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E-raamat: Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, Third Edition 3rd Edition [Wiley Online]

(Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory), (California Institute of Technology)
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Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, Third Edition 3rd EditionSuurem pilt
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Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119523048
"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing was a comprehensive overview of the basics behind remote-sensing physics, techniques, and technology. This third edition builds on that and the previous edition's overview through extensive updates, additions, and expansions in content and the replacement of almost 50% of the color photographs. It discusses in detail the basic physics of wave/matter interactions techniques of remote sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum (UV, visible, infrared, mm, and microwave), and the concepts behind remote sensing techniques currently established and future ones under development. Applications of remote sensing are described for a wide spectrum of earth and planetary atmosphere and surface sciences, including geology, oceanography, resource observation and atmospheric sciences, and ionospheric studies."--

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING

DISCOVER CUTTING EDGE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MODERN REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY, OCEANOGRAPHY, ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE, IONOSPHERIC STUDIES, AND MORE

The thoroughly revised third edition of the Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing delivers a comprehensive update to the authoritative textbook, offering readers new sections on radar interferometry, radar stereo, and planetary radar. It explores new techniques in imaging spectroscopy and large optics used in Earth orbiting, planetary, and astrophysics missions. It also describes remote sensing instruments on, as well as data acquired with, the most recent Earth and space missions.

Readers will benefit from the brand new and up-to-date concept examples and full-color photography, 50% of which is new to the series. You&;ll learn about the basic physics of wave/matter interactions, techniques of remote sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum (from ultraviolet to microwave), and the concepts behind the remote sensing techniques used today and those planned for the future.

The book also discusses the applications of remote sensing for a wide variety of earth and planetary atmosphere and surface sciences, like geology, oceanography, resource observation, atmospheric sciences, and ionospheric studies. This new edition also incorporates:

  • A fulsome introduction to the nature and properties of electromagnetic waves
  • An exploration of sensing solid surfaces in the visible and near infrared spectrums, as well as thermal infrared, microwave, and radio frequencies
  • A treatment of ocean surface sensing, including ocean surface imaging and the mapping of ocean topography
  • A discussion of the basic principles of atmospheric sensing and radiative transfer, including the radiative transfer equation

Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the field of remote sensing instrument development, data analysis, and data utilization, Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing will also earn a place in the libraries of students, faculty, researchers, engineers, and practitioners in fields like aerospace, electrical engineering, and astronomy.

Preface xv
1 Introduction 1(18)
1.1 Types and Classes of Remote Sensing Data
1(5)
1.2 Brief History of Remote Sensing
6(7)
1.3 Remote Sensing Space Platforms
13(2)
1.4 Transmission Through the Earth and Planetary Atmospheres
15(3)
References and Further Reading
18(1)
2 Nature and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 19(25)
2.1 Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
19(11)
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
19(1)
2.1.2 Maxwell's Equations
20(1)
2.1.3 Wave Equation and Solution
21(1)
2.1.4 Quantum Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
21(1)
2.1.5 Polarization
22(3)
2.1.6 Coherency
25(1)
2.1.7 Group and Phase Velocity
26(1)
2.1.8 Doppler Effect
27(3)
2.2 Nomenclature and Definition of Radiation Quantities
30(2)
2.2.1 Radiation Quantities
30(1)
2.2.2 Spectral Quantities
31(1)
2.2.3 Luminous Quantities
32(1)
2.3 Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation
32(2)
2.4 Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation
34(1)
2.5 Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter: Quick Overview
35(3)
2.6 Interaction Mechanisms Throughout the Electromagnetic Spectrum
38(4)
Exercises
42(1)
References and Further Reading
43(1)
3 Solid Surfaces Sensing in the Visible and Near Infrared 44(77)
3.1 Source Spectral Characteristics
44(3)
3.2 Wave-Surface Interaction Mechanisms
47(14)
3.2.1 Reflection, Transmission, and Scattering
48(3)
3.2.2 Vibrational Processes
51(3)
3.2.3 Electronic Processes
54(5)
3.2.4 Fluorescence
59(2)
3.3 Signature of Solid Surface Materials
61(9)
3.3.1 Signature of Geologic Materials
61(1)
3.3.2 Signature of Biologic Materials
62(5)
3.3.3 Depth of Penetration
67(3)
3.4 Passive Imaging Sensors
70(11)
3.4.1 Imaging Basics
70(1)
3.4.2 Sensor Elements
71(5)
3.4.3 Detectors
76(5)
3.5 Types of Imaging Systems
81(3)
3.6 Description of Some Visible/Infrared Imaging Sensors
84(12)
3.6.1 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
84(3)
3.6.2 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)
87(2)
3.6.3 Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC)
89(1)
3.6.4 Mars Exploration Rover Panchromatic Camera (Pancam)
90(1)
3.6.5 Cassini Imaging Instrument
91(2)
3.6.6 Juno Imaging System
93(1)
3.6.7 Europa Imaging System
93(1)
3.6.8 Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)
94(1)
3.6.9 Chandrayaan Imaging Spectrometer M3
95(1)
3.6.10 Sentinel Multispectral Imager
95(1)
3.6.11 Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)
95(1)
3.7 Active Sensors
96(1)
3.8 Surface Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths
97(2)
3.8.1 Radiation Sources
98(1)
3.8.2 Detection
98(1)
3.9 Image Data Analysis
99(14)
3.9.1 Detection and Delineation
100(7)
3.9.2 Classification
107(3)
3.9.3 Identification
110(3)
Exercises
113(4)
References and Further Reading
117(4)
4 Solid-Surface Sensing: Thermal Infrared 121(38)
4.1 Thermal Radiation Laws
121(5)
4.1.1 Emissivity of Natural Terrain
123(1)
4.1.2 Emissivity from the Sun and Planetary Surfaces
124(2)
4.2 Heat Conduction Theory
126(2)
4.3 Effect of Periodic Heating
128(3)
4.4 Use of Thermal Emission in Surface Remote Sensing
131(6)
4.4.1 Surface Heating by the Sun
131(2)
4.4.2 Effect of Surface Cover
133(2)
4.4.3 Separation of Surface Units Based on Their Thermal Signature
135(1)
4.4.4 Example of Application in Geology
135(1)
4.4.5 Effects of Clouds on Thermal Infrared Sensing
135(2)
4.5 Use of Thermal Infrared Spectral Signature in Sensing
137(4)
4.6 Thermal Infrared Sensors
141(13)
4.6.1 Heat Capacity Mapping Radiometer
143(2)
4.6.2 Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner
145(1)
4.6.3 ASTER Thermal Infrared Imager
145(4)
4.6.4 Spitzer Space Telescope
149(1)
4.6.5 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)
150(1)
4.6.6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
151(3)
Exercises
154(2)
References and Further Reading
156(3)
5 Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave Emission 159(31)
5.1 Power-Temperature Correspondence
160(1)
5.2 Simple Microwave Radiometry Models
161(4)
5.2.1 Effects of Polarization
163(1)
5.2.2 Effects of the Observation Angle
163(1)
5.2.3 Effects of the Atmosphere
164(1)
5.2.4 Effects of Surface Roughness
164(1)
5.3 Applications and Use in Surface Sensing
165(5)
5.3.1 Application in Polar Ice Mapping
165(1)
5.3.2 Application in Soil Moisture Mapping
166(4)
5.3.3 Measurement Ambiguity
170(1)
5.4 Description of Microwave Radiometers
170(10)
5.4.1 Antenna and Scanning Configuration for Real-Aperture Radiometers
171(1)
5.4.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers
172(5)
5.4.3 Receiver Subsystems
177(2)
5.4.4 Data Processing
179(1)
5.5 Examples of Developed Radiometers
180(5)
5.5.1 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR)
180(1)
5.5.2 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)
181(2)
5.5.3 Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission Microwave Imager (TMI)
183(1)
5.5.4 AMSR-E
184(1)
5.5.5 SMAP Radiometer
185(1)
Exercises
185(2)
References and Further Reading
187(3)
6 Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave and Radio Frequencies 190(144)
6.1 Surface Interaction Mechanism
190(19)
6.1.1 Surface Scattering Models
192(5)
6.1.2 Absorption Losses and Volume Scattering
197(3)
6.1.3 Effects of Polarization
200(2)
6.1.4 Effects of the Frequency
202(3)
6.1.5 Effects of the Incidence Angle
205(1)
6.1.6 Scattering from Natural Terrain
206(3)
6.2 Basic Principles of Radar Sensors
209(15)
6.2.1 Antenna Beam Characteristics
209(4)
6.2.2 Signal Properties: Spectrum
213(3)
6.2.3 Signal Properties: Modulation
216(2)
6.2.4 Range Measurements and Discrimination
218(3)
6.2.5 Doppler (Velocity) Measurement and Discrimination
221(1)
6.2.6 High-Frequency Signal Generation
222(2)
6.3 Imaging Sensors: Real Aperture Radars
224(10)
6.3.1 Imaging Geometry
224(1)
6.3.2 Range Resolution
225(1)
6.3.3 Azimuth Resolution
225(1)
6.3.4 Radar Equation
226(1)
6.3.5 Signal Fading
227(2)
6.3.6 Fading Statistics
229(3)
6.3.7 Geometric Distortion
232(2)
6.4 Imaging Sensors: Synthetic Aperture Radars
234(61)
6.4.1 Synthetic Array Approach
234(1)
6.4.2 Focused vs. Unfocused SAR
235(2)
6.4.3 Doppler Synthesis Approach
237(2)
6.4.4 SAR Imaging Coordinate System
239(1)
6.4.5 Ambiguities and Artifacts
240(3)
6.4.6 Point Target Response
243(3)
6.4.7 Correlation with Point Target Response
246(2)
6.4.8 Advanced SAR Techniques
248(17)
6.4.9 Description of SAR Sensors and Missions
265(13)
6.4.10 Applications of Imaging Radars
278(17)
6.5 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Scatterometers
295(9)
6.5.1 Examples of Scatterometer Instruments
295(8)
6.5.2 Examples of Scatterometer Data
303(1)
6.6 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Altimeters
304(13)
6.6.1 Examples of Altimeter Instruments
307(3)
6.6.2 Altimeter Applications
310(2)
6.6.3 Imaging Altimetry
312(2)
6.6.4 Wide Swath Ocean Altimeter
314(3)
6.7 Nonconventional Radar Sensors
317(1)
6.8 Subsurface Sounding
317(3)
Exercises
320(3)
References and Further Reading
323(11)
7 Ocean Surface Sensing 334(43)
7.1 Physical Properties of the Ocean Surface
334(5)
7.1.1 Tides and Currents
335(1)
7.1.2 Surface Waves
336(3)
7.2 Mapping of the Ocean Topography
339(12)
7.2.1 Geoid Measurement
339(4)
7.2.2 Surface Wave Effects
343(2)
7.2.3 Surface Wind Effects
345(1)
7.2.4 Dynamic Ocean Topography
345(4)
7.2.5 Ancillary Measurements
349(2)
7.3 Surface Wind Mapping
351(5)
7.3.1 Observations Required
352(3)
7.3.2 Nadir Observations
355(1)
7.4 Ocean Surface Imaging
356(15)
7.4.1 Radar Imaging Mechanisms
356(3)
7.4.2 Examples of Ocean Features on Radar Images
359(2)
7.4.3 Imaging of Sea Ice
361(2)
7.4.4 Ocean Color Mapping
363(2)
7.4.5 Ocean Surface Temperature Mapping
365(5)
7.4.6 Ocean Salinity Mapping
370(1)
Exercises
371(1)
References and Further Reading
372(5)
8 Basic Principles of Atmospheric Sensing and Radiative Transfer 377(26)
8.1 Physical Properties of the Atmosphere
377(3)
8.2 Atmospheric Composition
380(1)
8.3 Particulates and Clouds
381(2)
8.4 Wave Interaction Mechanisms in Planetary Atmospheres
383(9)
8.4.1 Resonant Interactions
383(4)
8.4.2 Spectral Line Shape
387(2)
8.4.3 Nonresonant Absorption
389(2)
8.4.4 Nonresonant Emission
391(1)
8.4.5 Wave Particle Interaction, Scattering
391(1)
8.4.6 Wave Refraction
392(1)
8.5 Optical Thickness
392(1)
8.6 Radiative Transfer Equation
393(2)
8.7 Case of a Nonscattering Plane Parallel Atmosphere
395(1)
8.8 Basic Concepts of Atmospheric Remote Sounding
396(4)
8.8.1 Basic Concept of Temperature Sounding
397(2)
8.8.2 Basic Concept for Composition Sounding
399(1)
8.8.3 Basic Concept for Pressure Sounding
399(1)
8.8.4 Basic Concept of Density Measurement
399(1)
8.8.5 Basic Concept of Wind Measurement
399(1)
Exercises
400(1)
References and Further Reading
401(2)
9 Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Microwave Region 403(37)
9.1 Microwave Interactions with Atmospheric Gases
403(1)
9.2 Basic Concept of Downlooking Sensors
404(7)
9.2.1 Temperature Sounding
406(2)
9.2.2 Constituent Density Profile: Case of Water Vapor
408(3)
9.3 Basic Concept for Uplooking Sensors
411(1)
9.4 Basic Concept for Limblooking Sensors
412(3)
9.5 Inversion Concepts
415(3)
9.6 Basic Elements of Passive Microwave Sensors
418(2)
9.7 Surface Pressure Sensing
420(1)
9.8 Atmospheric Sounding by Occultation
420(4)
9.9 Microwave Scattering by Atmospheric Particles
424(1)
9.10 Radar Sounding of Rain
424(3)
9.11 Radar Equation for Precipitation Measurement
427(1)
9.12 The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
428(1)
9.13 Rain Cube
429(1)
9.14 CloudSat
429(4)
9.15 Cassini Microwave Radiometer
433(1)
9.16 Juno Microwave Radiometer (MWR)
433(1)
Exercises
433(1)
References and Further Reading
434(6)
10 Millimeter and Submillimeter Sensing of Atmospheres 440(18)
10.1 Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents
440(2)
10.2 Downlooking Sounding
442(2)
10.3 Limb Sounding
444(3)
10.4 Elements of a Millimeter Sounder
447(6)
10.5 Submillimeter Atmospheric Sounder
453(2)
Exercises
455(1)
References and Further Reading
456(2)
11 Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Visible and Infrared 458(39)
11.1 Interaction of Visible and Infrared Radiation with the Atmosphere
458(8)
11.1.1 Visible and Near-Infrared Radiation
458(3)
11.1.2 Thermal Infrared Radiation
461(2)
11.1.3 Resonant Interactions
463(1)
11.1.4 Effects of Scattering by Particulates
463(3)
11.2 Downlooking Sounding
466(6)
11.2.1 General Formulation for Emitted Radiation
466(1)
11.2.2 Temperature Profile Sounding
467(2)
11.2.3 Simple Case Weighting Functions
469(1)
11.2.4 Weighting Functions for Off-Nadir Observations
470(1)
11.2.5 Composition Profile Sounding
471(1)
11.3 Limb Sounding
472(7)
11.3.1 Limb Sounding by Emission
472(2)
11.3.2 Limb Sounding by Absorption
474(1)
11.3.3 Illustrative Example: Pressure Modulator Radiometer
474(2)
11.3.4 Illustrative Example: Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
476(3)
11.4 Sounding of Atmospheric Motion
479(10)
11.4.1 Passive Techniques
479(3)
11.4.2 Passive Imaging of Velocity Field: Helioseismology
482(2)
11.4.3 Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
484(4)
11.4.4 Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA)
488(1)
11.4.5 Active Techniques
489(1)
11.5 Laser Measurement of Wind
489(1)
11.6 Atmospheric Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths
490(1)
Exercises
491(1)
References and Further Reading
492(5)
12 Ionospheric Sensing 497(10)
12.1 Properties of Planetary Ionospheres
497(1)
12.2 Wave Propagation in Ionized Media
498(3)
12.3 Ionospheric Profile Sensing by Topside Sounding
501(2)
12.4 Ionospheric Profile by Radio Occultation
503(2)
Exercises
505(1)
References and Further Reading
506(1)
Appendix A: Use of Multiple Sensors for Surface Observations 507(4)
Appendix B: Summary of Orbital Mechanics Relevant to Remote Sensing 511(10)
Appendix C: Simplified Weighting Functions 521(3)
Appendix D: Compression of a Linear FM Chirp Signal 524(4)
Index 528
CHARLES ELACHI, PHD, is a Professor of electrical engineering and planetary science at Caltech. He was the Director of NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 2001 to 2016. He played the leading role in the development of five Earth Orbiting Shuttle Imaging Radar missions and the Cassini Titan Radar mapping instrument. He taught the Physics of Remote Sensing at Caltech from 1982 to 2002.

JAKOB VAN ZYL, PHD, occupied numerous leadership positions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory including the Radar Section, Planetary Exploration Program, Astronomy and Physics Program and as the Associate Director for advanced missions. He taught the Physics of Remote Sensing at Caltech from 2002 to 2020.
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