfect participle form as a nominal
214(1)
11.5.5 The process of regularisation
215(1)
11.5.6 Question of the "certainty" modality and the Panjabi reporting verb kahi
216(1)
11.6 Conjunctive participle form
217(5)
11.6.1 Conjunctive participle with an explicator auxiliary
218(2)
11.6.2 Conjunctive participle with the post-verb ke
220(1)
11.6.3 Conjunctive participle form as a nominal
221(1)
11.6.4 Special cases of kar ke and rajj ke
222(1)
11.7 Potential participle form
222(7)
11.7.1 Morphology of the potential participle form
223(1)
11.7.2 The gerund
224(1)
11.7.3 Semantics of the potential participle and the gerund
224(5)
Chapter 12 Case-marking and Verb-agreement
229(26)
12.1 Agreement of the verb with an NP in the clause
229(1)
12.2 The meaning of an inflected verb form in Panjabi
230(1)
12.3 Agreement of the verb
231(7)
12.3.1 Agreement of subjunctive form and subjunctive+ ga form
231(1)
12.3.2 Agreement of the imperfect participle form
232(1)
12.3.3 Agreement of the perfect participle form
233(2)
12.3.4 Agreement of the potential participle form
235(2)
12.3.5 The imperative use of the potential participle or gerund
237(1)
12.4 Spatial symbolism and metaphors elsewhere in Panjabi sentence structure
238(4)
12.4.1 "Experiencer" constructions in Panjabi
238(4)
12.5 Other "experiencer"-like constructions
242(4)
12.5.1 Physical and mental perception, acts of remembering and forgetting
242(1)
12.5.2 Skills
243(2)
12.5.3 The verb cahida
245(1)
12.5.4 Compulsion and obligation
246(1)
12.6 Causative constructions
246(6)
12.6.1 Class 1 verbs
247(2)
12.6.2 Class 2 verbs
249(3)
12.7 The Location Event Structure Metaphor
252(3)
Chapter 13 Serial Verb Constructions
255(38)
13.1 What is not included in an SVC
256(1)
13.2 The inner dialectics of an SVC
257(6)
13.2.1 General semantics
257(3)
13.2.2 Special semantics of rahi and of pai
260(2)
13.2.3 Two conjunctive participles in a cluster
262(1)
13.2.4 Semantic valency
262(1)
13.3 Syntactic behaviour of of the members of an SVC
263(10)
13.3.1 The pivot of an SVC
263(2)
13.3.2 Blending of semantic and syntactic behaviour of the members of an SVC
265(6)
13.3.3 The interesting history of lia
271(2)
13.3.4 Main features of the conjunctive participle+ (explicator) auxiliary cluster
273(1)
13.4 Structure and features of a longer SVC
273(6)
13.4.1 The pivot in a longer SVC
274(5)
13.5 Order of the members and the use of particles within an SVC
279(2)
13.5.1 How to go on doing something in Panjabi
280(1)
13.6 "Passive voice" in Panjabi
281(12)
13.6.1 The Panjabi SVC with prototypical "passive" meaning
284(3)
13.6.2 Remnants of the older passive voice in modern Panjabi
287(6)
Chapter 14 Expanding Basic Clauses or Simple Sentences
293(16)
14.1 Expanding a canonical clause pattern
293(6)
14.1.1 Expanding and elaborating an NP in a simple sentence
294(4)
14.1.2 Gerund used in place of a noun
298(1)
14.2 Qualifying a VP in a clause or simple sentence
299(10)
14.2.1 Qualifying a VP with an adverb in a clause or simple sentence
300(1)
14.2.2 Postpositional phrase in an adverbial role
300(1)
14.2.3 Non-finite clauses
301(1)
14.2.4 Imperfect participle plus - -a
302(1)
14.2.5 Perfect participle plus - -a
303(2)
14.2.6 Conjunctive participle plus ke
305(3)
14.2.7 Karke as postposition
308(1)
Chapter 15 Compound and Complex Sentences
309(20)
15.1 Compound sentences
310(7)
15.1.1 Co-ordination and co-ordinators
310(1)
15.1.2 Additive and cumulative co-ordinators
311(2)
15.1.3 Contrastive and alternative co-ordinators
313(1)
15.1.4 Consequential co-ordinators
314(1)
15.1.5 Restrictions on co-referential omission
314(2)
15.1.6 Emphatic words kahda and thorhe
316(1)
15.2 Complex sentences
317(10)
15.2.1 Subordinate nominal clause as the SUBJECT
318(3)
15.2.2 Subordinate nominal clause as the OBJECT
321(2)
15.2.3 Relative (or adjectival) clauses
323(2)
15.2.4 Adverbial clauses
325(2)
15.3 Mixed sentences
327(2)
15.3.1 Compound-complex sentences
327(1)
15.3.2 Complex-compound sentences
327(2)
Chapter 16 Above and Beyond the Sentence: Discourse, Text and Cohesion
329(10)
16.1 "Above" and "beyond" the sentence
329(1)
16.2 Definite patient OBJECT
330(1)
16.3 Tinkering with the SOV word order
330(1)
16.3.1 The "dative subject" or "experiencer subject"
331(1)
16.4 Cohesion in text and discourse
331(3)
16.4.1 Co-referential omission
331(1)
16.4.2 Pro-forms
332(1)
16.4.3 Particles and echoing of old information
333(1)
16.5 Word order again: the "given" and the "new" information
334(5)
Chapter 17 A Little Bit of Derivational Morphology
339(34)
17.1 Some productive tendencies in Panjabi derivational morphology
339(1)
17.2 Some commonly used prefixes and suffixes
340(10)
17.2.1 Commonly used prefixes
340(2)
17.2.1.1 Prefixes borrowed from or via Persian
342(1)
17.2.2 Commonly used suffixes
343(3)
17.2.2.2 Suffixes borrowed from or via Persian
346(1)
17.2.3 Arabic and Persian suffixes used by speakers of Panjabi
347(1)
17.2.4 Summing up the Arabic and Persian "influence" on Panjabi grammar
348(2)
17.3 A semi-productive way of deriving verbs in Panjabi
350(1)
17.4 Other frequently used combinations and "ingestive" verbs
351(2)
17.5 Phases of some Panjabi verbs
353(20)
Chapter 18 On Shahmukhi
373(24)
18.1 A brief history of Shahmukhi
373(2)
18.2 The Naskh and the Nastaleeq styles
375(1)
18.3 The Shahmukhi alphabet
376(1)
18.4 Positional variants of the Shahmukhi letters
376(4)
18.4.1 Positional variants of the connector letters
378(1)
18.4.2 Non-connector letters
379(1)
18.5 The Gurmukhi and the Shahmukhi systems compared
380(1)
18.5.1 For an ordinary day-to-day use, no script is "better" than the other
381(1)
18.6 Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi: structural comparison
381(11)
18.6.1 Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi vowel systems
382(1)
18.6.2 Absence of letters for some Panjabi consonants in Shahmukhi
382(5)
18.6.3 No "symbol for symbol" correspondence between the two systems
387(3)
18.6.4 Tonal pronunciation
390(1)
18.6.5 More than one letter for a single sound
391(1)
18.7 Spellings of the Arabic words in Shahmukhi
392(5)
Part IV Appendices, Glossary and Indexes
Appendix 1 Using a Panjabi (Gurmukhi) Dictionary
397(4)
Appendix 2 Repetition of Words, Echo Words etc.
401(16)
1 Repetition of words
401(1)
(i) Repetition to express the idea of a prolonged state or activity
401(1)
(ii) Repetition to convey the idea of intensity
402(1)
(iii) Combining a Panjabi and a Persian word
402(1)
(iv) Repetition to express the idea of "all of them"
403(1)
2 Using synonymous or semantically related words
403(1)
3 Echo words
404(1)
4 Dismissive words
405(1)
5 Insult words
406(1)
Appendix 3 Panjabi Numbers and Expressions of Time
407(1)
1 Numbers
407(1)
(i) Cardinal numbers
407(3)
(ii) Ordinal numbers
410(1)
(iii) Fractions
411(1)
(iv) Panjabi numerals
411(1)
2 Expressions of time
412(1)
(i) Hours
412(1)
(ii) Times of the day
413(1)
(iii) Days of the week
414(1)
(iv) Months
415(2)
Glossary: Explanation of Technical Terms and Abbreviations
417(18)
1 Phonetics and phonology
417(4)
2 Grammar and semantics
421(14)
References 435(8)
Index of Grammatical Words 443(4)
Subject Index 447
Mangat Rai Bhardwaj is a native speaker of Panjabi with a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Manchester. He has taught Panjabi, Hindi-Urdu, English and translation and interpreting in colleges and worked as a freelance translator and interpreter. Previous publications include Hindi Urdu Bol Chaal (with G. Wells), Colloquial Panjabi and Colloquial Panjabi 2.
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