Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Plasticulture Engineering and Technology [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Texas A&M University, USA), (SKUAST-Kashmir, India)
  • Formaat: 408 pages, 30 Tables, black and white; 64 Line drawings, black and white; 183 Halftones, black and white; 247 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003273974
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 170,80 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Tavahind: 244,00 €
  • Säästad 30%
  • Formaat: 408 pages, 30 Tables, black and white; 64 Line drawings, black and white; 183 Halftones, black and white; 247 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003273974
The utilization of successful plasticulture engineering technology can ideally optimize crop yields and provide both economic and environmental benefits, such as reducing the need for water and fertilizer. This book discusses the myriad important aspects of crop production that utilize plastic, such as micro-irrigation, water management, plastic mulch films, protected cultivation and low tunnels, crop covers, canal linings, silage bags, and more. It also examines the latest methods for vertical farming and technological aspects, such as smart agriculture using the internet of things (IoT).The current state of the art, as well as potential future uses,ofplastics isdiscussed in addition to the benefits and limitations of plastics applications in agriculture generally.

Features











Illustrates application of plastic in protected cultivation, water management, aquaculture, and hi-tech horticulture using innovative technologies to enhance water use efficiency and crop productivity





Presents precision farming for climate-resilient technologies





Includes real-world examples to present practical insights of plastic engineering for climate change mitigation strategies.

Plasticulture Engineering and Technology will serve as a useful resource for students, professionals, and researchers in agriculture and agricultural engineering, hydrology, hydraulics, water resources engineering, irrigation engineering, and environmental science.
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Authors xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Definition
1(1)
1.2 Plasticulture Development
1(2)
1.3 Film Manufacturing
3(1)
1.4 Types and Quality of Plastics Used in Soil and Water Conservation
4(5)
1.4.1 Micro-Irrigation
5(1)
1.4.2 Protected Cultivation
5(2)
1.4.3 Mulching
7(1)
1.4.4 Reducing Water Usage in Agriculture
8(1)
1.5 Production Agriculture and Postharvest Management
9(2)
1.5.1 Postharvest and Storage Management
10(1)
1.5.2 Fruit and Vegetable Packaging
10(1)
1.5.3 Silage Cover
11(1)
1.6 Preference of Plasticulture
11(1)
1.7 Importance of Plastics
12(1)
1.8 Types of Plastics
12(2)
1.8.1 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastics
12(1)
1.8.2 Types of Thermoplastics and Their Uses
13(1)
1.8.3 Types of Thermosetting Polymers and Their Uses
13(1)
1.9 Plasticulture in India
14(1)
1.10 How Plastic Is Used
15(1)
1.11 Status of Plastics
15(1)
1.12 Agencies Involved in Promotion of Plasticulture in India
16(3)
1.12.1 Formation of NCPAH
16(1)
Questions
16(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
16(1)
Answers
17(1)
References
17(2)
Chapter 2 Plastic Film Properties
19(20)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Polymer
19(1)
2.3 Classification of Polymers
20(1)
2.3.1 Classification of Polymers Based on the Source of Availability
20(1)
2.4 Thermoplastics
20(1)
2.5 Polyethylene
21(1)
2.5.1 Classification
21(1)
2.6 Low-Density Polyethylene
21(2)
2.6.1 Application of LDPE Areas
23(1)
2.7 High-Density Polyethylene
23(1)
2.8 LDPE Application for Film Blowing and Extrusion
23(1)
2.9 Cross-Linked Polyethylene
23(1)
2.10 General Properties and Test Method of LDPE
24(1)
2.11 Polymerization
24(2)
2.11.1 High-Pressure Polymerization
24(2)
2.11.2 Natural Polymers
26(1)
2.11.3 Semisynthetic Polymers
26(1)
2.11.4 Synthetic Polymers
26(1)
2.12 Classification of Polymers Based on the Structure
26(1)
2.12.1 Linear-Chain Polymers
26(1)
2.12.2 Branched-Chain Polymers
26(1)
2.12.3 Cross-Linked Polymers
26(1)
2.13 Classification of Polymers Based on Mode of Synthesis
27(1)
2.13.1 Addition Polymers
27(1)
2.14 Classification of Polymers Based on Monomers
27(1)
2.14.1 Homomer
27(1)
2.14.2 Heteropolymer or Copolymer
27(1)
2.15 Classification Based on Molecular Forces
27(1)
2.15.1 Elastomers
27(1)
2.15.2 Fibers
27(1)
2.15.3 Condensation Polymers
27(1)
2.15.4 Thermosetting Polymers
28(1)
2.16 Structure of Polymers
28(1)
2.17 Types of Polymers
28(1)
2.17.1 Classification Based on the Type of Backbone Chain
28(1)
Organic Polymers
28(1)
Inorganic Polymers
28(1)
2.17.2 Classification on the Basis of Their Synthesis
28(1)
2.18 Biodegradable Polymers
29(1)
2.18.1 High-Temperature Polymers
29(1)
2.19 Properties of Polymers
29(3)
2.19.1 Physical Properties
29(1)
2.19.1.1 Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight
29(1)
2.19.1.2 Molecular Mass of Polymers
29(1)
2.19.1.3 Number Average Molecular Weight
29(1)
2.19.1.4 Weight Average Molecular Weight
30(1)
2.19.1.5 Polydispersity Index or Heterogeneity Index
30(1)
2.19.2 Mechanical Properties
31(1)
2.19.2.1 Tensile Strength
31(1)
2.19.2.2 Young's Modulus of Elasticity
31(1)
2.19.3 Transport Properties
31(1)
2.19.4 Chemical Properties
32(1)
2.19.5 Optical Properties
32(1)
2.19.6 Electrical Properties
32(1)
2.20 Polymer Extrusion
32(3)
2.20.1 Variance Between Single- and Twin-Screw Extruders
34(1)
2.20.2 Distinctive Zones of Single- and Twin-Screw Extruders
35(1)
2.21 Die and Screw Parameters
35(4)
Short Questions
36(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
37(1)
Answer
37(1)
References
37(2)
Chapter 3 Micro-Irrigation
39(20)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 History of Micro-Irrigation
40(1)
3.2.1 General Principles of Micro-Irrigation
41(1)
3.2.1.1 Wetting Patterns Under Micro-Irrigation
41(1)
3.3 Advantages
41(4)
3.3.1 Water Saving
41(1)
3.3.2 Lower Water Application Rates
42(1)
3.3.3 Improved Fertilizer and Chemical Application
43(1)
3.3.4 Water Sources with High Salinity
44(1)
3.3.5 Improved Crop Yield
44(1)
3.3.6 Feasibility for Any Topography
44(1)
3.3.7 Other Advantages
45(1)
3.4 Disadvantages
45(1)
3.4.1 Clogging
45(1)
3.4.2 High Maintenance Costs
45(1)
3.4.3 Salt Accumulation at Root Zone Periphery
45(1)
3.4.4 Moisture Distribution
45(1)
3.4.5 Restricted Root Development
46(1)
3.4.6 High Cost of Drip Irrigation Systems
46(1)
3.5 Need of Micro-Irrigation
46(1)
3.6 Types of Micro-Irrigation
46(2)
3.6.1 Online Emitter/Dripper System
47(1)
3.6.2 Inline Drip System
47(1)
3.6.2.1 J-TurboLine
47(1)
3.6.2.2 J-TurboAqua
47(1)
3.6.2.3 Twin-Wall Drip Tap
47(1)
3.6.3 Micro Jets
48(1)
3.6.4 Mini Sprinklers
48(1)
3.7 Drip Irrigation
48(1)
3.7.1 Components of Drip Irrigation System
49(1)
3.8 Spri nkler Irrigation
49(1)
3.8.1 Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System
50(1)
3.9 Installation of Micro-Irrigation Systems
50(1)
3.10 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
51(1)
3.11 Micro-Irrigation under Protected Cultivation
51(1)
3.12 World Scenario of Micro-Irrigation System
52(2)
3.13 Micro-Irrigation Potential in India
54(1)
3.14 Conclusion
55(4)
Questions
55(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
55(1)
Answers
56(1)
References
56(3)
Chapter 4 Design and Components of Micro-Irrigation
59(52)
4.1 Definition
59(1)
4.2 General System Design
59(4)
4.2.1 Initial Assessment
60(3)
4.3 Objectives of Design
63(1)
4.4 Design Inputs Parameters
63(1)
4.5 Steps to Design Micro-Irrigation System
63(1)
4.5.1 System Capacity
63(1)
4.5.2 Selection of Emitting Devices
63(1)
4.5.3 Selection and Design of Laterals
63(1)
4.5.4 Design of Submain
64(1)
4.5.5 Design of Main Line
64(1)
4.5.6 Selection and Design of Filtration Unit
64(1)
4.5.7 Selection and Design of Pump
64(1)
4.6 Layout and Components
64(1)
4.7 Design Process
64(3)
4.7.1 Preparatory steps of the micro-irrigation system design process
64(2)
4.7.2 Steps for the general micro-irrigation system design process
66(1)
4.8 Sources of Water
67(1)
4.9 Types of Micro-Irrigation Systems
68(1)
4.9.1 Bubbler Irrigation
68(1)
4.9.2 Application and General Suitability
68(1)
4.10 Advantages and Disadvantages
69(1)
4.11 System Design
70(1)
4.12 Drip Irrigation
70(5)
4.12.1 Advantages
71(2)
4.12.2 Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems
73(1)
4.12.3 Components of Drip Irrigation Systems
74(1)
4.12.3.1 Drippers
75(1)
4.13 Design of Drip Irrigation System
75(12)
4.13.1 Discharge of Drippers
75(1)
4.13.2 Water Distribution Network
76(1)
4.13.3 Main and Submain Pipes
76(1)
4.13.4 Laterals
77(1)
4.13.5 Manifold
78(1)
4.13.6 Pipeline Accessories and Fittings
78(1)
4.13.7 Valves
78(1)
4.13.7.1 Air Release and Vacuum Relief Valves
79(2)
4.13.7.2 Pressure Relief Valves
81(1)
4.13.7.3 Pressure-Regulating Valves
81(1)
4.13.7.4 Nonreturn Valves
81(1)
4.13.7.5 Flow Control Valves
81(1)
4.13.8 Filtration Systems
81(1)
4.13.8.1 Settling Basins
82(1)
4.13.8.2 Gravel/Sand Media Filters
83(1)
4.13.8.3 Screen Filters
84(1)
4.13.8.4 Hydrocyclones or Centrifugal Sand Separator
85(2)
4.14 Application of Fertilizers and Chemicals Using Drip Irrigation Systems
87(6)
4.14.1 Equipment and Methods for Fertilizer Injection
87(1)
4.14.2 Fertilizer Tank
87(1)
4.14.3 Fertilizer Dissolver
88(1)
4.14.4 Fertilizer Injection Devices
88(1)
4.14.4.1 Location of Fertilizer Injection Systems
89(1)
4.14.5 Computation of the Quantity of Fertilizer to Be Applied
89(4)
4.15 Irrigation Water Requirement
93(1)
4.16 Capacity of Drip Irrigation System
94(1)
4.17 Sprinkler Irrigation
95(7)
4.17.1 Adaptability of Sprinkler Irrigation
95(1)
4.17.2 Advantages
96(1)
4.17.3 Limitations
97(1)
4.17.4 Components of Sprinkler Irrigation
97(5)
4.18 Design of Sprinkler System
102(9)
4.18.1 Uniformity Coefficient of Sprinklers
102(4)
4.18.2 Capacity of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
106(1)
Questions
107(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
108(1)
Answers
109(1)
References
109(2)
Chapter 5 Application of Plastic in Water Management
111(24)
5.1 Introduction
111(1)
5.2 Micro-irrigation
111(1)
5.3 Moisture Conservation
112(1)
5.4 Canal Lining
112(3)
5.4.1 Seepage Reduction
113(1)
5.4.2 Prevention of Waterlogging
113(1)
5.4.3 Increase in Commanded Area
114(1)
5.4.4 Increase in Channel Capacity
114(1)
5.4.5 Less Maintenance
114(1)
5.4.6 Safety Against Floods
114(1)
5.4.7 Advantages of Canal Lining
114(1)
5.5 Water Harvesting
115(1)
5.6 Farm Ponds
116(7)
5.6.1 Types of Ponds
116(1)
5.6.1.1 Dugout Farm Ponds
116(1)
5.6.1.2 Embankment-Type Farm Ponds
117(1)
5.6.1.3 Spring- or Creek-Fed Ponds
117(1)
5.6.1.4 Off-Stream Storage Ponds
117(1)
5.6.2 Design of Farm Ponds
117(1)
5.6.2.1 Site Selection
118(1)
5.6.2.2 Capacity of the Pond
118(1)
5.6.2.3 Design of Embankment
119(3)
5.6.2.4 Design of Mechanical Spillway
122(1)
5.6.2.5 Design of Emergency Spillway
122(1)
5.7 Types of Polythene Sheets
123(1)
5.8 Procedure of Poly Tank Construction
123(1)
5.9 Farm Pond and Its Benefits
124(1)
5.10 Lining of Water Bodies/Farm Ponds
125(1)
5.10.1 Plastic Film as Lining Material
125(1)
5.11 Role of Plastic Film (Agrifilm) in Lining
125(1)
5.12 Future Thrust Area for Agrifilm Lining
126(1)
5.13 Lined Ponds for Storage of Canal Water
127(1)
5.14 Underground Pipeline System
127(1)
5.14.1 Data Required for Underground Pipeline System Planning
127(1)
5.14.2 Advantages of Underground Pipeline System
128(1)
5.14.3 Application of Underground Pipeline System
128(1)
5.15 Lysimeter
128(1)
5.16 Application of Plastic in Agriculture Drainage
129(2)
5.16.1 Design Parameters of the Subsurface Drainage System
131(1)
5.17 Plastic Mulch
131(4)
Questions
131(1)
Multiple Choice Questions
131(1)
Answer
132(1)
References
133(2)
Chapter 6 Soil Conditioning and Solarization Using Plastics
135(12)
6.1 Introduction
135(1)
6.2 Importance and Functions of Soil Conditioner
135(1)
6.3 Types of Soil Conditioners
136(2)
6.3.1 Organic Soil Conditioners
136(1)
6.3.1.1 Composts
136(1)
6.3.1.2 Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
136(1)
6.3.1.3 Green Manure
136(1)
6.3.1.4 Sewage Sludge
136(1)
6.3.1.5 Crop Residues
136(1)
6.3.1.6 Peat Moss
137(1)
6.3.1.7 Biochar
137(1)
6.3.2 Inorganic Soil Conditioners
137(1)
6.3.3 Mineral Soil Conditioners
137(1)
6.3.3.1 Gypsum
137(1)
6.3.3.2 Lime
137(1)
6.3.3.3 Fly Ash
138(1)
6.3.4 Synthetic Binding Agents
138(1)
6.3.4.1 Cationic Polymers
138(1)
6.3.4.2 Anionic Polymers
138(1)
6.4 Soil Solarization
138(9)
6.4.1 Mechanisms of Solarization
138(1)
6.4.1.1 Thermal Mechanism
139(1)
6.4.1.2 Chemical Mechanism
139(1)
6.4.1.3 Biological Mechanism
139(1)
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Solarization
139(1)
6.4.2.1 Soil Temperature
139(1)
6.4.2.2 Soil Moisture
140(1)
6.4.2.3 Climate and Weather
140(1)
6.4.2.4 Plastic Film
140(1)
6.4.3 Solarization Results
140(1)
6.4.3.1 Increased Soil Temperature
140(1)
6.4.3.2 Improved Soil Physical and Chemical Features
141(1)
6.4.3.3 Control of Pests
141(1)
6.4.3.4 Fungi and Bacteria
141(1)
6.4.3.5 Nematodes
141(1)
6.4.3.6 Weeds
141(1)
6.4.3.7 Encouragement of Beneficial Soil Organisms
141(1)
6.4.3.8 Increased Plant Growth
142(1)
6.4.4 Improving Solarization Efficacy
142(1)
6.4.5 Current Usage
143(1)
Questions
143(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
144(1)
Answers
144(1)
References
145(2)
Chapter 7 Irrigation Scheduling to Enhance Water Use Efficiency
147(36)
7.1 Irrigation
147(1)
7.2 Irrigation Scheduling
147(1)
7.3 Full Irrigation
148(1)
7.4 Deficit Irrigation
148(1)
7.5 Irrigation Interval
148(1)
7.5.1 Factors Affecting Irrigation Interval
149(1)
7.6 Benefits of Irrigation Scheduling
149(1)
7.7 Factors Affecting Irrigation Scheduling
149(1)
7.8 Difficulties in Irrigation Scheduling at Farm Level
150(1)
7.9 Irrigation Scheduling Methods
151(1)
7.10 Observation of the Plants and Soils
151(5)
7.10.1 Methods for Monitoring Soil Moisture
154(1)
7.10.2 Soil Moisture Measuring Devices
154(1)
7.10.3 Tensiometer
154(1)
7.10.4 Soil Moisture Sensors
155(1)
7.11 Resistance Devices
156(4)
7.11.1 GypsumBlocks
156(1)
7.11.2 Granular Matrix Blocks
157(1)
7.11.3 Neutron Probe
157(1)
7.11.4 Gravimetric Method
157(1)
7.11.5 Thermocouple Psychrometry
158(1)
7.11.6 Stomata Resistance
158(1)
7.11.7 Infrared Thermometer
158(1)
7.11.8 Climatological Approach (IW: Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE) Ratio)
158(1)
7.11.9 Canopy Temperature
159(1)
7.11.10 Water Budget Method
159(1)
7.12 Guidelines for Planning Irrigation Schedules
160(1)
7.13 Nonpeak Irrigation Depth Adjustment
160(1)
7.14 Calculation of Approximate Irrigation Schedules Using a Simple Process
160(1)
7.15 Soil Water Constants, Root Depth of Crops and Irrigation Scheduling
160(2)
7.16 Water Balance Approach
162(1)
7.17 Criteria for Scheduling Irrigation
163(1)
7.17.1 Soil Moisture as a Guide
163(1)
7.17.2 Climate as a Guide
164(1)
7.17.3 Plant as a Guide
164(1)
7.18 Assessment of the Scheduling Criteria for Surface, Sprinkler, and Drip Irrigation
164(1)
7.18.1 Surface Irrigation Scheduling
164(1)
7.18.2 Sprinkler Irrigation Scheduling
165(1)
7.18.3 Drip Irrigation Scheduling
165(1)
7.19 Lysimeter Set-Up
165(1)
7.20 Modeling Approach for Irrigation Scheduling
166(8)
7.20.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0)
166(1)
7.20.2 Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) Estimation Methodologies
167(1)
7.20.3 Notation in Reference Evapotranspiration Determination
168(4)
7.20.4 Crop Coefficient
172(1)
7.20.5 Modification of the Standard Crop Coefficients
173(1)
7.21 Future of Irrigation Scheduling - How to Take It Forward?
174(1)
7.22 Numerical Problems
174(9)
Questions
178(1)
Multiple Choice Questions
179(3)
Answer
182(1)
References
182(1)
Chapter 8 Plastics for Crop Protection
183(14)
8.1 Introduction
183(1)
8.2 Low Tunnels
183(1)
8.3 Mulches
184(1)
8.4 Nethouses
185(3)
8.4.1 Structure
185(1)
8.4.2 Advantages of Nethouses
185(1)
8.4.3 Net Types
186(1)
8.4.4 Types of Materials
186(1)
8.4.5 Types of Threads and Texture
186(1)
8.4.6 Mesh Size, Porosity, Solidity, and Weight
187(1)
8.4.7 Mechanical Properties
187(1)
8.4.8 Color
187(1)
8.4.9 Transmissivity, Reflectivity, and Shading Factor
187(1)
8.4.10 Air Permeability
188(1)
8.5 Agricultural Application of Nets
188(1)
8.5.1 Protection against Meteorological Hazards
188(1)
8.5.2 Reduction of Solar Radiation
188(1)
8.5.3 Protection against Insects
188(1)
8.6 Anti-hail Net
189(2)
8.6.1 Features of Anti-Hail Net
189(1)
8.6.2 Anti-Hail Net Light Transmittance
189(2)
8.7 Anti-Insect Net
191(6)
8.7.1 Advantages
191(2)
Short and Long Questions
193(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
193(1)
Answers
194(1)
References
194(3)
Chapter 9 Plastics in Drying and Storage
197(14)
9.1 Introduction
197(1)
9.2 Drying of Crops
197(6)
9.2.1 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Drying
197(2)
9.2.2 Poly House Drying
199(2)
9.2.3 Refractive Window Drying
201(2)
9.2.4 Open Sun Drying
203(1)
9.3 Unit Operation after Harvesting
203(2)
9.3.1 Field Handling of Crops
203(1)
9.3.2 Removal of Field Heat
203(1)
9.3.3 Field Curing
203(1)
9.3.4 Grading and Sorting
204(1)
9.3.5 Conveying
204(1)
9.3.6 Storage
204(1)
9.3.7 Transportation of Crops
205(1)
9.4 Packaging Fresh and Processed crops
205(6)
9.4.1 Classification of Packaging Systems
205(1)
9.4.2 Plastic Bags
205(1)
9.4.3 Shrink-Wrap
205(1)
9.4.4 Rigid Plastic Packages
206(1)
9.4.5 Biodegradable Films
206(1)
9.4.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging
206(2)
Questions
208(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
208(1)
Answers
209(1)
References
209(2)
Chapter 10 Plastics in Aquaculture
211(14)
10.1 Introduction
211(1)
10.2 Use of Plastics in Aquaculture
212(2)
10.2.1 Fishnet
212(1)
10.2.1.1 Types of Fishnets
212(1)
10.2.2 Cages
213(1)
10.2.3 Seed-Rearing Tanks
213(1)
10.2.4 Pens
213(1)
10.2.5 Trays Used for Packing
213(1)
10.2.6 Films Used for Packing
213(1)
10.2.7 Catfish Hatchery
214(1)
10.2.8 Fish Feeder/Feed Dispenser
214(1)
10.3 Poly House Ponds
214(1)
10.4 Most Commonly Used Plastics in Aquaculture
214(1)
10.5 How to Select the Plastics
215(1)
10.5.1 Specific Gravity Test in Water
216(1)
10.6 Plastic Packaging for Freshwater Fish Processing and Products
216(2)
10.6.1 Fresh Fish Packaging
216(1)
10.6.2 Evaluation of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Laminated Polypropylene Packaging Material in Fish Retailing
217(1)
10.6.3 Evaluation of Polyethylene
217(1)
10.6.4 Evaluation of Polypropylene Containers with Lid for Retail Marketing of Fish Cutup Parts during Chilled and Frozen Storage
217(1)
10.6.5 Evaluation of PET Bottles for Packaging of Fish Pickle
218(1)
10.7 Contribution of Aquaculture to Marine Litter
218(7)
10.7.1 Abandoned, Lost, or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gears
219(1)
10.7.2 Plastic Debris from Aquaculture
220(1)
Questions
220(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
221(1)
Answers
221(1)
References
221(4)
Chapter 11 Plastics in Animal Husbandry
225(18)
11.1 Introduction
225(1)
11.2 Polymers and Their Products during Preharvest and Postharvest
225(1)
11.3 Application of Plastics in Farms
226(1)
11.4 Plastics in Animal Production
227(1)
11.5 Conservation of Fodder
227(1)
11.6 Silage
228(1)
11.6.1 Silage Bags
228(1)
11.6.2 Advantages of "Silage Bags"
228(1)
11.7 Selection of Crops for Silage Making
229(1)
11.8 Silo
229(1)
11.8.1 Site for Construction of Silo
230(1)
11.9 Kinds of Silos
230(2)
11.9.1 Stack Silo
230(1)
11.9.2 Bunker Silo
230(1)
11.9.3 Pit/Trench Silo
230(1)
11.9.4 Plastic Bag Silo
231(1)
11.9.5 Fenced Silo (Framed Silo)
232(1)
11.9.6 Tower Silo
232(1)
11.10 Sealing Methods
232(5)
11.10.1 Unsealed Silos
233(1)
11.10.2 Lining Bunker Walls with Plastic
234(1)
11.10.3 Plastic Film to Cover Silage
234(1)
11.10.3.1 Plastic Film Color and Thickness
234(1)
11.10.3.2 Oxygen Permeability of Plastic Film
235(2)
11.11 Plastic for Livestock Shelter
237(6)
11.11.1 Plastic Use in Animal Shelter
238(1)
11.11.2 Advantages of Poly House as Livestock Shelter
239(1)
Questions
239(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
240(1)
Answers
240(1)
References
240(3)
Chapter 12 Plastics as Cladding Material
243(18)
12.1 Introduction
243(1)
12.2 Benefits of Protected Cultivation
243(1)
12.3 Greenhouse
244(1)
12.3.1 Advantages of Greenhouses
245(1)
12.4 Types of Greenhouses
245(4)
12.4.1 Greenhouse Types Based on Shape
245(1)
12.4.1.1 Lean-to Greenhouse Type
246(1)
12.4.1.2 Even-Span-Type Greenhouse
246(1)
12.4.1.3 Uneven-Span-Type Greenhouse
247(1)
12.4.1.4 Ridge and Furrow-Type Greenhouse
248(1)
12.4.1.5 Sawtooth-Type Greenhouses
248(1)
12.4.1.6 Quonset Greenhouse
249(1)
12.4.1.7 Greenhouse-Type Based on Utility
249(1)
12.4.1.8 Greenhouses Built for Active Heating
249(1)
12.4.1.9 Greenhouses for Active Refrigeration
249(1)
12.5 Greenhouse Type Based on Construction
249(2)
12.5.1 Framed Timber Buildings
250(1)
12.5.2 Structures Framed by Pipes
250(1)
12.5.3 Structures Framed by Truss
250(1)
12.6 Greenhouse Type Based on Covering Materials
251(1)
12.6.1 Glass Greenhouses
252(1)
12.6.2 Plastic Film Greenhouses
252(1)
12.6.3 Rigid Panel Greenhouses
252(1)
12.7 Types of Greenhouses Based on Cost of Installation
252(9)
12.7.1 Low-Cost Poly House/Greenhouse
252(1)
12.7.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse
253(1)
12.7.3 Hi-Tech Greenhouse
253(1)
12.7.4 Miniature Forms of Greenhouses
254(1)
12.7.4.1 Plastic Low Tunnels
254(1)
12.7.4.2 Nethouses
255(1)
12.7.4.3 Walk-in Tunnels
256(1)
12.7.4.4 Shading Nets
257(1)
Questions
257(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
258(1)
Answers
259(1)
References
259(2)
Chapter 13 Plastics in Postharvest Management
261(22)
13.1 Postharvest Management
261(1)
13.2 Field Handling of Crops
262(1)
13.3 Minimizing Field Heat
263(1)
13.4 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops
264(14)
13.4.1 Classification of Packaging Systems
265(1)
13.4.2 Plastic Bags
266(1)
13.4.3 Shrink-Wrap
266(1)
13.4.4 Rigid Plastic Packages
267(1)
13.4.5 Bulk Bins
267(2)
13.4.6 Reusable Plastic Containers
269(1)
13.4.7 Insert Trays
269(2)
13.4.8 Clamp Shells
271(1)
13.4.9 Sleeve Packs
272(1)
13.4.10 Plastic Corrugated Boxes
272(1)
13.4.11 Plastic Sacks
272(1)
13.4.12 Plastic Punnets
273(1)
13.4.13 Plastic Tension Netting
273(1)
13.4.14 Plastic Pouch
273(3)
13.4.15 EPS Tray/Stretch Wrapped
276(1)
13.4.16 LenoBag-5Kg
276(1)
13.4.17 Consumer Packs for Whole Food Grains
276(1)
13.4.18 Biodegradable Films
276(1)
13.4.19 Modified Atmospheric Packaging
277(1)
13.4.19.1 Major Requirements for Plastics Films for MAP
278(1)
13.5 Storage
278(1)
13.6 Transportation
279(4)
Questions
280(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
280(1)
Answers
281(1)
References
281(2)
Chapter 14 Plastics in Horticulture
283(14)
14.1 Introduction
283(1)
14.2 History
283(2)
14.3 Nursery Management
285(12)
14.3.1 Advanced Plastic-Growing Pots
285(1)
14.3.2 Growing Media
286(2)
14.3.3 Soilless Peat
288(1)
14.3.4 Nursery Containers
289(1)
14.3.5 Petroleum-Based Plastic Nursery Containers
290(1)
14.3.6 Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Plastic Containers
290(1)
14.3.7 Physical Properties of Nursery Containers
291(1)
14.3.8 Pot-In-Pot
291(1)
14.3.8.1 Air-Pruning Pots
291(1)
14.3.8.2 Reusable and Recycling
292(1)
14.3.8.3 Eco-Friendly Growing Containers
293(1)
14.3.8.4 Bioplastic - An Alternative to Petroleum-Based Plastics
293(1)
Questions
294(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
294(1)
Answers
295(1)
References
295(2)
Chapter 15 Plastic Mulching
297(12)
15.1 Introduction
297(1)
15.2 Plastic Mulching
298(1)
15.3 Classification and Color of Mulches
299(1)
15.3.1 Color of Film
299(1)
15.4 Advantages of Plastic Mulch
300(1)
15.5 Limitations of Plastic Mulch
300(1)
15.6 Areas of Application
300(1)
15.7 Effect of Different Color Mulching
301(1)
15.7.1 White Mulch
301(1)
15.7.2 Black Mulch
301(1)
15.7.3 Red Mulch
301(1)
15.7.4 Green Mulch
302(1)
15.7.5 Blue Mulch
302(1)
15.8 Specifications
302(1)
15.9 Parameters of Plastic Mulch
303(1)
15.10 Selection of Mulch
303(1)
15.11 Techniques of Mulch Laying
303(1)
15.11.1 Mulching Techniques for Vegetables or Close-Spacing Crops
304(1)
15.12 Irrigation Techniques for Mulching
304(1)
15.13 Preventions in Mulch Laying
304(5)
Questions
305(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
305(1)
Answers
306(1)
References
306(3)
Chapter 16 Hydroponics and Vertical Farming
309(18)
16.1 Introduction
309(2)
16.2 Does Agriculture Need to Change?
311(1)
16.3 Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
312(1)
16.3.1 Water Use Problem
312(1)
16.3.2 Water Use: Solution
312(1)
16.3.3 Land Use: Problem
312(1)
16.3.4 Land Use: Solution
312(1)
16.3.5 Chemical Use: Problem
313(1)
16.3.6 Chemical Use: Solution
313(1)
16.4 Soilless Cultivation
313(2)
16.4.1 History of Soilless Cultivation
314(1)
16.4.2 Advantages of Soilless Cultivation
315(1)
16.4.3 World Scenario of Soilless Cultivation
315(1)
16.5 Hydroponics
315(4)
16.5.1 Types of Hydroponic Setups
316(3)
16.6 Advantages of Hydroponics
319(1)
16.7 Disadvantages of Hydroponics
319(1)
16.8 Aeroponics
320(4)
16.8.1 Equipment Considerations
320(1)
16.8.2 How Does Aeroponics System Work?
321(1)
16.8.3 Types of Aeroponic Systems
322(1)
16.8.4 What Can Be Grown with Aeroponics?
322(1)
16.8.5 Advantages of Aeroponics
323(1)
16.8.6 Drawbacks of Aeroponics
323(1)
16.9 Feasibility and Suitability of These Technologies in Indian Background
324(3)
Long Answer-Type Questions
324(1)
Short Answer-Type Questions
324(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
324(1)
Answers
325(1)
References
326(1)
Chapter 17 Design of Protected Structures
327(30)
17.1 Introduction
327(1)
17.2 World Scenario
328(1)
17.3 Principles of Protective Cultivation
329(1)
17.4 Selection of Film for Poly House
330(1)
17.5 Benefits of Greenhouse Technology
330(1)
17.6 Effect of Wind on Structural Design of Poly House
330(1)
17.7 Constraints of Climate in Hilly and Mountainous Region
331(1)
17.8 Protected Vegetable Cultivation at High Altitudes
331(1)
17.9 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Vegetable Production
332(1)
17.10 Site Selection
332(1)
17.11 Prospects for Protected Cultivation
332(1)
17.12 Pri nciples of Greenhouse Design
333(1)
17.13 Site Characteristics that Affect the Design
333(1)
17.13.1 Wind
333(1)
17.13.2 Climate (Altitude)
333(1)
17.13.3 Snow
333(1)
17.14 Different Types of Poly Houses
333(2)
17.15 Greenhouse Technology for Cold Arid Regions of Ladakh
335(6)
17.16 Vegetable Production
341(1)
17.17 Collection of Solar Radiation
341(1)
17.17.1 Thermal Storage and Insulation
342(1)
17.17.1.1 Double Wall
342(1)
17.17.1.2 Color
342(1)
17.17.1.3 Roof
342(1)
17.17.1.4 Ground
342(1)
17.17.1.5 Door
342(1)
17.17.1.6 Ventilation
342(1)
17.18 Low-Cost Poly House Technology for Drying
342(3)
17.19 Low-Cost Poly Tunnel Drier
345(1)
17.20 Walnut Propagation under Poly House
345(2)
17.21 Design Parameter of Greenhouse
347(10)
17.21.1 Dead Loads
347(1)
17.21.1.1 Weight of Roof Covering
347(1)
17.21.1.2 Weight of Purlin
348(1)
17.21.1.3 Weight of Truss
348(1)
17.21.1.4 Live Loads
348(1)
17.21.1.5 Wind Loads
348(1)
17.21.1.6 Design Wind Pressure
348(1)
17.21.1.7 Wind Load on Individual Members
349(1)
17.21.1.8 Snow Loads
349(1)
17.21.1.9 Method of Joint
349(1)
17.21.1.10 Procedure for Analysis
350(1)
17.21.1.11 Load Combinations
350(1)
17.21.1.12 Design Strength of Tension Member
350(1)
17.21.1.13 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
350(1)
17.21.1.14 Design Strength due to Block Shear
351(1)
17.21.1.15 Design Strength of Compression Member
351(1)
17.21.1.16 Slenderness Ratio
351(1)
17.21.1.17 Greenhouse Microclimate
351(1)
17.21.1.18 Functional Design of Greenhouse
351(1)
17.21.1.19 Greenhouse Orientation
352(1)
Short-Answer Type
352(1)
Long-Answer Type
353(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
353(2)
Answers
355(1)
References
356(1)
Chapter 18 Application of Plastic in Farm Machinery
357(22)
18.1 Introduction
357(2)
18.2 Materials Used
359(2)
18.2.1 Advantages
359(2)
18.3 Plastic Bearings Withstand High Forces
361(1)
18.4 Plastic Types
361(1)
18.5 Application
361(4)
18.5.1 Agriculture Injection Molding
361(4)
18.6 Other Plastic Applications in Farm Machinery
365(4)
18.6.1 Plastics in Mulching Machines
365(1)
18.6.2 Sprayer Tanks
366(1)
18.6.3 Knapsack Sprayer
367(1)
18.6.4 Poultry Feeders
367(1)
18.6.5 Fertilizers Spreader
367(1)
18.6.6 Hand Tools
368(1)
18.7 Bicycle Sprayer
369(1)
18.8 Saffron Corm Grader
370(1)
18.9 Solar-Operated Knapsack Sprayers
370(1)
18.10 Improved Sickle
370(1)
18.11 Zenoah Reciprocator
371(1)
18.12 Tree Planting Auger
372(1)
18.13 Budding Cum Grafting Knife
372(1)
18.14 Pruning Knife
372(1)
18.15 Grafting Tools (Omega Cut)
372(1)
18.16 Pruning Saw
373(1)
18.17 Tree Climber
374(1)
18.18 Trowels (Planting/Digging)
375(1)
18.19 Rake (Leveling)
375(2)
18.20 Watering Can
377(1)
18.21 Aerator
377(1)
18.22 Wheelbarrow
378(1)
Questions
378(1)
References
378(1)
Chapter 19 Smart Farming Using Internet of Things
379(22)
19.1 Introduction
379(1)
19.2 IoT in Agriculture
380(2)
19.3 IoT Sensors for Agriculture
382(3)
19.4 IoT Software for Agriculture
385(1)
19.5 Some Applications of IoT in Agriculture
385(4)
19.5.1 Irrigation
386(1)
19.5.2 Water Quality Monitoring
387(1)
19.5.3 Soil Monitoring
388(1)
19.5.4 Greenhouse Condition Monitoring
388(1)
19.5.5 Pest and Disease Control
389(1)
19.6 Benefits of IoT in Agriculture
389(1)
19.7 Automation in Water Management
390(1)
19.8 Conclusion
390(11)
Short Answer-Type-Questions
391(1)
Long Answer-Type Questions
392(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
392(3)
Answers
395(1)
References
395(6)
Sample Question Papers 401(2)
Index 403
Dr. Rohitashw Kumar (B.E., M.E., Ph. D.) is Associate Dean and Professor in College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.He is also Professor Water Chair (Sheikkul Alam ShiekhNuruddin Water Chair), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, at the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar (J&K). He is also Professor and Head, Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Water Resources Engineering from NIT, Hamirpur, and Master of Engineering Degree in Irrigation Water Management Engineering from MPUAT, Udaipur. He got leadership award in 2020, Special Research award in2017 and Student Incentive Award-2015 (Ph.D. Research) from the Soil Conservation Society of India, New Delhi. He also got the first prize in India for best M. Tech thesis in Agricultural Engineering in 2001. He has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, more than 25 popular articles,4 books,2 practical manuals, and 25bookchapters. He has guided one Ph.D student and 14 M.Tech in soil and water engineering. He has handled more than 12 research projects as a principal or co-principal investigator. Since 2011, he has been Principal Investigator of ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Plastic Engineering in Agriculture Structural and Environment Management.

Prof. Vijay P. Singh is a Distinguished Professor, a Regents Professor, and the inaugural holder of the Caroline and William N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering at the Texas A&M University. His research interests include surface-water hydrology, groundwater hydrology, hydraulics, irrigation engineering, environmental quality, water resources, water-food-energy nexus, climate change impacts, entropy theory, copula theory, and mathematical modeling. He graduated with a B.Sc. in Engineering and Technology with emphasis on Soil and Water Conservation Engineering in 1967 from the U.P. Agricultural University, India. He earned an MS in Engineering with specialization in Hydrology in 1970 from the University of Guelph, Canada; a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering with specialization in Hydrology and Water Resources in 1974fromthe Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA, and a D.Sc. in Environmental and Water Resources Engineering in 1998 from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. He has published extensively on a wide range of topics. His publications include more than 1365 journal articles, 32 books, 80 edited books, 305 book chapters, and 315 conference proceedings papers. For his seminar contributions he has received more than 100 national and international awards, including three honorary doctorates. Currently he serves as Past President of the American Academy of Water Resources Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and previously he served as President of the American Institute of Hydrology and Cahir, Watershed Council, ASCE. He is Editor-in-Chief of two book series, three journals, and serves on the editorial boards of more than 25 journals. He has served as Editor-in-Chief of three other journals. He is a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, an Honorary Member of the American Water Resources Association, an Honorary Member of International Water Resource Association, and a Distinguished Fellow of the Association of Global Groundwater Scientists. He is a fellow of five professional societies. He is also a fellow or member of 11 national or international engineering or science academies.