Author Biographies |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
Acronyms |
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xxiii | |
Notation |
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xxv | |
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1 | (4) |
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2 Motivation and Basic Construction of PID Passivity-Based Control |
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5 | (10) |
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2.1 L2-Stability and Output Regulation to Zero |
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5 | (2) |
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2.2 Well-Posedness Conditions |
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7 | (1) |
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2.3 PID-PBC and the Dissipation Obstacle |
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8 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Passive Systems and the Dissipation Obstacle |
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8 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Steady-State Operation and the Dissipation Obstacle |
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9 | (1) |
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2.4 PI-PBC with y0 and Control by Interconnection |
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10 | (5) |
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12 | (3) |
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3 Use of Passivity for Analysis and Tuning of PIDs: Two Practical Examples |
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15 | (32) |
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3.1 Tuning of the PI Gains for Control of Induction Motors |
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16 | (10) |
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3.1.1 Problem Formulation |
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18 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Change of Coordinates |
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20 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Tuning Rules and Performance Intervals |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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3.2 PI-PBC of a Fuel Cell System |
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26 | (21) |
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3.2.1 Control Problem Formulation |
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29 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Limitations of Current Controllers and the Role of Passivity |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Model Linearization and Useful Properties |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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3.2.5 An Asymptotically Stable PI-PBC |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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3.2.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Work |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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4 PIO-PBC for Nonzero Regulated Output Reference |
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47 | (40) |
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4.1 PI-PBC for Global Tracking |
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48 | (4) |
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4.1.1 PI Global Tracking Problem |
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49 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Construction of a Shifted Passive Output |
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50 | (1) |
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4.1.3 A PI Global Tracking Controller |
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51 | (1) |
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4.2 Conditions for Shifted Passivity of General Nonlinear Systems |
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52 | (3) |
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4.2.1 Shifted Passivity Definition |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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4.3 Conditions for Shifted Passivity of Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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55 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Problems Formulation |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Shifted Passifiability via Output-Feedback |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Stability of the Forced Equilibria |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Application to Quadratic pH Systems |
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59 | (1) |
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4.4 PI-PBC of Power Converters |
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60 | (5) |
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4.4.1 Model of the Power Converters |
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60 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Construction of a Shifted Passive Output |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Application to a Quadratic Boost Converter |
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63 | (2) |
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4.5 PI-PBC of HVDC Power Systems |
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65 | (5) |
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65 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Port-Hamiltonian Model of the System |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Relation of PI-PBC with Akagi's PQ Method |
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69 | (1) |
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4.6 PI-PBC of Wind Energy Systems |
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70 | (7) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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4.6.3 Control Problem Formulation |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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4.7 Shifted Passivity of Pl-Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors |
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77 | (10) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Problem Formulation |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.7.5 Conclusions and Future Research |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (5) |
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5 Parameterization of All Passive Outputs for Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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87 | (8) |
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5.1 Parameterization of All Passive Outputs |
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87 | (2) |
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5.2 Some Particular Cases |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3 Two Additional Remarks |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (4) |
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5.4.1 A Level Control System |
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91 | (1) |
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5.4.2 A Microelectromechanical Optical Switch |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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6 Lyapunov Stabilization of Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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95 | (20) |
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6.1 Generation of Lyapunov Functions |
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96 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Lyapunov Stability Analysis |
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98 | (1) |
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6.2 Explicit Solution of the PDE |
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99 | (4) |
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6.2.1 The Power Shaping Output |
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99 | (1) |
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6.2.2 A More General Solution |
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100 | (1) |
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6.2.3 On the Use of Multipliers |
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101 | (2) |
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6.3 Derivative Action on Relative Degree Zero Outputs |
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103 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Preservation of the Port-Hamiltonian Structure of I-PBC |
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103 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Projection of the New Passive Output |
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104 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Lyapunov Stabilization with the New PID-PBC |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (9) |
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6.4.1 A Microelectromechanical Optical Switch (Continued) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Two-Dimensional Controllable LTI Systems |
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109 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Control by Interconnection vs. PI-PBC |
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110 | (1) |
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6.4.5 The Use of the Derivative Action |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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7 Underactuated Mechanical Systems |
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115 | (38) |
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7.1 Historical Review and Chapter Contents |
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115 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Potential Energy Shaping of Fully Actuated Systems |
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115 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Total Energy Shaping of Underactuated Systems |
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117 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Two Formulations of PID-PBC |
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117 | (1) |
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7.2 Shaping the Energy with a PID |
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118 | (2) |
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7.3 PID-PBC of Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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120 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Assumptions on the System |
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120 | (1) |
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7.3.2 A Suitable Change of Coordinates |
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121 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Generating New Passive Outputs |
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122 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Projection of the Total Storage Function |
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124 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Main Stability Result |
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125 | (2) |
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7.4 PID-PBC of Euler-Lagrange Systems |
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127 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Passive Outputs for Euler-Lagrange Systems |
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127 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Passive Outputs for Euler-Lagrange Systems in Spong's Normal Form |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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7.5.1 Tracking Constant Speed Trajectories |
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129 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Removing the Cancellation of Va(qa) |
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130 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Enlarging the Class of Integral Actions |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (6) |
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7.6.1 Tracking for Inverted Pendulum on a Cart |
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132 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Cart-Pendulum on an Inclined Plane |
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133 | (4) |
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1.1 PID-PBC of Constrained Euler-Lagrange Systems |
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137 | (16) |
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7.7.1 System Model and Problem Formulation |
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140 | (2) |
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1.1.2 Reduced Purely Differential Model |
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142 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Design of the PID-PBC |
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143 | (2) |
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1.1.4 Main Stability Result |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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7.7.6 Experimental Results |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (3) |
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8 Disturbance Rejection in Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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153 | (44) |
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8.1 Some Remarks on Notation and Assignable Equilibria |
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154 | (2) |
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8.1.1 Notational Simplifications |
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154 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Assignable Equilibria for Constant d |
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155 | (1) |
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8.2 Integral Action on the Passive Output |
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156 | (1) |
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8.3 Solution Using Coordinate Changes |
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157 | (5) |
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8.3.1 A Feedback Equivalence Problem |
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158 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Local Solutions of the Feedback Equivalent Problem |
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160 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Stability of the Closed-Loop |
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161 | (1) |
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8.4 Solution Using Nonseparable Energy Functions |
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162 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Matched and Unmatched Disturbances |
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162 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Robust Matched Disturbance Rejection |
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164 | (3) |
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8.5 Robust Integral Action for Fully Actuated Mechanical Systems |
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167 | (5) |
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8.6 Robust Integral Action for Underactuated Mechanical Systems |
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172 | (5) |
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8.6.1 Standard Interconnection and Damping Assignment PBC |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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8.7 A New Robust Integral Action for Underactuated Mechanical Systems |
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177 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Coordinate Transformation |
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177 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Verification of Requisites |
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178 | (1) |
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8.7 A Robust Integral Action Controller |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (18) |
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8.8.1 Mechanical Systems with Constant Inertia Matrix |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (4) |
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184 | (4) |
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8.8.4 Disk on Disk System |
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188 | (3) |
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8.8.5 Damped Vertical Take-off and Landing Aircraft |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (4) |
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Appendix A Passivity and Stability Theory for State-Space Systems |
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197 | (4) |
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A.1 Characterization of Passive Systems |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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A.3 Lyapunov Stability of Passive Systems |
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199 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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Appendix B Two Stability Results and Assignable Equilibria |
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201 | (2) |
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B.1 Two Stability Results |
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201 | (1) |
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B.2 Assignable Equilibria |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Appendix C Some Differential Geometric Results |
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203 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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C.2 Gradient Vector Fields |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Appendix D Port-Hamiltonian Systems |
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205 | (4) |
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D.1 Definition of Port-Hamiltonian Systems and Passivity Property |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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D.2.2 Electromechanical Systems |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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D.3 Euler-Lagrange Models |
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207 | (1) |
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D.4 Port-Hamiltonian Representation of GAS Systems |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
Index |
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209 | |