Intensive animal husbandry is often associated with an increasing use of substances for preventive health care, agents to control storage pests, preservatives, drugs, purification agents, disinfectants, agents which improve feed conversion as well as other organic and inorganic substances. It was the task of the ad hoc group "For the Evaluation of Potentially Harmful Organisms and Substances in Feedstuffs and Animal Faeces" to investigate the importance of these harmful substances and their negative consequences on the human food chain, animal health and on the environment. The purpose of this status report is to provide information as to what measures need to be taken to reduce and to avoid the risks from potentially harmful organisms and substances in feedstuffs and animal faeces. Each section ends with a summary and proposal of further research and a list of the most relevant literature.
Introduction 1(4) Jurgen Unshelm Harmful Organisms and Their Metabolites 5(110) Viruses and Unconventional Pathogens 5(16) Alfred Metzler Introduction 5(1) Viral Pathogens of Animals, Including Prions 6(1) Epidemiological Aspects 6(2) The Dynamics of Virus Inactivation 8(1) Viruses in Animal Excretions, Especially Manure, Urine and Farm Yard Manure 8(2) Pathogenic Animal Viruses and Prions in Animal Feed 10(1) Potential External Risks 10(2) Potential Risk Within a Farm 12(1) Virus Transmission in the Air 12(1) Viruses in Domestic Animal Excretions 13(1) Conclusions 13(1) Recommended Research 13(1) Recommended Action 14(1) Summary 15(1) References 15(6) Bacteria in Feedstuffs and Faeces 21(40) Bacteria in Feedstuffs 21(1) Introduction 21(1) Johann Bauer Stefan Hormansdorfer Relevant Bacteria, Their Characterisation, Incidence and Significance 21(1) Gram-positive Cocci 21(1) Endospore-forming Gram-positive Rods 22(1) Uniform, Asporogenic Gram-positive Rods 23(2) Irregular, Asporogenic, Gram-positive Bacteria 25(1) Gram-negative, Aerobic Rods 26(1) Facultatively Anaerobic, Gram-negative Rods 26(2) Mycobacteria 28(1) Actinomycetes 29(1) Legal Position 30(6) Recommended Research (Summary Report) 36(1) Recommended Action 36(1) Summary 36(1) References 37(6) Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in Faeces from Farm Animals 43(1) Introduction 43(1) Reinhard Bohm Andrea Pfirrmann The Presence of Bacteria in Manure 44(1) Gram-positive Bacteria in Manure 45(1) Gram-negative Bacteria 45(3) Mycobacteria and Actinomycetes spp 48(1) Genetically Engineered and Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria 48(1) Survival in Manure and Soil 48(3) Gram-positive Bacteria 51(1) Gram-negative Bacteria 51(3) Mycobacteria and Actinomyces spp 54(1) Genetically Engineered and Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria 54(1) Recommended Research 54(3) Recommended Action 57(1) Summary 58(1) References 58(3) Fungi in Feedstuffs and Faeces 61(33) Fungi and Their Metabolites in Feedstuffs 61(1) Introduction 61(1) Johann Bauer Isabell Schneweis Stefan Hormansdorfer Relevant Fungi, Their Characteristics, Incidence and Importance 61(1) Division: Zygomycota 61(3) Division: Ascomycota 64(3) Form-division: Deuteromycotina 67(11) Legal Position 78(1) Recommended Research (Summary) 78(1) Recommended Action 78(2) Summary 80(1) References 81(5) Fungi and Fungal Metabolites in Animal Excrements 86(1) Introduction 86(1) Johann Bauer Isabell Schneweis Relevant Fungi, Their Occurrence and Importance 86(3) Occurrence and Importance of Fungal Metabolites 89(1) Legal Position 89(1) Recommended Research 89(2) Recommended Action 91(1) Summary 91(1) References 92(2) A Review of the Parasites in Feedstuffs and Animal Faeces 94(10) Introduction 94(1) Dietrich Barth Description 94(1) Incidence 95(1) Parasites in Animal Faeces 95(1) Parasites in Feed 96(1) Special Cases 96(1) Consequences 97(2) Legal Position 99(1) Recommended Research 100(1) Recommended Action 100(1) Summary 100(1) References 101(3) Pests in Stored Feedstuffs 104(11) Introduction 104(1) Josef Kamphues Christoph Reichmuth Incidence (Conditions, Frequency and Intensity of Infestation) 104(2) Consequences of an Infestation by Feedstock Pests 106(1) Legal Position 106(3) Substances for Preventative Health Protection and Agents for the Control of Feedstock Pests and Organisms Which Damage Feedstock 109(1) Insecticides 109(1) Rodenticides 110(1) Recommended Research 111(1) Recommended Action 112(1) Summary 112(1) References 113(2) Substances for the Prevention of Health Problems and Agents to Improve Feed Conversion 115(42) Cleansing Agents 115(8) Andrea Schanzler Reinhard Bohm Cleansing Agents Used in Agriculture 115(1) Alkaline Substances 115(1) Acid Substances 115(1) Neutral Substances 116(1) Special Aspects of Ecotoxicology 117(3) Recommended Research 120(1) Recommended Action 120(1) Summary 120(1) References 121(2) Disinfectants 123(17) Andrea Schanzler Reinhard Bohm Introduction 123(1) Disinfectants Used in Animal Husbandry 123(1) The Application of Disinfectants in Animal Husbandry 124(1) The Toxicological and Environmental Effects of Disinfectants 125(9) Recommended Research 134(3) Recommended Action 137(1) Summary 137(1) References 138(2) Substances to Improve Feed Utilisation 140(17) Ernst Pfeffer Karen Guthler Performance Promoters 140(1) Description 140(1) Occurrence 140(1) Reasons for the Use of Performance Promoters 140(1) Epidemiology 140(3) Consequences 143(1) Consequences for the Feed 143(1) Consequences for the Agricultural Farm Animal 143(1) Consequences as Regards Exposure of Humans 144(1) Consequences for the Environment 145(1) Legal Position 146(1) Recommended Research 146(1) Recommended Action 147(1) Summary 147(1) References 148(2) Enzymes 150(1) Description 150(1) Carbohydrases (Non-starch Polysaccharide-cleaving Enzymes) 150(1) Phytase 151(1) Occurrence 151(1) Reasons for Use 151(1) Epidemiology 152(1) Consequences 153(1) Consequences for the Feed 153(1) Consequences for the Agricultural Farm Animal 153(1) Consequences as Regards Exposure of Humans 153(1) Consequences for the Environment 153(1) Legal Position 154(1) Recommended Research 154(1) Recommended Action 154(1) Summary 155(1) References 155(2) Other Organic and Inorganic Substances 157(14) Ernst Pfeffer Karen Guthler Free Amino Acids in Feedstuffs 157(5) Description 157(1) Occurrence 158(1) Reasons for Use 158(1) Epidemiology 158(1) Consequences 159(1) Consequences for the Feed 159(1) Consequences for the Agricultural Farm Animal 159(1) Consequences as Regards Exposure of Humans 159(1) Consequences for the Environment 159(1) Recommended Research 159(1) Recommended Action 160(1) Summary 160(1) References 161(1) Probiotics as Feed Additives in Agricultural Farm Animals 162(5) Description 162(1) Occurrence 162(1) Reasons for Use 162(1) Epidemiology 163(1) Consequences 164(1) Consequences for the Feed 164(1) Consequences for the Agricultural Farm Animal 164(1) Consequences with Regard to Exposure of Humans 164(1) Consequences for the Environment 164(1) Recommended Research 165(1) Recommended Action 165(1) Summary 165(1) References 166(1) Preservatives in Feedstuffs 167(4) Description 167(1) Occurrences 167(1) Reasons for Use 167(1) Epidemiology 167(1) Consequences 168(1) Consequences for the Feed 168(1) Consequences for the Agricultural Farm Animal 168(1) Consequences with Regard to Exposure of Humans 169(1) Consequences for the Environment 169(1) Recommended Research 169(1) Recommended Action 169(1) Summary 170(1) References 170(1) Concluding Remarks and Outlook 171(6) Jurgen Unshelm Sibylle Rehmann Appendix Members of the ad hoc Working Group ``For the Evaluation of Potentially Harmful Organisms and Substances in Feedstuffs and Animal Faeces... 177
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