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E-raamat: Physics and Astrophysics: Glimpses of the Progress [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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Physics and Astrophysics: Glimpses of the ProgressSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003215721
Physics and AstrophysicsGlimpses of the Progress provides a comprehensive account of physics and astrophysics from the time of Aristotle to the modern era of Stephen Hawking and beyond. It takes the readers of all ages through a pleasant journey touching on the major discoveries and inventions that have taken place in both the macro-world, including that in the cosmos, and the micro-world of atomic and subatomic particles related to physics and astrophysics. Use of historical perspective and anecdote makes the storytelling on the progress of physics and astrophysics both interesting and absorbing. While peering through different developments in these fields, the book never compromises with the sanctity of the scientific content, including the depth and beauty of the physical concept of the topics concerned and the philosophical viewpoints they represent. Where appropriate, the book also delves into value judgments of life that affect our civilization.

Features











The intricate concepts of physics and astrophysics are explained in simple terms and in easy-to-understand language.











Physics and astrophysics are discussed in a connected and correlated way in a single volume of comprehensive size but in totality, which to date is the unique feature of this book.











Starting with Aristotles Physics and going through the work of Newton, Einstein, Schrödinger, Hubble, Hewish, Hawking, and others, including the present research on dark energy, dark matter, and the fifth force of nature, the reader will be kept absorbed and spellbound.











In addition to the fundamental principles of Newtonian mechanics, Einsteins relativity, quantum mechanics, string theory, loop quantum gravity, and so on, the cutting-edge technologies of recent times, such as the Large Hadron Collider, Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, and Event Horizon Telescope, are also explored.

The book is aimed primarily at undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and professionals studying physics and astrophysics. General readers will also find the book useful to quench their thirst for knowledge about the developments in physics and astrophysics.
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Author Bio xix
1 The Beginning: Physics and Astrophysics from Ancient Times to the End of the 19th Century 1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Physics and Astrophysics Developments from Ancient Times to Galileo
2(6)
1.2.1 Introduction
2(1)
1.2.2 Motion of Bodies and Miscellaneous Ancient Thoughts
2(2)
1.2.3 The Static Earth Concept
4(1)
1.2.4 Geocentric to Heliocentric
4(2)
1.2.5 Flat Earth or Round Earth?
6(1)
1.2.6 The Nature of Space and Time
7(1)
1.2.7 Size of the Earth
8(1)
1.3 Galileo and the Beginning of Experimental Physics
8(2)
1.4 Newton's Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation
10(8)
1.4.1 Introduction
10(1)
1.4.2 Newton's Laws of Motion
11(1)
1.4.3 A Comment by the Author
12(1)
1.4.4 The Gravitation and the Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
12(2)
1.4.5 Weightlessness Experienced by Astronauts in Space Flights
14(1)
1.4.6 Fallout of Newtonian Gravitational Law and the Laws of Motion
14(1)
1.4.7 The Bentley Paradox
15(1)
1.4.8 Gravitation: Is It a Force or Is It Due to Space Time Curvature?
16(2)
1.5 Faraday and Maxwell's Electromagnetism
18(9)
1.5.1 Introduction
18(1)
1.5.2 Faraday's Contribution
19(1)
1.5.3 J.C. Maxwell's Contribution
20(3)
1.5.4 Fallout of Maxwell and Faraday's Electromagnetism
23(4)
1.6 A New Dawn in the Making for the 20th Century
27(4)
1.6.1 Introduction
27(1)
1.6.2 The Aether (Ether) Prejudice till the Late 1990s
27(1)
1.6.3 The Michelson-Morley Experiment-The Concept of Space Contraction
28(1)
1.6.4 Birth of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity
29(2)
2 The Golden Period: Two Master Strokes of the 20th Century-Relativity and Quantum Mechanics 31(64)
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 Relativistic Mechanics
32(7)
2.2.1 Introduction
32(1)
2.2.2 The New Archimedes Is Born
32(1)
2.2.3 Most Beautiful of Theories
33(2)
2.2.4 Gravitation as per the General Theory of Relativity
35(1)
2.2.5 Experimental Proof in Support of General Theory of Relativity
36(3)
2.2.6 Newtonian Mechanics or Einstein's Relativity?
39(1)
2.2.7 Comment by a Literature Laureate
39(1)
2.3 Quantum Mechanics
39(7)
2.3.1 Introduction
39(3)
2.3.2 The Formative Stage of the Quantum Concept
42(3)
2.3.2.1 Max Planck's Contribution
42(2)
2.3.2.2 Einstein's Contribution
44(1)
2.3.3 Journey Toward Understanding the Micro-world-The Quantum Mechanics
45(1)
2.4 Albert Einstein's Relativity-A New Cosmic Vision
46(4)
2.4.1 Introduction
46(1)
2.4.2 Einstein's Religious Thought
47(1)
2.4.3 Albert the Rebel
47(1)
2.4.4 Albert the Genius
48(1)
2.4.5 Similarities of the Lives of a Genius and the Great Scientists
48(1)
2.4.6 Einstein's Relativity Theory
49(1)
2.5 Special Theory of Relativity
50(10)
2.5.1 Introduction
50(1)
2.5.2 Time Dilation and Space Contraction:
51(1)
2.5.3 Time Dilation of Special Relativity
51(2)
2.5.4 Space Contraction of Special Relativity
53(1)
2.5.5 Twin Paradox-A Thought Experiment to Demonstrate Time Dilation and Space Contraction
53(1)
2.5.6 Simultaneity Revisited in Relativity
53(2)
2.5.7 Extended Present in Space-Time Geometry
55(1)
2.5.8 Mass-Energy Relationship
55(2)
2.5.9 Experimental Proof and Application of the Mass-Energy Relation
57(1)
2.5.10 Space-Time Continuum
58(1)
2.5.11 The Space-Time Diagram for the Light Cone of Special Relativity
59(1)
2.6 General Theory of Relativity
60(10)
2.6.1 Introduction
60(1)
2.6.2 Chronogeometric Theory of Gravitation
61(1)
2.6.3 Recipes for the Development of General Theory of Relativity
62(2)
2.6.4 Prediction of Gravitational Waves
64(1)
2.6.5 The Expanding Universe from the General Theory of Relativity
64(1)
2.6.6 The Cosmological Constant-Not a Blunder but a Visionary's True Vision
65(1)
2.6.7 Twin Paradox Due to Gravitational Dilation of Time and Correction of GPS Clocks
66(1)
2.6.8 General Theory of Relativity and Gravitational Lensing
67(2)
2.6.9 General Relativity and Wormhole/Time Machine
69(1)
2.7 The Game Changer of Atomic Physics-Quantum Mechanics
70(11)
2.7.1 Introduction
70(1)
2.7.2 Rutherford's Atomic Model and Its Limitations
71(1)
2.7.3 Bohr's Atomic Model-A Quantum cum Classical Approach
72(1)
2.7.4 Fallout of Bohr's Atomic Model and Its Shortcomings
73(1)
2.7.5 The Wave-Particle Duality of de Broglie in the Quantum World
74(2)
2.7.6 Experimental Verification of Wave-Particle Duality
76(1)
2.7.7 The Double-slit Experiment with Electrons to Establish Its Dual Nature
77(2)
2.7.8 The Uncertainty Principle: An Inescapable Property of the Material World
79(1)
2.7.9 Application of the Uncertainty Principle in the LIGO Design
80(1)
2.7.10 Atomic Stability on the Basis of Quantum Mechanics
81(1)
2.8 Quantum Mechanics in the Hands of Schrodinger, Dirac, and Others
81(9)
2.8.1 Introduction
81(1)
2.8.2 Schrodinger's Wave Mechanics
82(3)
2.8.3 Paul Dirac's Contribution to Quantum Mechanics
85(2)
2.8.4 Quantum Mechanics and the Periodic Table of Elements
87(1)
2.8.5 Feynman and the Feynman Diagram
88(2)
2.9 Quantum Weirdness and Quantum Entanglement
90(5)
2.9.1 Quantum Mechanics-A Weird Subject
90(1)
2.9.2 Einstein's Thought on Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Entanglement
91(4)
3 Miscellaneous Developments: In the Realm of and Beyond Relativity and Quantum Mechanics 95(56)
3.1 Introduction
95(1)
3.2 Miscellaneous Developments in the Realm of Relativity Theory
96(23)
3.2.1 The Expanding Universe
96(4)
3.2.1.1 Introduction
96(1)
3.2.1.2 Work of Lemaitre and Friedman on the Expanding Universe
97(1)
3.2.1.3 Experimental Support in Favor of an Expanding Universe
98(2)
3.2.2 The Big Bang theory of the Origin of the Universe
100(4)
3.2.2.1 Introduction
100(1)
3.2.2.2 Experimental Evidence Supporting the Big Bang Theory
101(3)
3.2.3 The Black Hole
104(10)
3.2.3.1 Introduction
104(2)
3.2.3.2 What Are Black Holes-A Brief Description
106(2)
3.2.3.3 Types of Black Hole
108(1)
3.2.3.4 Black Hole Identification and Experimental Evidence of Its Existence
109(1)
3.2.3.5 What Is Inside a Black Hole?
110(1)
3.2.3.6 First Experimental Imaging of Black Hole with EHT
111(3)
3.2.3.7 Black Hole versus White Hole
114(1)
3.2.4 Gravitational Waves
114(5)
3.2.4.1 Introduction
114(1)
3.2.4.2 Gravitational Wave Detection with LIGO
115(3)
3.2.4.3 A Recent Outcome from LIGO Results
118(1)
3.2.4.4 A Comment on the Fruits of Collaborative Research
119(1)
3.3 Unification Efforts Beyond the Fundamental Developments of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
119(8)
3.3.1 Einstein's Unified Field Theory
119(1)
3.3.2 Quantum Field Theory
120(1)
3.3.3 Quantum Gravity-Theory of Loop Quantum Gravity
121(3)
3.3.4 Evolution of the Connotation of the Term Time
124(1)
3.3.5 A Digression: Big Bang versus Big Bounce as the Theory of the Origin of the Universe
125(2)
3.4 New Thoughts beyond Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: The String Theory or the Theory of Everything
127(6)
3.4.1 Introduction
127(1)
3.4.2 Concept of String Theory
128(2)
3.4.3 History of the Development of String Theory
130(1)
3.4.4 How to Verify String Theory Experimentally
131(1)
3.4.5 Few More Words about String Theory
132(1)
3.4.6 A Comment by the Author
132(1)
3.5 A Digression: The Scientific Model of the Evolution of the Universe and Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
133(9)
3.5.1 The Scientific Model of the Evolution of the Universe
133(3)
3.5.2 How the Universe and Our Earth Might End Up and the Possible Means to Save It
136(3)
3.5.3 Fundamental Forces of Nature
139(3)
3.6 Antimatter, Dark Energy, and Dark Matter
142(6)
3.6.1 Introduction
142(1)
3.6.2 Antimatter
142(2)
3.6.3 Dark Energy and Dark Matter
144(4)
3.7 Some Comments Regarding the Present Scenario of Science and Technology Research After the Developments of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
148(3)
4 Zooming into the Subatomic World of Atomic Physics 151(26)
4.1 Introduction
151(3)
4.2 Classification of Subatomic Particles
154(9)
4.2.1 Introduction
154(1)
4.2.2 Photons
155(4)
4.2.3 Leptons
159(2)
4.2.4 Hadrons and Quarks
161(2)
4.3 The Standard Model of Physics
163(4)
4.4 Physics Beyond the Standard Model-The Possibility of a New Particle, a New Force
167(3)
4.5 Particle Accelerators/Atom Smashers
170(7)
4.5.1 Introduction
170(1)
4.5.2 The History of Particle Accelerators
171(1)
4.5.3 Principle of Operation of Particle Accelerators
172(2)
4.5.4 Some Interesting Facts About the Particle Accelerators
174(1)
4.5.5 The Future Circular Collider
174(3)
5 Zooming Out to the Cosmic World of Astrophysics 177(52)
5.1 Introduction
177(1)
5.2 The Sky
178(4)
5.2.1 Introduction
178(1)
5.2.2 Why the Day Sky in the Earth Is Blue?
179(2)
5.2.3 Why the Night Sky Is Black/Dark-Olbers' Paradox?
181(1)
5.3 The Sun and the Solar System
182(13)
5.3.1 The Birth of Sun and Its Ultimate Fate
182(2)
5.3.2 The Solar System
184(5)
5.3.3 The Moon and the Satellites of Other Planets
189(1)
5.3.4 Exoplanets
190(1)
5.3.5 Atmosphere of Different Planets in Our Solar System
191(2)
5.3.6 Global Warming and Moon's Wobbling
193(2)
5.4 The Stars and the Stellar Evolution
195(13)
5.4.1 Introduction
195(2)
5.4.2 The Life Cycle of Stars-The Stellar Evolution
197(3)
5.4.3 The Chandrasekhar Limit
200(3)
5.4.4 Supernovae, Gamma Ray Burst and Novae
203(3)
5.4.4.1 Supernovae
203(2)
5.4.4.2 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB)
205(1)
5.4.4.3 Novae
205(1)
5.4.5 Classification of Stars
206(1)
5.4.6 Measurement of Distance to the Stars and Galaxies
207(1)
5.5 Nebulae and Galaxies
208(6)
5.5.1 Introduction
208(1)
5.5.2 Different Types of Galaxies
209(1)
5.5.3 The Milky Way Galaxy and Other Nearby Galaxies
210(1)
5.5.4 Far-off Galaxies: Their Possible Distance and the Speed of Recession
211(3)
5.6 Pulsars and Quasars
214(9)
5.6.1 Radio Astronomy
214(2)
5.6.2 Pulsars
216(4)
5.6.3 Fast Radio Burst
220(1)
5.6.4 Quasars
220(3)
5.7 Few Unsung Female Scientists
223(2)
5.8 The Observable Universe and Multiverse
225(4)
Appendix I 229(2)
Some Important Physical Constants of Physics and Astrophysics
229(1)
Multiple and Submultiple SI Prefixes (Powers of Tens)
229(2)
Appendix II 231(2)
Copyright Acknowledgements 233(2)
Further Readings 235(2)
Subject Index 237(6)
Scientist Index 243
Subal Kar is former Professor and Head of the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, India. His field of specialization is microwave engineering, metamaterials and high energy physics. Dr. Kar has three patents to his credit and published a large number of research papers in peer-reviewed international journals. He was visiting scientist to various universities and institutes in US, Europe and Asia including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US, Oxford University, UK, Cockcroft Institute, UK, Kyoto University, Japan. Dr. Kar has authored a text book entitled "Microwave EngineeringFundamentals, Design and Applications" and contributed a number of chapters in books published by Elsevier, Springer Nature, CRC Press. He is the recipient of young scientist award of URSI and IEEE MTT and Fulbright award of US government.
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