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E-raamat: Polymers Coatings - Technology and Applications: Technology and Applications [Wiley Online]

Edited by (King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), Edited by , Edited by (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing)), Edited by (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India)
  • Formaat: 480 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Aug-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119655145
  • ISBN-13: 9781119655145
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 237,89 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 480 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Aug-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119655145
  • ISBN-13: 9781119655145

The explores the cutting-edge technology of polymer coatings. It discusses fundamentals, fabrication strategies, characterization techniques, and allied applications in fields such as corrosion, food, pharmaceutical, biomedical systems and electronics. It also discusses a few new innovative self-healing, antimicrobial and superhydrophobic polymer coatings.  Current industrial applications and possible potential activities are also discussed.

Preface xvii
1 Fabrication Methods for Polymer Coatings
1(20)
Hiisntigul Yilmaz Atay
1.1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1.1 Starting Liquid Types
2(1)
1.1.1.1 Polymer Solutions
2(1)
1.1.1.2 Liquid Monomers
3(1)
1.1.1.3 Polymer Latex
4(1)
1.1.2 Polymer Coating Methods
5(1)
1.1.2.1 Blade Coating
6(1)
1.1.2.2 Spray Coating
6(1)
1.1.2.3 Thermal Spray Coating
7(2)
1.1.2.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition
9(1)
1.1.2.5 Plasma Polymerization
9(1)
1.1.2.6 Flow Coating
10(1)
1.1.2.7 Spin Coating
11(2)
1.1.2.8 Sol-Gel
13(2)
1.1.2.9 Dip Coating
15(1)
1.1.2.10 Grafting
16(1)
References
17(4)
2 Fabrication Methods of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Coatings
21(20)
Anandraj Mohan Kumar
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan
Moganapriya Chinnasamy
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
Abbreviations
21(1)
2.1 Introduction
22(3)
2.1.1 Transparency of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites
24(1)
2.2 Fabrication Methods
25(6)
2.2.1 Sol-Gel Method
25(1)
2.2.2 Cold Spray Technique
25(2)
2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
27(1)
2.2.4 Physical Vapor Deposition
28(1)
2.2.5 Thermal Spray Coating
29(1)
2.2.6 Electrodeposition Method
29(1)
2.2.7 Electroless Coating Method
30(1)
2.3 Conclusions
31(10)
References
32(9)
3 Dry Powder Coating Techniques and Role of Force Controlling Agents in Aerosol
41(34)
Piyush P. Mehta
Atmaram P. Pawar
Kakasaheb R. Mahadik
Shivajirao S. Kadam
Vividha Dhapte-Pawar
Abbreviations
42(1)
3.1 Introduction
42(2)
3.2 Dry Powder Coating
44(2)
3.3 Dry Powder Coating Techniques
46(5)
3.4 Analytical Techniques for Ensuring Coating Uniformity
51(1)
3.5 Force Controlling Agents
52(14)
3.5.1 Metal Stearates
57(6)
3.5.2 Amino Acids
63(3)
3.6 Inhaler Device and Capsule Coating
66(1)
3.7 Numerical Simulation
67(1)
3.8 Conclusion
68(7)
References
69(6)
4 Superhydrophobic Polymer Coatings
75(20)
Amir Ershad Langroudi
Abbreviations
75(1)
4.1 Introduction
76(1)
4.2 Theoretical Background
76(5)
4.2.1 Young's Equation
78(1)
4.2.2 Wenzel Model
79(1)
4.2.3 Cassie-Baxter Model
80(1)
4.3 Physical and Chemical Texturing
81(3)
4.3.1 Cleaning Process
81(1)
4.3.2 Wet Chemical Reaction
81(1)
4.3.3 Sol-Gel Process
82(1)
4.3.4 Immersion Coated
82(1)
4.3.5 Electrochemical Deposition
82(1)
4.3.6 Ion Irradiation or Implantation
82(1)
4.3.7 Plasma Treatment
83(1)
4.4 Development of Superhydrophobic Coatings With Nanoparticles
84(2)
4.4.1 CNT Nanoparticles
84(1)
4.4.2 Carbon-Based Fillers
85(1)
4.4.3 Silica-Based Superhydrophobic Nanocoatings
85(1)
4.5 Transparent Superhydrophobic Coatings for Self-Cleaning Applications
86(1)
4.6 Superhydrophobic Coatings With Additional Self-Cleaning Function
87(1)
4.6.1 Nanoparticles in Coating
87(1)
4.6.2 Plant Leaves
87(1)
4.6.3 Animal (Gecko Setae)-Inspired
87(1)
4.6.4 Marine Organisms-Inspired Antifouling Self-Cleaning
88(1)
4.7 Summary and Outlook
88(7)
References
89(6)
5 Superhydrophobic Coatings Applications
95(26)
Hamidreza Parsimehr
Amir Ershad Langroudi
5.1 Introduction
95(2)
5.2 Step I
97(1)
5.2.1 Substrate
97(1)
5.2.2 Substance
97(1)
5.3 Step II
98(12)
5.3.1 Restrictive Attributes
100(1)
5.3.1.1 Biological Agents
100(1)
5.3.1.2 Chemical Agents
101(2)
5.3.1.3 Physical Agents
103(1)
5.3.2 Self-Cleaning
103(1)
5.3.2.1 Liquid Pollutants
104(1)
5.3.2.2 Solid Pollutants
105(2)
5.3.3 Smart Attributes
107(1)
5.3.3.1 Conductivity
107(1)
5.3.3.2 Energy Storage
108(1)
5.3.3.3 Photocatalytic
108(1)
5.3.3.4 Self-Assembly
108(1)
5.3.3.5 Self-Healing
109(1)
5.3.3.6 Stimuli-Responsive
109(1)
5.3.3.7 Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Coatings
109(1)
5.4 Conclusions and Summary
110(11)
References
110(11)
6 Adsorptive Polymer Coatings
121(14)
Aneela Sabir
Muhammad Hamad Zeeshan
Muhammad Shafiq
Rafi Ullah Khan
Karl I. Jacob
6.1 Introduction
121(1)
6.2 Types of Coatings
122(1)
6.3 Polymer Coating
122(1)
6.4 Types of Polymer Coating
123(1)
6.5 Adsorptive Polymer Coating
123(1)
6.6 Materials
124(1)
6.7 Adsorptive Polymer Coating Techniques
124(4)
6.7.1 Spray Coating
124(1)
6.7.2 Dip Coating
125(1)
6.7.3 Spin Coating
126(1)
6.7.4 Solution Casting
127(1)
6.7.5 Blade Coating
127(1)
6.8 Adsorptive Polymer Coating Applications
128(1)
6.8.1 UV Protection
128(1)
6.8.2 Biomedical
129(1)
6.8.3 Corrosion Protection
129(1)
6.8.4 Mechanical and Wear Properties
129(1)
6.8.5 Packaging
129(1)
6.9 Future Perspectives
129(6)
References
130(5)
7 Polyurethane Coatings
135(24)
Nadia Akram
Khalid Mahmood Zia
Nida Mumtaz
Muhammad Saeed
Muhammad Usman
Saima Rehman
7.1 Introduction
135(3)
7.2 Chemistry of Polyurethane
138(2)
7.3 Formulation of PU Coating
140(5)
7.3.1 Raw Material for Polyurethanes
140(1)
7.3.1.1 Polyols
140(1)
7.3.1.2 Polyether Polyols
140(1)
7.3.1.3 Hydrocarbon-Based Polyols
141(1)
7.3.2 Isocyanates
142(2)
7.3.3 Monomeric Diisocynate
144(1)
7.3.4 Vegetable Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating
144(1)
7.3.5 Water Borne Polyurethane Coating
145(1)
7.4 Applications of Polyurethane Coating
145(4)
7.4.1 Multifunctional Polyurethane Coating
145(1)
7.4.2 Self-Cleaning of Polyurethane Coating
146(1)
7.4.3 Self-Healing of Polyurethane Coating
147(1)
7.4.4 Nanodoped Polyurethane Coating
148(1)
7.5 Advantages of Polyurethane Coating
149(4)
7.5.1 Biodegradation of Polyurethane Coating
149(1)
7.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Polyurethane Coating
149(1)
7.5.3 Cloth Protection
150(1)
7.5.4 Anti-Scratch and Anti-Algal Coating
151(1)
7.5.5 Flame Retardant Waterborne Polyurethane Coating
152(1)
7.6 New Innovations and Future of Polyurethane Coating
153(1)
7.6.1 Development in Biomaterials
153(1)
7.6.2 Future, of Paint Industry
154(1)
7.7 Conclusion
154(5)
References
154(5)
8 Electroactive Polymer Nanocomposite Coating
159(16)
Ayesha Kausar
8.1 Introduction
160(1)
8.2 Electroactive Polymer
160(1)
8.3 Electroactive Polymer and Nanocomposite Coating
161(1)
8.4 Applications of Electroactive Polymer Nanocomposite Coating
162(6)
8.4.1 Electroactive Anti-Corrosive Coating
162(2)
8.4.2 Electroactive Antibacterial Coating
164(2)
8.4.3 Electroactive Coating for Sensors and Actuators
166(2)
8.5 Future and Summary
168(7)
References
169(6)
9 Conducting Polymer Coatings for Corrosion Resistance in Electronic Materials
175(14)
U. Naresh
N. Suresh Kumar
D. Baba Basha
K. Chandra Babu Naidu
M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma
R. Jeevan Kumar
Ramyakrishna Pothu
Rajender Boddula
9.1 Introduction
176(2)
9.2 Conducting Polymers
178(8)
9.2.1 Polyaniline (PANI)
178(3)
9.2.2 Polypyyrole (PPy)
181(3)
9.2.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene): Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-.PSS)
184(2)
9.3 Conclusion
186(3)
References
186(3)
10 Polymer Coatings for Food Applications
189(44)
Fatemeh Sadat Mostafavi
Davood Zaeim
10.1 Introduction
190(1)
10.2 The Main Objectives of Coating Food Surfaces
190(1)
10.2.1 Controlling Mass Transfer
190(1)
10.2.2 Carrier of Functional Agents
190(1)
10.2.3 Physical Protection
191(1)
10.2.4 Sensorial Improvement
191(1)
10.3 Components of Edible Coatings
191(7)
10.3.1 Polysaccharide
192(1)
10.3.1.1 Cellulose Derivatives
192(1)
10.3.1.2 Chitosan
193(1)
10.3.1.3 Starch and Starch Derivatives
193(1)
10.3.1.4 Seaweed Extracts
193(1)
10.3.1.5 Pectin
193(1)
10.3.1.6 Other Polysaccharides
194(1)
10.3.2 Proteins
194(1)
10.3.2.1 Collagen and Gelatin
194(1)
10.3.2.2 Corn Zein
195(1)
10.3.2.3 Soy Protein
195(1)
10.3.2.4 Whey Protein
195(1)
10.3.2.5 Casein
196(1)
10.3.3 Lipids
196(1)
10.3.3.1 Shellac Wax
196(1)
10.3.3.2 Carnauba Wax
196(1)
10.3.3.3 Candelilla Wax
197(1)
10.3.3.4 Beeswax
197(1)
10.3.4 Additives
197(1)
10.4 Application Methods of Edible Coating on Food Surface
198(1)
10.5 Food Applications of Edible Coatings
199(10)
10.5.1 Fruits and Vegetables
199(3)
10.5.2 Meat and Meat Products
202(4)
10.5.3 Bakery Products
206(1)
10.5.4 Cheese
206(1)
10.5.5 Nuts
206(1)
10.5.6 Eggs
207(1)
10.5.7 Fried Food
208(1)
10.6 Microencapsulation of Bioactive Components in Food Systems
209(8)
10.6.1 Terminology
210(1)
10.6.2 Structure of Microcapsules
211(1)
10.6.3 Materials for Microencapsulation
212(1)
10.6.4 Microencapsulation Techniques
213(1)
10.6.4.1 Spray Drying
213(1)
10.6.4.2 Spray Cooling
213(1)
10.6.4.3 Freeze-Drying
214(1)
10.6.4.4 Emulsification
214(1)
10.6.4.5 Extrusion
215(1)
10.6.4.6 Electro-Hydrodynamic Atomization
216(1)
10.7 Conclusions
217(16)
References
218(15)
11 Biopolymers as Edible Coating for Food: Recent Trends
233(42)
Ravichandran Santhosh
Abhinav Tiwari
Ashish Rawson
11.1 Introduction
233(2)
11.2 Need for Edible Coatings
235(1)
11.3 Functions of Edible Coating
236(1)
11.4 Materials Used for Making Edible Coating
237(20)
11.4.1 Plant Source
237(1)
11.4.1.1 Starch
237(2)
11.4.1.2 Cellulose Derivatives
239(3)
11.4.1.3 Gum
242(1)
11.4.1.4 Protein
243(4)
11.4.1.5 Waxes
247(4)
11.4.2 Animal Source
251(1)
11.4.2.1 Chitosan
251(2)
11.4.2.2 Animal Protein
253(3)
11.4.2.3 Milk Protein: Whey and Casein
256(1)
11.4.2.4 Shellac
256(1)
11.5 Composite Coatings
257(2)
11.6 Current Trends
259(2)
11.7 Conclusion
261(14)
References
262(13)
12 Polymer Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications
275(1)
Muhammad Harris Shoaib
Rabia Ismail Yousuf
Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed
Fatima Ramzan Ali
Faaiza Qazi
Kamran Ahmed
Farya Zafar
12 A Introduction
275(44)
12.2 Polymers for Coating Pharmaceuticals, A Historical Perspective
276(2)
12.3 Types of Coatings Used on Pharmaceutical Drug Products
278(30)
12.3.1 Solvent-Based Coatings
278(1)
12.3.1.1 Sugar Coating
278(1)
12.3.1.2 Film Coating
279(1)
12.3.1.3 Soluble Film Coating
279(14)
12.3.1.4 Insoluble Film Coating
293(1)
12.3.1.5 Gastro-Resistant Film Coating
293(7)
12.3.1.6 Semi-Permeable Film Coating
300(2)
12.3.1.7 Mucoadhesive Coating Polymers
302(1)
12.3.2 Solvent-Less Coating Procedures
303(1)
12.3.2.1 Compression Coating
303(1)
12.3.2.2 Hot Melt Coating
304(1)
12.3.2.3 Dry Powder Coating
304(1)
12.3.2.4 Electrostatic Spray Powder Coating
304(1)
12.3.2.5 Supercritical Fluid-Based Coating
305(1)
12.3.2.6 Photocurable Coating
305(1)
12.3.3 Polymer Coatings for Micro/Nano Particulate Drug Delivery Systems (DDS)
305(1)
12.3.3.1 Types of Polymer Coating Systems for Specialized DDS
306(2)
12.4 Mechanism of Drug Release through Coating Systems
308(2)
12.4.1 Diffusion
308(1)
12.4.2 Dissolution
308(1)
12.4.3 Erosion
309(1)
12.4.4 Osmosis
309(1)
12.5 Ideal Characteristics of Coating Polymers
310(1)
12.5.1 Solubility
310(1)
12.5.2 Viscosity
310(1)
12.5.3 Permeability
310(1)
12.5.4 Glass Transition Temperature
310(1)
12.5.5 Mechanical Strength
311(1)
12.6 Conclusion
311(8)
References
311(8)
13 Self-Healing Polymer Coatings
319(14)
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
Moganapriya Chinnasamy
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
Samir Kumar Pal
13.1 Introduction
319(2)
13.2 Self-Healing: Introduction and Benefits
321(2)
13.3 Summary of Progress in Self-Healing Coating Technology
323(4)
13.3.1 Coatings for Self-Regeneration
323(2)
13.3.2 Anti-Corrosion Protective Layer Fractures
325(2)
13.4 Realistic Frameworks of Self-Healing Polymeric Coatings
327(1)
13.5 Potential Historic Activity
327(1)
13.6 Conclusions
328(5)
References
329(4)
14 Polymer Coatings for Biomedical Applications
333(14)
Tahir Farooq
Arruje Hameed
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
Kanwal Rehman
14.1 Introduction
333(3)
14.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering
336(3)
14.3 Polymer Coating for Drug Delivery
339(2)
14.4 Polymer Coating as Antimicrobial Surfaces
341(2)
14.5 Conclusion
343(4)
References
343(4)
15 Antimicrobial Polymer Coating
347(12)
Kanwal Irshad
Kanwal Rehman
Hina Sharif
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
15.1 Introduction
348(1)
15.2 Mechanism of Action
349(3)
15.2.1 Passive Action
350(2)
15.2.2 Active Action
352(1)
15.3 Factor Affecting Activity of Antimicrobial
352(3)
15.3.1 Polymers
352(1)
15.3.2 Molecular Weight
352(2)
15.3.3 Charge Density
354(1)
15.3.4 Hydrophilicity
354(1)
15.3.5 Counter Ions
354(1)
15.3.6 Ph
355(1)
15.4 Medical Applications
355(1)
15.5 Conclusion
355(4)
References
356(3)
16 Characterization Techniques for Polymer Coatings
359(12)
Hina Sharif
Kanwal Rehman
Kanwal Irshad
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
16.1 Introduction
359(1)
16.2 Polymer Coating
360(1)
16.3 Technique for Coating
361(1)
16.4 Types of Coating
361(3)
16.4.1 Film Coating
361(2)
16.4.2 Extended Release Coating
363(1)
16.4.3 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites Hybrid Coating
363(1)
16.4.4 Enteric Coating
364(1)
16.5 Characterization of Coating System
364(4)
16.5.1 Water Vapor Permeability
364(1)
16.5.2 Oxygen Permeability
365(1)
16.5.3 Thermal Properties
366(1)
16.5.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
366(1)
16.5.3.2 Minimum Film Forming Temperature (MFFT)
366(1)
16.5.4 Mechanical Testing
367(1)
16.5.5 Polymer Adhesion
367(1)
16.5.6 Surface Roughness
368(1)
16.5.7 Film Thickness and Uniformity
368(1)
16.6 Conclusion
368(3)
References
368(3)
17 Polymer Coatings for Corrosive Protection
371(1)
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan
Mahesh Kumar Karavalasu Velusamy
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
Mohan Kumar Anandraj
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
17 A Introduction
372(25)
17.2 Basics of Corrosion
373(4)
17.2.1 Essentials of Corrosion
375(1)
17.2.2 Methods of Coatings
376(1)
17.2.2.1 Zinc-Rich Coating
376(1)
17.2.2.2 Inhibitive Coating
376(1)
17.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Coatings for Protection Against Corrosion
377(4)
17.3.1 Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Technique
378(1)
17.3.2 Electro-Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Technique
379(2)
17.4 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Commonly Used in Protection Against Corrosion
381(4)
17.4.1 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer: PANI
381(2)
17.4.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer: PPy
383(2)
17.4.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer: PTh
385(1)
17.5 Performance Improvement and Bulk Modifications of Conducting Polymers
385(2)
17.5.1 Doping
386(1)
17.5.2 Layering
386(1)
17.5.3 Copolymerization
386(1)
17.6 Conducting Copolymer Composites and Nanocomposites
387(1)
17.7 Summary of Conducting Polymers-Based Protective Coatings
388(1)
17.8 Conclusions
389(8)
References
389(8)
18 Polymer Coating for Industrial Applications
397(18)
Moganapriya Chinnasamy
Rajasekar Rathanasamy
Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
Mahesh Kumar Karavalasu Velusamy
Samir Kumar Pal
18.1 Introduction
397(1)
18.2 Polymer Coating in Oil and Gas Industry
398(2)
18.3 Polymeric Coatings for Tribo-Technical Applications
400(2)
18.4 Polymer Coating for Drug Delivery
402(1)
18.5 Polymer Coating for Corrosion Protection
403(1)
18.6 Polymer Coating for Antibacterial Activity
404(2)
18.7 Polymer Coating for Micro Bit Storage
406(1)
18.8 Polymer Coating for Micro Batteries
407(1)
18.9 Polymer Coating for Biomedical Applications
407(2)
18.10 Polymer Coating for Pipe Line Applications
409(1)
18.11 Conclusions
410(5)
References
410(5)
19 Formulations for Polymer Coatings
415(30)
Mallesh Kurakula
N. Raghavendra Naveen
Khushwant S. Yadav
19.1 Introduction
416(1)
19.2 Film Coating
416(3)
19.2.1 Polymers for Film Coating
416(1)
19.2.2 Plasticizer
417(1)
19.2.3 Polymer-Plasticizer Compatibility
417(1)
19.2.4 Mechanism of Film Formation
418(1)
19.3 Functions of the Polymeric Coating
419(5)
19.3.1 Application of Film Coating in Modified Release System (Enteric Release)
420(2)
19.3.2 Liposomal Coating
422(2)
19.3.3 Aerosol Coating
424(1)
19.4 Polymeric-Coating Approaches to Targeted Colon Delivery
424(7)
19.4.1 Enzymatically Degradable Film Coatings [ 64]
430(1)
19.4.1.1 Film Coatings Based on Naturally Occurring Polysaccharides
430(1)
19.4.1.2 Film Coating on the Basis of Synthetic Azo Polymers
430(1)
19.4.2 Ph-Sensitive Film Coatings
431(1)
19.4.2.1 Film Coating on Basis of Enteric Solubility of Polymers
431(1)
19.4.2.2 Film Coatings on the Basis of Acid Solubility of Polymers
431(1)
19.5 Natural Polymers Applications in Modified Release Dosage Forms
431(1)
19.6 Application of Polymer Coating in Biomedicine
432(1)
19.7 Pellet Coating (Film Coating and Dry Coating)
433(4)
19.7.1 Pellets by Solution/Suspension Layering
433(3)
19.7.2 Dry Coating
436(1)
19.8 Conclusion
437(8)
References
437(8)
Index 445
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.

Rajender Boddula, PdD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored twenty book chapters.

Mohd Imran Ahamed received his Ph.D on the topic "Synthesis and characterization of inorganic-organic composite heavy metals selective cation-exchangers and their analytical applications", from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2019. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focusses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.

Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University and the founder and Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the first prize for distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He holds multiple patents, has authored ten books and more than one thousand publications in international journals.