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E-raamat: Pipe Flow - A Practical and Comprehensive Guide: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide [Wiley Online]

,
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jun-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118275276
  • ISBN-13: 9781118275276
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 115,19 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Pipe Flow - A Practical and Comprehensive Guide: A Practical and Comprehensive GuideSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jun-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118275276
  • ISBN-13: 9781118275276
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118275276
Rennels, long in the nuclear energy field, and Hudson, long in rocket science, provide a comprehensive guide to pressure drop and other phenomena in fluid flow in pipes. Their emphasis is on flow in piping components and piping systems where greatest benefit will derive from accurately predicting pressure loss. They cover the methodology of solving pipe flow problems accurately, loss coefficient data on flow configurations and common to piping systems, and phenomena that can affect the performance of piping systems. The nomenclature is designed to be familiar to engineers worldwide, and both US Customary and International System units of measure are used. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Pipe Flow provides the information required to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components.

The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research, including important loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are also presented in straightforward tables and diagrams.

Sample problems and their solution are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the readers to explore all the topics in greater depth.

With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems. The book employs the English gravitational system as well as the International System (or SI).

Preface xv
Nomenclature xvii
Abbreviation and Definition xix
PART I METHODOLOGY
1(74)
Prologue
1(2)
1 Fundamentals
3(10)
1.1 Systems of Units
3(1)
1.2 Fluid Properties
4(2)
1.2.1 Pressure
4(1)
1.2.2 Density
5(1)
1.2.3 Velocity
5(1)
1.2.4 Energy
5(1)
1.2.5 Viscosity
5(1)
1.2.6 Temperature
5(1)
1.2.7 Heat
6(1)
1.3 Important Dimensionless Ratios
6(1)
1.3.1 Reynolds Number
6(1)
1.3.2 Relative Roughness
6(1)
1.3.3 Loss Coefficient
7(1)
1.3.4 Mach Number
7(1)
1.3.5 Froude Number
7(1)
1.3.6 Reduced Pressure
7(1)
1.3.7 Reduced Temperature
7(1)
1.4 Equations of State
7(1)
1.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids
7(1)
1.4.2 Equation of State of Gases
7(1)
1.5 Fluid Velocity
8(1)
1.6 Flow Regimes
8(4)
References
12(1)
Further Reading
12(1)
2 Conservation Equations
13(10)
2.1 Conservation of Mass
13(1)
2.2 Conservation of Momentum
13(1)
2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor
14(2)
2.4 Conservation of Energy
16(2)
2.4.1 Potential Energy
16(1)
2.4.2 Pressure Energy
17(1)
2.4.3 Kinetic Energy
17(1)
2.4.4 Heat Energy
17(1)
2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy
18(1)
2.5 General Energy Equation
18(1)
2.6 Head Loss
18(1)
2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
19(1)
2.8 Conventional Head Loss
20(1)
2.9 Grade Lines
20(1)
References
21(1)
Further Reading
21(2)
3 Incompressible Flow
23(8)
3.1 Conventional Head Loss
23(1)
3.2 Sources of Head Loss
23(6)
3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss
24(1)
3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow
24(1)
3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow
24(1)
3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number
25(1)
3.2.1.4 Friction Factors
25(3)
3.2.2 Induced Turbulence
28(1)
3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients
29(1)
References
29(1)
Further Reading
30(1)
4 Compressible Flow
31(18)
4.1 Problem Solution Methods
31(1)
4.2 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations
32(5)
4.2.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties
32(1)
4.2.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties
33(1)
4.2.2.1 Simple Average Properties
33(1)
4.2.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties
34(1)
4.2.3 Using Expansion Factors
34(3)
4.3 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation
37(5)
4.3.1 Using Mach Number as a Parameter
37(1)
4.3.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
38(1)
4.3.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
39(1)
4.3.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
40(1)
4.3.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
40(1)
4.3.1.5 Treating Changes in Area
40(1)
4.3.2 Using Static Pressure and Temperature as Parameters
41(1)
4.4 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation
42(1)
4.5 Example Problem: Compressible Flow through Pipe
43(4)
References
47(1)
Further Reading
47(2)
5 Network Analysis
49(12)
5.1 Coupling Effects
49(1)
5.2 Series Flow
50(1)
5.3 Parallel Flow
50(1)
5.4 Branching Flow
51(1)
5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger
51(3)
5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
52(1)
5.5.2 Input Parameters
52(1)
5.5.3 Initial Calculations
53(1)
5.5.4 Network Equations
53(1)
5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations
53(1)
5.5.4.2 Energy Equations
53(1)
5.5.5 Solution
54(1)
5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System
54(6)
5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
55(1)
5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
55(1)
5.6.1.2 Input Parameters
56(1)
5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations
57(1)
5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters
57(1)
5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations
57(1)
5.6.1.6 Solution
58(1)
5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
58(1)
5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
58(1)
5.6.2.2 Input Parameters
58(1)
5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters
59(1)
5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations
59(1)
5.6.2.5 Solution
59(1)
References
60(1)
Further Reading
60(1)
6 Transient Analysis
61(8)
6.1 Methodology
61(1)
6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times
62(3)
6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel
62(1)
6.2.2 Spherical Vessel
63(1)
6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads
64(1)
6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump
65(2)
6.3.1 No Heat Transfer
65(1)
6.3.2 Heat Transfer
66(1)
6.4 Example Problem: Time-Step Integration
67(1)
6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain Problem
67(1)
6.4.2 Direct Solution
67(1)
6.4.3 Time-Step Solution
67(1)
References
68(1)
Further Reading
68(1)
7 Uncertainty
69(6)
7.1 Error Sources
69(1)
7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty
69(2)
7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty
71(1)
7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop
71(1)
7.4.1 Input Data
71(1)
7.4.2 Solution
72(1)
7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate
72(3)
7.5.1 Input Data
72(1)
7.5.2 Solution
73(2)
PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS
75(142)
Prologue
75(2)
8 Surface Friction
77(12)
8.1 Friction Factor
77(1)
8.1.1 Laminar Flow Region
77(1)
8.1.2 Critical Zone
77(1)
8.1.3 Turbulent Flow Region
78(1)
8.1.3.1 Smooth Pipes
78(1)
8.1.3.2 Rough Pipes
78(1)
8.2 The Colebrook-White Equation
78(1)
8.3 The Moody Chart
79(1)
8.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations
79(2)
8.4.1 Moody's Approximate Formula
79(1)
8.4.2 Wood's Approximate Formula
79(1)
8.4.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas
79(1)
8.4.4 Chen's Formula
79(1)
8.4.5 Shacham's Formula
80(1)
8.4.6 Barr's Formula
80(1)
8.4.7 Haaland's Formulas
80(1)
8.4.8 Manadilli's Formula
80(1)
8.4.9 Romeo's Formula
80(1)
8.4.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook-White Equation
80(1)
8.5 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas
81(1)
8.5.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula
81(1)
8.5.2 Modifications to Churchill's 1977 Formula
81(1)
8.6 Surface Roughness
82(3)
8.6.1 New, Clean Pipe
82(1)
8.6.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor
82(2)
8.6.3 Inherent Margin
84(1)
8.6.4 Loss of Flow Area
84(1)
8.6.5 Machined Surfaces
84(1)
8.7 Noncircular Passages
85(2)
References
87(1)
Further Reading
87(2)
9 Entrances
89(12)
9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance
89(2)
9.1.1 Flush Mounted
89(1)
9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance
90(1)
9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle
90(1)
9.2 Rounded Entrance
91(1)
9.3 Beveled Entrance
91(1)
9.4 Entrance through an Orifice
92(7)
9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice
92(1)
9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice
93(1)
9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice
93(1)
9.4.4 Beveled Orifice
93(6)
References
99(1)
Further Reading
99(2)
10 Contractions
101(12)
10.1 Flow Model
101(1)
10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction
102(1)
10.3 Rounded Contraction
103(1)
10.4 Conical Contraction
104(2)
10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss
105(1)
10.4.2 Local Loss
105(1)
10.5 Beveled Contraction
106(1)
10.6 Smooth Contraction
107(1)
10.7 Pipe Reducer: Contracting
107(5)
References
112(1)
Further Reading
112(1)
11 Expansions
113(18)
11.1 Sudden Expansion
113(1)
11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser
114(3)
11.3 Multistage Conical Diffusers
117(3)
11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser
117(1)
11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser
118(2)
11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser
120(1)
11.5 Pipe Reducer: Expanding
121(7)
References
128(1)
Further Reading
128(3)
12 Exits
131(8)
12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe
131(1)
12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser
132(1)
12.3 Discharge from an Orifice
132(2)
12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice
132(1)
12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice
133(1)
12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice
133(1)
12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice
133(1)
12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle
134(5)
13 Orifices
139(18)
13.1 Generalized Flow Model
139(1)
13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice
140(2)
13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe
140(1)
13.2.2 In a Transition Section
141(1)
13.2.3 In a Wall
141(1)
13.3 Round-Edged Orifice
142(3)
13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe
143(1)
13.3.2 In a Transition Section
143(1)
13.3.3 In a Wall
144(1)
13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice
145(1)
13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe
145(1)
13.4.2 In a Transition Section
145(1)
13.4.3 In a Wall
146(1)
13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice
146(3)
13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe
146(2)
13.5.2 In a Transition Section
148(1)
13.5.3 In a Wall
148(1)
13.6 Multihole Orifices
149(1)
13.7 Noncircular Orifices
149(5)
References
154(1)
Further Reading
154(3)
14 Flow Meters
157(6)
14.1 Flow Nozzle
157(1)
14.2 Venturi Tube
158(1)
14.3 Nozzle/Venturi
159(2)
References
161(1)
Further Reading
161(2)
15 Bends
163(14)
15.1 Elbows and Pipe Bends
163(3)
15.2 Coils
166(2)
15.2.1 Constant Pitch Helix
167(1)
15.2.2 Constant Pitch Spiral
167(1)
15.3 Miter Bends
168(1)
15.4 Coupled Bends
169(1)
15.5 Bend Economy
169(5)
References
174(1)
Further Reading
174(3)
16 Tees
177(24)
16.1 Diverging Tees
178(4)
16.1.1 Flow through Run
178(1)
16.1.2 Flow through Branch
179(3)
16.1.3 Flow from Branch
182(1)
16.2 Converging Tees
182(18)
16.2.1 Flow through Run
182(2)
16.2.2 Flow through Branch
184(1)
16.2.3 Flow into Branch
185(15)
References
200(1)
Further Reading
200(1)
17 Pipe Joints
201(4)
17.1 Weld Protrusion
201(1)
17.2 Backing Rings
202(1)
17.3 Misalignment
203(2)
17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe Joint
203(1)
17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket
203(2)
18 Valves
205(8)
18.1 Multiturn Valves
205(2)
18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve
205(1)
18.1.2 Gate Valve
206(1)
18.1.3 Globe Valve
206(1)
18.1.4 Pinch Valve
207(1)
18.1.5 Needle Valve
207(1)
18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves
207(2)
18.2.1 Ball Valve
208(1)
18.2.2 Butterfly Valve
208(1)
18.2.3 Plug Valve
208(1)
18.3 Self-Actuated Valves
209(1)
18.3.1 Check Valve
209(1)
18.3.2 Relief Valve
210(1)
18.4 Control Valves
210(1)
18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients
211(1)
References
211(1)
Further Reading
212(1)
19 Threaded Fittings
213(4)
19.1 Reducers: Contracting
213(1)
19.2 Reducers: Expanding
213(1)
19.3 Elbows
214(1)
19.4 Tees
214(1)
19.5 Couplings
214(1)
19.6 Valves
215(1)
Reference
215(2)
PART III FLOW PHENOMENA
217(24)
Prologue
217(2)
20 Cavitation
219(6)
20.1 The Nature of Cavitation
219(1)
20.2 Pipeline Design
220(1)
20.3 Net Positive Suction Head
220(1)
20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump
221(3)
20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
222(1)
20.4.1.1 Input Parameters
222(1)
20.4.1.2 Solution
222(1)
20.4.1.3 Results
222(1)
20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
222(1)
20.4.2.1 Input Parameters
223(1)
20.4.2.2 Solution
223(1)
20.4.2.3 Results
224(1)
Reference
224(1)
Further Reading
224(1)
21 Flow-Induced Vibration
225(6)
21.1 Steady Internal Flow
225(1)
21.2 Steady External Flow
225(1)
21.3 Water Hammer
226(1)
21.4 Column Separation
227(1)
References
228(1)
Further Reading
228(3)
22 Temperature Rise
231(4)
22.1 Reactor Heat Balance
232(1)
22.2 Vessel Heat Up
232(1)
22.3 Pumping System Temperature
232(1)
References
233(2)
23 Flow to Run Full
235(6)
23.1 Open Flow
235(2)
23.2 Full Flow
237(1)
23.3 Submerged Flow
237(2)
23.4 Reactor Application
239(1)
Further Reading
240(1)
Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1 Atmosphere
241(4)
Appendix B Pipe Size Data
245(8)
B.1 Commercial Pipe Data
246(7)
Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions
253(10)
C.1 Important Physical Constants
253(1)
C.2 Unit Conversions
254(9)
Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations
263(6)
D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation
263(1)
D.2 The Lee-Kesler Equation
264(2)
D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases
266(3)
Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction, Using Mach Number as a Parameter
269(6)
E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
269(3)
E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
272(1)
E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
272(1)
E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
273(1)
References
274(1)
Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations
275(4)
F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation
275(2)
F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation
277(1)
References
278(1)
Index 279
Donald C. Rennels has been working in the Nuclear Energy Division of GE since 1971. His work has included developing network flow models of reactor vessel internals and various nuclear steam supply systems as well as preparing technical design procedures. In his time at GE, he has won six General Manager Awards.

Hobart M. Hudson has been working in the Test Division of Aerojet since 1977. As a senior engineering specialist, he performed analyses of existing rocket test equipment and designed new equipment. As a mechanical engineering consultant, he has worked on various rocket test system designs and analyses, including the Mars Lander Engine.
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