Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
About the Authors |
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xxix | |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Plasticulture Development |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Types and Quality of Plastics Used in Soil and Water Conservation |
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4 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Protected Cultivation |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Reducing Water Usage in Agriculture |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Production Agriculture and Postharvest Management |
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9 | (2) |
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1.5.1 Postharvest and Storage Management |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Fruit and Vegetable Packaging |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.6 Preference of Plasticulture |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Importance of Plastics |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.8.1 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastics |
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12 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Types of Thermoplastics and Their Uses |
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13 | (1) |
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1.8.3 Types of Thermosetting Polymers and Their Uses |
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13 | (1) |
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1.9 Plasticulture in India |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.12 Agencies Involved in Promotion of Plasticulture in India |
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16 | (3) |
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1.12.1 Formation of NCPAH |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Plastic Film Properties |
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19 | (20) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.3 Classification of Polymers |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3.1 Classification of Polymers Based on the Source of Availability |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.6 Low-Density Polyethylene |
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21 | (2) |
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2.6.1 Application of LDPE Areas |
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23 | (1) |
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2.7 High-Density Polyethylene |
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23 | (1) |
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2.8 LDPE Application for Film Blowing and Extrusion |
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23 | (1) |
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2.9 Cross-Linked Polyethylene |
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23 | (1) |
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2.10 General Properties and Test Method of LDPE |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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2.11.1 High-Pressure Polymerization |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.11.3 Semisynthetic Polymers |
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26 | (1) |
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2.11.4 Synthetic Polymers |
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26 | (1) |
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2.12 Classification of Polymers Based on the Structure |
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26 | (1) |
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2.12.1 Linear-Chain Polymers |
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26 | (1) |
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2.12.2 Branched-Chain Polymers |
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26 | (1) |
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2.12.3 Cross-Linked Polymers |
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26 | (1) |
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2.13 Classification of Polymers Based on Mode of Synthesis |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.14 Classification of Polymers Based on Monomers |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.14.2 Heteropolymer or Copolymer |
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27 | (1) |
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2.15 Classification Based on Molecular Forces |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.15.3 Condensation Polymers |
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27 | (1) |
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2.15.4 Thermosetting Polymers |
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28 | (1) |
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2.16 Structure of Polymers |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.17.1 Classification Based on the Type of Backbone Chain |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.17.2 Classification on the Basis of Their Synthesis |
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28 | (1) |
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2.18 Biodegradable Polymers |
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29 | (1) |
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2.18.1 High-Temperature Polymers |
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29 | (1) |
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2.19 Properties of Polymers |
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29 | (3) |
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2.19.1 Physical Properties |
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29 | (1) |
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2.19.1.1 Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight |
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29 | (1) |
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2.19.1.2 Molecular Mass of Polymers |
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29 | (1) |
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2.19.1.3 Number Average Molecular Weight |
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29 | (1) |
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2.19.1.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight |
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30 | (1) |
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2.19.1.5 Polydispersity Index or Heterogeneity Index |
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30 | (1) |
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2.19.2 Mechanical Properties |
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31 | (1) |
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2.19.2.1 Tensile Strength |
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31 | (1) |
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2.19.2.2 Young's Modulus of Elasticity |
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31 | (1) |
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2.19.3 Transport Properties |
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31 | (1) |
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2.19.4 Chemical Properties |
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32 | (1) |
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2.19.5 Optical Properties |
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32 | (1) |
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2.19.6 Electrical Properties |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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2.20.1 Variance Between Single- and Twin-Screw Extruders |
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34 | (1) |
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2.20.2 Distinctive Zones of Single- and Twin-Screw Extruders |
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35 | (1) |
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2.21 Die and Screw Parameters |
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35 | (4) |
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36 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Micro-Irrigation |
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39 | (20) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 History of Micro-Irrigation |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.1 General Principles of Micro-Irrigation |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.1.1 Wetting Patterns Under Micro-Irrigation |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Lower Water Application Rates |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Improved Fertilizer and Chemical Application |
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43 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Water Sources with High Salinity |
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44 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Improved Crop Yield |
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44 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Feasibility for Any Topography |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4.2 High Maintenance Costs |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Salt Accumulation at Root Zone Periphery |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Moisture Distribution |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Restricted Root Development |
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46 | (1) |
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3.4.6 High Cost of Drip Irrigation Systems |
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46 | (1) |
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3.5 Need of Micro-Irrigation |
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46 | (1) |
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3.6 Types of Micro-Irrigation |
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46 | (2) |
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3.6.1 Online Emitter/Dripper System |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.6.2.3 Twin-Wall Drip Tap |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.7.1 Components of Drip Irrigation System |
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49 | (1) |
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3.8 Spri nkler Irrigation |
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49 | (1) |
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3.8.1 Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System |
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50 | (1) |
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3.9 Installation of Micro-Irrigation Systems |
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50 | (1) |
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3.10 Maintenance and Troubleshooting |
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51 | (1) |
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3.11 Micro-Irrigation under Protected Cultivation |
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51 | (1) |
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3.12 World Scenario of Micro-Irrigation System |
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52 | (2) |
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3.13 Micro-Irrigation Potential in India |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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55 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Design and Components of Micro-Irrigation |
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59 | (52) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2 General System Design |
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59 | (4) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.4 Design Inputs Parameters |
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63 | (1) |
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4.5 Steps to Design Micro-Irrigation System |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Selection of Emitting Devices |
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63 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Selection and Design of Laterals |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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4.5.5 Design of Main Line |
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64 | (1) |
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4.5.6 Selection and Design of Filtration Unit |
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64 | (1) |
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4.5.7 Selection and Design of Pump |
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64 | (1) |
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4.6 Layout and Components |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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4.7.1 Preparatory steps of the micro-irrigation system design process |
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64 | (2) |
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4.7.2 Steps for the general micro-irrigation system design process |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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4.9 Types of Micro-Irrigation Systems |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Application and General Suitability |
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68 | (1) |
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4.10 Advantages and Disadvantages |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (5) |
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71 | (2) |
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4.12.2 Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems |
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73 | (1) |
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4.12.3 Components of Drip Irrigation Systems |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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4.13 Design of Drip Irrigation System |
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75 | (12) |
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4.13.1 Discharge of Drippers |
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75 | (1) |
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4.13.2 Water Distribution Network |
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76 | (1) |
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4.13.3 Main and Submain Pipes |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4.13.6 Pipeline Accessories and Fittings |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4.13.7.1 Air Release and Vacuum Relief Valves |
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79 | (2) |
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4.13.7.2 Pressure Relief Valves |
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81 | (1) |
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4.13.7.3 Pressure-Regulating Valves |
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81 | (1) |
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4.13.7.4 Nonreturn Valves |
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81 | (1) |
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4.13.7.5 Flow Control Valves |
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81 | (1) |
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4.13.8 Filtration Systems |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.13.8.2 Gravel/Sand Media Filters |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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4.13.8.4 Hydrocyclones or Centrifugal Sand Separator |
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85 | (2) |
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4.14 Application of Fertilizers and Chemicals Using Drip Irrigation Systems |
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87 | (6) |
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4.14.1 Equipment and Methods for Fertilizer Injection |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.14.3 Fertilizer Dissolver |
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88 | (1) |
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4.14.4 Fertilizer Injection Devices |
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88 | (1) |
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4.14.4.1 Location of Fertilizer Injection Systems |
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89 | (1) |
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4.14.5 Computation of the Quantity of Fertilizer to Be Applied |
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89 | (4) |
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4.15 Irrigation Water Requirement |
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93 | (1) |
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4.16 Capacity of Drip Irrigation System |
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94 | (1) |
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4.17 Sprinkler Irrigation |
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95 | (7) |
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4.17.1 Adaptability of Sprinkler Irrigation |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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4.17.4 Components of Sprinkler Irrigation |
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97 | (5) |
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4.18 Design of Sprinkler System |
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102 | (9) |
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4.18.1 Uniformity Coefficient of Sprinklers |
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102 | (4) |
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4.18.2 Capacity of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Application of Plastic in Water Management |
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111 | (24) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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5.3 Moisture Conservation |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Prevention of Waterlogging |
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113 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Increase in Commanded Area |
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114 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Increase in Channel Capacity |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Safety Against Floods |
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114 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Advantages of Canal Lining |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (7) |
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116 | (1) |
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5.6.1.1 Dugout Farm Ponds |
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116 | (1) |
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5.6.1.2 Embankment-Type Farm Ponds |
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117 | (1) |
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5.6.1.3 Spring- or Creek-Fed Ponds |
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117 | (1) |
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5.6.1.4 Off-Stream Storage Ponds |
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117 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Design of Farm Ponds |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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5.6.2.2 Capacity of the Pond |
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118 | (1) |
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5.6.2.3 Design of Embankment |
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119 | (3) |
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5.6.2.4 Design of Mechanical Spillway |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6.2.5 Design of Emergency Spillway |
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122 | (1) |
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5.7 Types of Polythene Sheets |
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123 | (1) |
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5.8 Procedure of Poly Tank Construction |
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123 | (1) |
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5.9 Farm Pond and Its Benefits |
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124 | (1) |
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5.10 Lining of Water Bodies/Farm Ponds |
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125 | (1) |
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5.10.1 Plastic Film as Lining Material |
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125 | (1) |
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5.11 Role of Plastic Film (Agrifilm) in Lining |
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125 | (1) |
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5.12 Future Thrust Area for Agrifilm Lining |
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126 | (1) |
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5.13 Lined Ponds for Storage of Canal Water |
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127 | (1) |
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5.14 Underground Pipeline System |
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127 | (1) |
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5.14.1 Data Required for Underground Pipeline System Planning |
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127 | (1) |
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5.14.2 Advantages of Underground Pipeline System |
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128 | (1) |
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5.14.3 Application of Underground Pipeline System |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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5.16 Application of Plastic in Agriculture Drainage |
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129 | (2) |
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5.16.1 Design Parameters of the Subsurface Drainage System |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Soil Conditioning and Solarization Using Plastics |
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135 | (12) |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2 Importance and Functions of Soil Conditioner |
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135 | (1) |
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6.3 Types of Soil Conditioners |
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136 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Organic Soil Conditioners |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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6.3.1.2 Farm Yard Manure (FYM) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Inorganic Soil Conditioners |
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137 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Mineral Soil Conditioners |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Synthetic Binding Agents |
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138 | (1) |
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6.3.4.1 Cationic Polymers |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (9) |
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6.4.1 Mechanisms of Solarization |
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138 | (1) |
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6.4.1.1 Thermal Mechanism |
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139 | (1) |
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6.4.1.2 Chemical Mechanism |
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139 | (1) |
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6.4.1.3 Biological Mechanism |
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139 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Factors Affecting Solarization |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Climate and Weather |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Solarization Results |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.3.1 Increased Soil Temperature |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.3.2 Improved Soil Physical and Chemical Features |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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6.4.3.4 Fungi and Bacteria |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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6.4.3.7 Encouragement of Beneficial Soil Organisms |
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141 | (1) |
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6.4.3.8 Increased Plant Growth |
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142 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Improving Solarization Efficacy |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Irrigation Scheduling to Enhance Water Use Efficiency |
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147 | (36) |
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147 | (1) |
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7.2 Irrigation Scheduling |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Factors Affecting Irrigation Interval |
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149 | (1) |
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7.6 Benefits of Irrigation Scheduling |
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149 | (1) |
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7.7 Factors Affecting Irrigation Scheduling |
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149 | (1) |
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7.8 Difficulties in Irrigation Scheduling at Farm Level |
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150 | (1) |
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7.9 Irrigation Scheduling Methods |
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151 | (1) |
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7.10 Observation of the Plants and Soils |
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151 | (5) |
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7.10.1 Methods for Monitoring Soil Moisture |
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154 | (1) |
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7.10.2 Soil Moisture Measuring Devices |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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7.10.4 Soil Moisture Sensors |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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156 | (1) |
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7.11.2 Granular Matrix Blocks |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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7.11.4 Gravimetric Method |
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157 | (1) |
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7.11.5 Thermocouple Psychrometry |
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158 | (1) |
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7.11.6 Stomata Resistance |
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158 | (1) |
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7.11.7 Infrared Thermometer |
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158 | (1) |
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7.11.8 Climatological Approach (IW: Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE) Ratio) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.11.9 Canopy Temperature |
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159 | (1) |
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7.11.10 Water Budget Method |
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159 | (1) |
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7.12 Guidelines for Planning Irrigation Schedules |
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160 | (1) |
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7.13 Nonpeak Irrigation Depth Adjustment |
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160 | (1) |
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7.14 Calculation of Approximate Irrigation Schedules Using a Simple Process |
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160 | (1) |
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7.15 Soil Water Constants, Root Depth of Crops and Irrigation Scheduling |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
7.16 Water Balance Approach |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
7.17 Criteria for Scheduling Irrigation |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
7.17.1 Soil Moisture as a Guide |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
7.17.2 Climate as a Guide |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
7.18 Assessment of the Scheduling Criteria for Surface, Sprinkler, and Drip Irrigation |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
7.18.1 Surface Irrigation Scheduling |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
7.18.2 Sprinkler Irrigation Scheduling |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
7.18.3 Drip Irrigation Scheduling |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
7.20 Modeling Approach for Irrigation Scheduling |
|
|
166 | (8) |
|
7.20.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
7.20.2 Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) Estimation Methodologies |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
7.20.3 Notation in Reference Evapotranspiration Determination |
|
|
168 | (4) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
7.20.5 Modification of the Standard Crop Coefficients |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
7.21 Future of Irrigation Scheduling - How to Take It Forward? |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (9) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Multiple Choice Questions |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Chapter 8 Plastics for Crop Protection |
|
|
183 | (14) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.4.2 Advantages of Nethouses |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.4.5 Types of Threads and Texture |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.4.6 Mesh Size, Porosity, Solidity, and Weight |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
8.4.7 Mechanical Properties |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
8.4.9 Transmissivity, Reflectivity, and Shading Factor |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
8.5 Agricultural Application of Nets |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
8.5.1 Protection against Meteorological Hazards |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 Reduction of Solar Radiation |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
8.5.3 Protection against Insects |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
8.6.1 Features of Anti-Hail Net |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
8.6.2 Anti-Hail Net Light Transmittance |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
|
191 | (6) |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
Chapter 9 Plastics in Drying and Storage |
|
|
197 | (14) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (6) |
|
9.2.1 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Drying |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
9.2.3 Refractive Window Drying |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
9.3 Unit Operation after Harvesting |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
9.3.1 Field Handling of Crops |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Removal of Field Heat |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
9.3.4 Grading and Sorting |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
9.3.7 Transportation of Crops |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
9.4 Packaging Fresh and Processed crops |
|
|
205 | (6) |
|
9.4.1 Classification of Packaging Systems |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
9.4.4 Rigid Plastic Packages |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
9.4.5 Biodegradable Films |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
9.4.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Plastics in Aquaculture |
|
|
211 | (14) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
10.2 Use of Plastics in Aquaculture |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
10.2.1.1 Types of Fishnets |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
10.2.3 Seed-Rearing Tanks |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
10.2.5 Trays Used for Packing |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
10.2.6 Films Used for Packing |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
10.2.8 Fish Feeder/Feed Dispenser |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
10.4 Most Commonly Used Plastics in Aquaculture |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
10.5 How to Select the Plastics |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
10.5.1 Specific Gravity Test in Water |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
10.6 Plastic Packaging for Freshwater Fish Processing and Products |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
10.6.1 Fresh Fish Packaging |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 Evaluation of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Laminated Polypropylene Packaging Material in Fish Retailing |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
10.6.3 Evaluation of Polyethylene |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
10.6.4 Evaluation of Polypropylene Containers with Lid for Retail Marketing of Fish Cutup Parts during Chilled and Frozen Storage |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
10.6.5 Evaluation of PET Bottles for Packaging of Fish Pickle |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
10.7 Contribution of Aquaculture to Marine Litter |
|
|
218 | (7) |
|
10.7.1 Abandoned, Lost, or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gears |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
10.7.2 Plastic Debris from Aquaculture |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (4) |
|
Chapter 11 Plastics in Animal Husbandry |
|
|
225 | (18) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
11.2 Polymers and Their Products during Preharvest and Postharvest |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
11.3 Application of Plastics in Farms |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
11.4 Plastics in Animal Production |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
11.5 Conservation of Fodder |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
11.6.2 Advantages of "Silage Bags" |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
11.7 Selection of Crops for Silage Making |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
11.8.1 Site for Construction of Silo |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
11.9.5 Fenced Silo (Framed Silo) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (5) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
11.10.2 Lining Bunker Walls with Plastic |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
11.10.3 Plastic Film to Cover Silage |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
11.10.3.1 Plastic Film Color and Thickness |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
11.10.3.2 Oxygen Permeability of Plastic Film |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
11.11 Plastic for Livestock Shelter |
|
|
237 | (6) |
|
11.11.1 Plastic Use in Animal Shelter |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
11.11.2 Advantages of Poly House as Livestock Shelter |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
Chapter 12 Plastics as Cladding Material |
|
|
243 | (18) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
12.2 Benefits of Protected Cultivation |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
12.3.1 Advantages of Greenhouses |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
12.4 Types of Greenhouses |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
12.4.1 Greenhouse Types Based on Shape |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.1 Lean-to Greenhouse Type |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.2 Even-Span-Type Greenhouse |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.3 Uneven-Span-Type Greenhouse |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.4 Ridge and Furrow-Type Greenhouse |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.5 Sawtooth-Type Greenhouses |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.6 Quonset Greenhouse |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.7 Greenhouse-Type Based on Utility |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.8 Greenhouses Built for Active Heating |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
12.4.1.9 Greenhouses for Active Refrigeration |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
12.5 Greenhouse Type Based on Construction |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
12.5.1 Framed Timber Buildings |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
12.5.2 Structures Framed by Pipes |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
12.5.3 Structures Framed by Truss |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
12.6 Greenhouse Type Based on Covering Materials |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
12.6.2 Plastic Film Greenhouses |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
12.6.3 Rigid Panel Greenhouses |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
12.7 Types of Greenhouses Based on Cost of Installation |
|
|
252 | (9) |
|
12.7.1 Low-Cost Poly House/Greenhouse |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
12.7.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
12.7.3 Hi-Tech Greenhouse |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
12.7.4 Miniature Forms of Greenhouses |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
12.7.4.1 Plastic Low Tunnels |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Plastics in Postharvest Management |
|
|
261 | (22) |
|
13.1 Postharvest Management |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
13.2 Field Handling of Crops |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
13.3 Minimizing Field Heat |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
13.4 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops |
|
|
264 | (14) |
|
13.4.1 Classification of Packaging Systems |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
13.4.4 Rigid Plastic Packages |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
13.4.6 Reusable Plastic Containers |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
13.4.10 Plastic Corrugated Boxes |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
13.4.13 Plastic Tension Netting |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (3) |
|
13.4.15 EPS Tray/Stretch Wrapped |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
13.4.17 Consumer Packs for Whole Food Grains |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
13.4.18 Biodegradable Films |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
13.4.19 Modified Atmospheric Packaging |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
13.4.19.1 Major Requirements for Plastics Films for MAP |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (4) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Chapter 14 Plastics in Horticulture |
|
|
283 | (14) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
|
285 | (12) |
|
14.3.1 Advanced Plastic-Growing Pots |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
14.3.4 Nursery Containers |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
14.3.5 Petroleum-Based Plastic Nursery Containers |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
14.3.6 Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Plastic Containers |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
14.3.7 Physical Properties of Nursery Containers |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
14.3.8.1 Air-Pruning Pots |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
14.3.8.2 Reusable and Recycling |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
14.3.8.3 Eco-Friendly Growing Containers |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
14.3.8.4 Bioplastic - An Alternative to Petroleum-Based Plastics |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Plastic Mulching |
|
|
297 | (12) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
15.3 Classification and Color of Mulches |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
15.4 Advantages of Plastic Mulch |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
15.5 Limitations of Plastic Mulch |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
15.6 Areas of Application |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
15.7 Effect of Different Color Mulching |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
15.9 Parameters of Plastic Mulch |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
15.11 Techniques of Mulch Laying |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
15.11.1 Mulching Techniques for Vegetables or Close-Spacing Crops |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
15.12 Irrigation Techniques for Mulching |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
15.13 Preventions in Mulch Laying |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Hydroponics and Vertical Farming |
|
|
309 | (18) |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
16.2 Does Agriculture Need to Change? |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
16.3 Environmental Impacts of Agriculture |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
16.3.2 Water Use: Solution |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
16.3.4 Land Use: Solution |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
16.3.5 Chemical Use: Problem |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
16.3.6 Chemical Use: Solution |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
16.4 Soilless Cultivation |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
16.4.1 History of Soilless Cultivation |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Advantages of Soilless Cultivation |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
16.4.3 World Scenario of Soilless Cultivation |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
16.5.1 Types of Hydroponic Setups |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
16.6 Advantages of Hydroponics |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
16.7 Disadvantages of Hydroponics |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
16.8.1 Equipment Considerations |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
16.8.2 How Does Aeroponics System Work? |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
16.8.3 Types of Aeroponic Systems |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
16.8.4 What Can Be Grown with Aeroponics? |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
16.8.5 Advantages of Aeroponics |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
16.8.6 Drawbacks of Aeroponics |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
16.9 Feasibility and Suitability of These Technologies in Indian Background |
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
Long Answer-Type Questions |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Short Answer-Type Questions |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Choice Questions |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Chapter 17 Design of Protected Structures |
|
|
327 | (30) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
17.3 Principles of Protective Cultivation |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
17.4 Selection of Film for Poly House |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
17.5 Benefits of Greenhouse Technology |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
17.6 Effect of Wind on Structural Design of Poly House |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
17.7 Constraints of Climate in Hilly and Mountainous Region |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
17.8 Protected Vegetable Cultivation at High Altitudes |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
17.9 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Vegetable Production |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
17.11 Prospects for Protected Cultivation |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
17.12 Pri nciples of Greenhouse Design |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
17.13 Site Characteristics that Affect the Design |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
17.13.2 Climate (Altitude) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
17.14 Different Types of Poly Houses |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
17.15 Greenhouse Technology for Cold Arid Regions of Ladakh |
|
|
335 | (6) |
|
17.16 Vegetable Production |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
17.17 Collection of Solar Radiation |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
17.17.1 Thermal Storage and Insulation |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
17.18 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Drying |
|
|
342 | (3) |
|
17.19 Low-Cost Poly Tunnel Drier |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
17.20 Walnut Propagation under Poly House |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
17.21 Design Parameter of Greenhouse |
|
|
347 | (10) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.1 Weight of Roof Covering |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.2 Weight of Purlin |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.3 Weight of Truss |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.6 Design Wind Pressure |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.7 Wind Load on Individual Members |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.9 Method of Joint |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.10 Procedure for Analysis |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.11 Load Combinations |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.12 Design Strength of Tension Member |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.13 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.14 Design Strength due to Block Shear |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.15 Design Strength of Compression Member |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.16 Slenderness Ratio |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
17.21.1.17 Greenhouse Microclimate |
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351 | (1) |
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17.21.1.18 Functional Design of Greenhouse |
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351 | (1) |
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17.21.1.19 Greenhouse Orientation |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 Application of Plastic in Farm Machinery |
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357 | (22) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (2) |
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359 | (2) |
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18.3 Plastic Bearings Withstand High Forces |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (4) |
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18.5.1 Agriculture Injection Molding |
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361 | (4) |
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18.6 Other Plastic Applications in Farm Machinery |
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365 | (4) |
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18.6.1 Plastics in Mulching Machines |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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18.6.5 Fertilizers Spreader |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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18.9 Solar-Operated Knapsack Sprayers |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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18.11 Zenoah Reciprocator |
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371 | (1) |
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18.12 Tree Planting Auger |
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372 | (1) |
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18.13 Budding Cum Grafting Knife |
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372 | (1) |
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|
372 | (1) |
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18.15 Grafting Tools (Omega Cut) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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18.18 Trowels (Planting/Digging) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Chapter 19 Smart Farming Using Internet of Things |
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379 | (22) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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19.3 IoT Sensors for Agriculture |
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382 | (3) |
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19.4 IoT Software for Agriculture |
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385 | (1) |
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19.5 Some Applications of IoT in Agriculture |
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385 | (4) |
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386 | (1) |
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19.5.2 Water Quality Monitoring |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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19.5.4 Greenhouse Condition Monitoring |
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388 | (1) |
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19.5.5 Pest and Disease Control |
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389 | (1) |
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19.6 Benefits of IoT in Agriculture |
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389 | (1) |
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19.7 Automation in Water Management |
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|
390 | (1) |
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390 | (11) |
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Short Answer-Type-Questions |
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|
391 | (1) |
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Long Answer-Type Questions |
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|
392 | (1) |
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Multiple-Choice Questions |
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|
392 | (3) |
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|
395 | (1) |
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|
395 | (6) |
Sample Question Papers |
|
401 | (2) |
Index |
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403 | |