| Preface |
|
xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xvii | |
|
13 Rules of Thumb Summary |
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
14 Process Planning, Scheduling, and Flowsheet Design |
|
|
19 | (46) |
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
14.2 Organizational Structure |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
14.2.1 Process Design Scope |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
14.3 Role of the Process Design Engineer |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
14.4 Computer-Aided Flowsheeting |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
|
26 | (10) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 Process Flowsheet or Flow Diagram |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 Piping Flowsheet or Mechanical Flow Diagram, or Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) |
|
|
27 | (5) |
|
14.5.4 Combined Process and Piping Flowsheet or Diagram |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
14.5.5 Utility Flowsheets or Diagrams (ULDs) |
|
|
32 | (4) |
|
14.5.6 Special Flowsheets or Diagrams |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
14.5.7 Special or Supplemental Aids |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
14.6 Flowsheet Presentation |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
14.7 General Arrangements Guide |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
14.8 Computer-Aided Flowsheet Design/Drafting |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
14.10 Line Symbols and Designations |
|
|
43 | (3) |
|
14.11 Materials of Construction for Lines |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
14.12 Test Pressure for Lines |
|
|
47 | (9) |
|
|
|
56 | (5) |
|
14.14 Information Checklists |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
14.15 Basic Engineering and Front End Engineering Design (FEED) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (266) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
15.2 Flow of Fluids in Pipes |
|
|
65 | (5) |
|
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
15.6 Compressible Flow: Vapors and Gases |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
15.7 Important Pressure Level References |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
15.8 Factors of "Safety" for Design Basis |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
15.9 Pipe, Fittings, and Valves |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
|
75 | (3) |
|
15.11 Total Line Pressure Drop |
|
|
78 | (5) |
|
15.11.1 Relationship Between the Pipe Diameter and Pressure Drop (AP) |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
15.11.2 Economic Balance in Piping and Optimum Pipe Diameter |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
15.12 Reynolds Number, Re (Sometimes Used NRe) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
15.13 Pipe Relative Roughness |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
15.14 Darcy Friction Factor, f |
|
|
85 | (9) |
|
15.15 Friction Head Loss (Resistance) in Pipe, Fittings, and Connections |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
15.15.1 Pressure Drop in Straight Pipe: Incompressible Fluid |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
|
96 | (20) |
|
15.16.1 Density and Specific Gravity |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
15.16.2 Specific Gravity of Blended Products |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
15.16.4 Viscosity of Blended Products |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
15.16.5 Blending Index, H |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (3) |
|
15.16.8 Frictional Pressure Drop, ft of Liquid Head |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
15.16.9 Hazen-Williams Equation |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
15.16.10 Transmission Factor |
|
|
107 | (5) |
|
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
15.16.12 Shell-MIT Equation |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
15.17 Pressure Drop in Fittings, Valves, and Connections |
|
|
116 | (20) |
|
15.17.1 Incompressible Fluid |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
15.17.2 Velocity and Velocity Head |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
15.17.3 Equivalent Lengths of Fittings |
|
|
117 | (3) |
|
15.17.4 L/D Values in Laminar Region |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
15.17.5 Validity of K Values |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
15.17.7 Expressing All Pipe Sizes in Terms of One Diameter |
|
|
124 | (4) |
|
|
|
128 | (6) |
|
15.17.9 Sudden Enlargement or Contraction |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
15.17.10 For Sudden Contractions |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
15.18 Resistance of Valves |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
15.19 Flow Coefficients for Valves, Cv |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (31) |
|
15.20.1 Process Design of Orifice Meter |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
15.20.2 Nozzles and Orifices |
|
|
142 | (25) |
|
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
15.21 Estimation of Pressure Loss Across Control Valves |
|
|
169 | (4) |
|
15.22 The Direct Design of a Control Valve |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
15.24 Friction Pressure Drop for Compressible Fluid Flow |
|
|
175 | (38) |
|
15.24.1 Compressible Fluid Flow in Pipes |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
15.24.2 Maximum Flow and Pressure Drop |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
15.24.3 Sonic Conditions Limiting Flow of Gases and Vapors |
|
|
177 | (5) |
|
15.24.4 The Mach Number, Ma |
|
|
182 | (15) |
|
15.24.5 Critical Pressure Ratio |
|
|
197 | (3) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
15.24.7 The Expansion Factor, Y |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
15.24.8 Misleading Rules of Thumb for Compressible Fluid Flow |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
15.24.9 Other Simplified Compressible Flow Methods |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
15.24.10 Friction Drop for Flow of Vapors, Gases and Steam |
|
|
205 | (8) |
|
15.25 Darcy Rational Relation for Compressible Vapors and Gases |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
15.26 Velocity of Compressible Fluids in Pipe |
|
|
215 | (13) |
|
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
15.28 Friction Drop for Compressible Natural Gas in Long Pipe Lines |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
15.29 Panhandle-A Gas Flow Formula |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
15.30 Modified Panhandle Flow Formula |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
15.31 American Gas Association (AGA) Dry Gas Method |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
15.32 Complex Pipe Systems Handling Natural (or Similar) Gas |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
15.33 Two-Phase Liquid and Gas Flow in Process Piping |
|
|
239 | (56) |
|
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (5) |
|
15.33.4 Erosion-Corrosion |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
15.33.5 Total System Pressure Drop |
|
|
250 | (7) |
|
15.33.6 Pipe Sizing Rules |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
15.33.7 A Solution for All Two-Phase Problems |
|
|
261 | (9) |
|
15.33.8 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Vertical Down Flow |
|
|
270 | (7) |
|
15.33.9 Pressure Drop in Vacuum Systems |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
15.33.10 Low Absolute Pressure Systems for Air |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
15.33.11 Vacuum for Other Gases and Vapors |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
15.33.12 Pressure Drop for Flashing Liquids |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
15.33.13 Sizing Condensate Return Lines |
|
|
286 | (9) |
|
15.34 UniSim Design PIPESYS |
|
|
295 | (5) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
15.36 Mitigating Pipeline Hazards |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
15.37 Examples of Safety Design Concerns |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
15.38 Safety Incidents Related With Pipeworks and Materials of Construction |
|
|
303 | (16) |
|
15.39 Lessons Learned From Piping Designs |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
15.40 Design of Safer Piping |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
15.40.1 Best Practices for Process Piping |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
15.40.2 Designing Liquid Piping |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
15.40.3 Best Practices for Liquid Piping |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (4) |
|
|
|
331 | (166) |
|
|
|
331 | (5) |
|
16.2 Pump Design Standardization |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
16.3 Basic Parts of a Centrifugal Pump |
|
|
336 | (5) |
|
16.4 Centrifugal Pump Selection |
|
|
341 | (18) |
|
16.5 Hydraulic Characteristics for Centrifugal Pumps |
|
|
359 | (8) |
|
16.6 Suction Head or Suction Lift, hs |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
16.10 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) and Pump Suction |
|
|
370 | (8) |
|
16.11 General Suction System |
|
|
378 | (6) |
|
16.12 Reductions in NPSHR |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
16.13 Charting NPSHR Values of Pumps |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
16.14 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
16.15 NPSH Requirement for Liquids Saturation With Dissolved Gases |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
|
390 | (4) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
16.18 Pumping Systems and Performance |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
16.19 Power Requirements for Pumping Through Process Lines |
|
|
399 | (6) |
|
|
|
405 | (12) |
|
16.21 Centrifugal Pump Efficiency |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
16.22 Effects of Viscosity |
|
|
421 | (15) |
|
16.23 Temperature Rise and Minimum Flow |
|
|
436 | (4) |
|
16.24 Centrifugal Pump Specifications |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
16.25 Number of Pumping Units |
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
16.27 Reciprocating Pumps |
|
|
452 | (4) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
16.29 Selection Rules-of-Thumb |
|
|
456 | (3) |
|
|
|
459 | (5) |
|
|
|
464 | (10) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
16.33 Operating Philosophy |
|
|
475 | (10) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
16.35 Troubleshooting Checklist for Centrifugal Pumps |
|
|
485 | (8) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (340) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
17.2 General Application Guide |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
17.3 Specification Guides |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
17.4 General Considerations for Any Type of Compressor Flow Conditions |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
17.4.5 Special Conditions |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
17.5 Reciprocating Compression |
|
|
503 | (11) |
|
17.6 Suction and Discharge Valves |
|
|
514 | (9) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
17.8 Performance Considerations |
|
|
524 | (33) |
|
17.9 Compressor Performance Characteristics |
|
|
557 | (37) |
|
17.10 Hydrogen Use in the Refinery |
|
|
594 | (235) |
|
17.10.1 IsoTherming Technology for Kerosene, Vacuum Gas Oil, and Diesel Hydroprocessing |
|
|
595 | (234) |
|
|
|
829 | (3) |
|
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
|
|
833 | (4) |
| Glossary of Petroleum and Technical Terminology |
|
837 | (92) |
| Appendix D |
|
929 | (76) |
| Appendix E |
|
1005 | (14) |
| Index |
|
1019 | (6) |
| About the Author |
|
1025 | |