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E-raamat: Photoelectrochemical Materials and Energy Conversion Processes 12th Revised edition [Wiley Online]

Edited by (University of Ulm, Germany), Edited by (University of Illinois, Urbana, USA), Edited by , Edited by
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Photoelectrochemical Materials and Energy Conversion Processes 12th Revised editionSuurem pilt
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Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527633227
An international group of leading scientists from the field has contributed to the 12th volume in this series, covering a range of different types of solar cells and including a critical comparison of the different techniques available for manufacturing the semiconductors needed.
The result is an expert insight the central questions surrounding photovoltaic materials and systems, reflecting the latest developments in this hot and timely green topic.
Preface ix
List of Contributors
xiii
1 Applications of Electrochemistry in the Fabrication and Characterization of Thin-Film Solar Cells
1(60)
Phillip Dale
Laurence Peter
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Electrochemical Routes to Thin-Film Solar Cells
3(37)
1.2.1 Basic Cell Configurations
3(1)
1.2.2 Material Requirements for PV Applications
4(1)
1.2.2.1 Implications of Materials Requirements for the Direct Synthesis of Absorber Layers by Electrodeposition
5(2)
1.2.2.2 Synthetic Routes Involving Deposition and Annealing (EDA)
7(4)
1.2.2.3 Summary of EDA Routes
11(2)
1.2.3 EDA route to p-Type Semiconductors for Thin-Film Photovoltaics
13(1)
1.2.3.1 Electrodeposition of CdTe for CdS|CdTe Solar Cells
13(6)
1.2.3.2 Electrodeposition of CIGS for CIGS|CdS|ZnO Solar Cells
19(11)
1.2.3.3 CZTS
30(9)
1.2.4 Future
39(1)
1.3 Characterization of Solar Cell Materials using Electrolyte Contacts
40(14)
1.3.1 Overview
40(1)
1.3.2 The Semiconductor-Electrolyte Junction
41(1)
1.3.3 Photovoltammetry
42(1)
1.3.4 External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) Spectra
43(7)
1.3.5 Electrolyte Electroreflectance/Absorbance: EER/EEA
50(4)
1.4 Conclusions
54(7)
Acknowledgments
55(1)
References
55(6)
2 Tailoring of Interfaces for the Photoelectrochemical Conversion of Solar Energy
61(122)
Hans Joachim Lewerenz
2.1 Introduction
61(1)
2.2 Operation Principles of Photoelectrochemical Devices
62(21)
2.2.1 Currents, Excess Carrier Profiles, and Quasi-Fermi Levels
62(1)
2.2.1.1 Dark Current and Photocurrent
62(3)
2.2.1.2 Excess Minority Carrier Profiles
65(4)
2.2.1.3 Quasi-Fermi Levels
69(2)
2.2.2 Photovoltages and Stability Criteria
71(6)
2.2.3 Photovoltaic and Photoelectrocatalytic Mode of Operation
77(1)
2.2.3.1 Photovoltaic Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
77(1)
2.2.3.2 Photoelectrocatalytic Systems
78(3)
2.2.4 Separation of Charge Transfer and Surface Recombination Rate
81(2)
2.3 Surface and Interface Analysis Methods
83(21)
2.3.1 In Situ Methods: I. Brewster Angle Analysis
84(3)
2.3.2 In Situ Methods: II. Stationary Microwave Reflectivity
87(3)
2.3.3 X-ray Emission and (Photo) Electron Spectroscopies
90(1)
2.3.3.1 Selected X-ray Surface/Interface Analysis Methods
90(4)
2.3.3.2 In-System Synchrotron Radiation Photoelectron Spectroscopy
94(5)
2.3.3.3 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
99(1)
2.3.4 Tapping-Mode AFM and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
99(1)
2.3.4.1 Tapping-Mode AFM
100(2)
2.3.4.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
102(2)
2.4 Case Studies: Interface Conditioning
104(39)
2.4.1 Silicon Nanotopographies
107(1)
2.4.1.1 Nanostructures by Divalent Dissolution
107(4)
2.4.1.2 Step Bunched Surfaces
111(10)
2.4.1.3 Oxide-Related Nanotopographies
121(9)
2.4.2 Indium Phosphide
130(1)
2.4.2.1 The InP(111) A-face
131(5)
2.4.2.2 The In-Rich InP(100) (2×4) Surface
136(1)
2.4.3 Copper Indium Dichalcogenides
137(1)
2.4.3.1 CuInSe2
138(2)
2.4.3.2 CuInS2
140(3)
2.5 Photovoltaic, Photoelectrochemical Devices
143(19)
2.5.1 Ternary Chalcopyrites
145(1)
2.5.2 InP Solar Cells
146(1)
2.5.3 Nanoemitter Structures with Silicon
147(1)
2.5.3.1 Device Development
147(7)
2.5.3.2 Surface Chemical Analysis of the Electrodeposition Process
154(8)
2.6 Photoelectrocatalytic Devices
162(8)
2.6.1 Nanoemitter Structures with p-Si
162(3)
2.6.2 Thin-Film InP Metal--Interphase--Semiconductor Structure
165(1)
2.6.2.1 Basic Considerations
165(1)
2.6.2.2 Device Preparation and Properties
166(4)
2.7 Synopsis
170(13)
2.7.1 Summary
170(1)
2.7.2 Reflections on Future Development Routes
171(1)
Acknowledgments
172(1)
Appendix 2.A
172(1)
Appendix 2.B
172(1)
Appendix 2.C
173(1)
References
173(10)
3 Printable Materials and Technologies for Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cells with Flexible Substrates
183(38)
Tsutomu Miyasaka
3.1 Introduction: Historical Background
183(1)
3.2 Low-Temperature Coating of Semiconductor Films
184(2)
3.3 Photoelectric Performance of Plastic Dye-Sensitized Photocells
186(4)
3.4 Polymer-Based Counter Electrodes with Printable Materials
190(7)
3.5 Investigation of High-Extinction Sensitizers and Co-adsorbents
197(11)
3.6 Durability Development for Plastic DSSCs
208(4)
3.7 Fabrication of Large-Area Plastic DSSC Modules
212(6)
3.8 Concluding Remarks
218(3)
References
218(3)
4 Electrodeposited Porous ZnO Sensitized by Organic Dyes--Promising Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Potential Application in Large-Scale Photovoltaics
221(56)
Derck Schlettwein
Tsukasa Yoshida
Daniel Lincot
4.1 Introduction
221(4)
4.2 Electrodeposition--A Well-Established Technology
225(1)
4.3 Electrodeposition of ZnO Thin Films
226(1)
4.4 Sensitization of ZnO
227(1)
4.5 Alternative Sensitizer Molecules
228(16)
4.5.1 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Alternative Metal Complexes
230(1)
4.5.1.1 Frontier Orbital Positions
231(4)
4.5.1.2 Photosensitization by Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
235(9)
4.5.2 Purely Organic Dyes
244(1)
4.6 Electrodeposition of Hybrid ZnO/Organic Thin Films
244(5)
4.7 Porous Crystalline Networks of ZnO as Starting Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
249(3)
4.8 Adaptation of Electrodeposition Towards Specific Demands of Alternative Substrate Materials
252(4)
4.8.1 Plastic Solar Cells
252(1)
4.8.2 Textile-Based Solar Cells
253(3)
4.9 State of the Art and Outlook
256(21)
References
259(18)
5 Thin-Film Semiconductors Deposited in Nanometric Scales by Electrochemical and Wet Chemical Methods for Photovoltaic Solar Cell Applications
277(74)
Oumarou Savadogo
5.1 Introduction
277(2)
5.2 Materials and Composite Materials Fabrication
279(57)
5.2.1 Fundamental Considerations
279(1)
5.2.1.1 Chemical Bath Deposition
279(10)
5.2.1.2 Electrodeposition
289(6)
5.2.1.3 Sol-Gel Method
295(4)
5.2.1.4 Other Wet Methods
299(8)
5.2.2 Preparation of Active Materials
307(1)
5.2.2.1 Preparation by Chemical Deposition
307(18)
5.2.2.2 Preparation by Electrochemical Deposition
325(4)
5.2.2.3 Preparation by the Sol-Gel Method
329(1)
5.2.2.4 Thin Films Deposited with Heteropolycompounds
330(6)
5.3 Systems Development
336(3)
5.3.1 State-of-the-Art Thin-Film Solar Technology using Chemical, Electrochemical, and/or Sol-Gel Fabrication Methods
336(2)
5.3.2 Toxicity and Sustainability Issues
338(1)
5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
339(12)
References
340(11)
Index 351
Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Dieter M. Kolb is Professor of Electrochemistry at the University of Ulm, Germany. He received his undergraduate and PhD degrees at the Technical University of Munich. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA. He worked as a Senior Scientist at the Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin and completed his habilitation at the Free University of Berlin, where he also was Professor. Prof. Kolb has received many prizes and is a member of several societies.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

Philip N. Ross has recently retired from his position as a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He received his academic degrees at Yale University, New Haven, CT, and University of Delaware, Newark, DL. He has received the David C. Grahame Award of the Electrochemical Society, and is a member of several Committees and Advisory Boards.
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