A comprehensive reference for electrical and electronic engineers and other professionals, technicians, and students involved with power electronics. Encompasses power semiconductor devices, electrical machines, converter circuits, pulse width modification techniques, AC machine drives, simulation techniques, estimation and identification, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence techniques. The reader is assumed to have a basic knowledge of power electronics and variable frequency drives. Teeming with diagrams, equations and formulae, and references. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
This original contributed volume combines the individual expertise of eleven world-renowned professionals to provide comprehensive, authoritative coverage of state-of-the-art power electronics and AC drive technology. Featuring an extensive introductory chapter by power-electronics expert Bimal K. Bose and more than 400 figures, POWER ELECTRONICS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES covers each of the field's component disciplines and drives--all in one complete resource. Broad in scope and unique in its presentation, this volume belongs on the bookshelf of every industry engineer, professor, graduate student, and researcher involved in this fast-growing multidisciplinary field. It is an essential for teaching, research, development, and design.
Preface xv Acknowledgments xix Introduction to Power Electronics and Drives 1(8) Bimal K. Bose Power Semiconductor Devices for Variable Frequency Drives 9(27) B. J. Baliga Introduction 9(3) Basic Variable Speed Drive 12(3) Power Mosfet 15(2) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 17(3) Power Rectifiers 20(4) Mos-Gated Thyristors 24(4) New Semiconductor Materials 28(3) Device Comparison 31(1) Smart Power Control Chips 32(1) Conclusion 33(3) References 34(2) Electrical Machines for Drives 36(44) G.R. Slemon Introduction 36(1) Motor Requirements for Drives 37(1) Commutator Motors 38(4) Torque Production 39(1) Losses and Cooling 39(1) Equivalent Circuit 40(1) Constant Power Operation 41(1) Operational Limitations 41(1) Induction Motors 42(11) Production of Torque 43(1) Equivalent Circuit Model 44(1) Number of Poles 45(1) Torque Expressions 46(1) Losses and Efficiency 47(1) Dependence of Parameters on Size 48(1) Use in Industrial Drives 48(2) Constant Power Operation 50(1) Use in High-Performance Applications 51(1) Some Drive Design Considerations 52(1) Wound Rotor Motors 53(1) Synchronous Permanent Magnet Motors 53(9) Permanent Magnet Materials 54(2) Equivalent Circuit 56(1) Operating Characteristics 57(2) Magnet Protection 59(1) Losses and Efficiency 59(2) Use in Industrial Drives 61(1) Constant Power Applications 61(1) Use in High-Performance Drives 62(1) Switched or Trapezoidal PM Motors 62(4) Star-Connected Motor 62(1) Torque Production 63(1) Losses and Efficiency 64(1) Delta-Connected Motor 64(1) Design Features 65(1) Operating Characteristics 65(1) Synchronous Reluctance Motors 66(2) Equivalent Circuit 66(1) Torque Capability 67(1) Operating Condition and Power Factor 67(1) Configurations 68(1) Losses and Efficiency 68(1) Constant Power Operation 68(1) PM Reluctance Motors 68(2) Switched Reluctance Motors 70(4) Torque Relations 71(1) Losses and Efficiency 72(1) Design and Application Considerations 73(1) Wound Field Synchronous Motors 74(1) Linear Motors 74(1) Conclusion 75(5) Nomenclature 76(1) References 76(4) Power Electronic Converters for Drives 80(58) J. D. van Wyk Introduction 80(1) Development of Power Electronic Converters and its Application to Drive Technology 81(2) A Systematic Overview of Applied Power Electronic Converters 81(2) Historical Development of Power Electronic Converters for Motion Control 83(1) Some Functional Considerations Regarding Switching Converters and their Applications to Variable Frequency Drives 83(20) Controlling Average Energy Flow by Switching Converters 85(5) Topology and Structure of Power Electronic Converters 90(9) The Fundamental Dilemma of Switching Converters 99(1) Converter Structures of Variable Frequency Drives 100(3) Power Electronic Converters for Control of Amplitude 103(3) DC-to-DC Converters 103(2) AC-to-DC Converters 105(1) Power Electronic Converters for AC Variable Frequency Drives 106(8) AC-DC-AC Converters for Current-Fed Inverter Drives 106(2) AC-DC-AC Converters for Voltage-Fed Inverter Drives 108(1) Supply Interaction of AC-DC-AC Converters 108(1) More Extended Converter Families 109(2) Minimum Converter Topologies 111(3) Switch Applications Technology 114(11) Turning Power Electronic Switches On and Off 116(1) Reduction of Switching Losses in Practical Switches 117(7) Converter Protection and Cooling 124(1) Further Converter Applications Technology 125(1) Future Converter Development in Relation to Electromagnetics 125(2) Switching Converter Electromagnetics 126(1) Electromagnetics and EMI/EMC 126(1) Conclusion 127(11) References 128(10) Pulse Width Modulation for Electronic Power Converters 138(71) J. Holtz Introduction 138(1) DC-TO-AC Power Conversion 139(6) Principles of Power Amplification 139(1) Semiconductor Switches 140(2) The Half-Bridge Topology 142(1) Three-Phase Power Conversion 143(2) An Introduction to Space Vectors 145(3) Definitions 145(2) Normalization 147(1) Switching State Vectors 147(1) Generalization 148(1) Performance Criteria 148(6) Current Harmonics 149(1) Harmonic Spectrum 150(1) Space Vector Trajectories 151(1) Maximum Modulation Index 152(1) Torque Harmonics 152(1) Switching Frequency and Switching Losses 152(1) Polarity Consistency Rule 153(1) Dynamic Performance 153(1) Open Loop Schemes 154(26) Carrier-Based PWM 154(10) Carrierless PWM 164(3) Overmodulation 167(2) Optimized Open Loop PWM 169(5) Switching Conditions 174(6) Closed Loop PWM Control 180(12) Nonoptimal Methods 180(4) Closed Loop PWM with Real-Time Optimization 184(3) Real-Time Adaptation of Preoptimized Pulse Patterns 187(5) Multilevel Converters 192(10) Twelve-Step Operation 192(3) Switching-State Vectors 195(2) Three-Level Pulse Width Modulation 197(5) Current Source Inverter 202(1) Conclusion 203(6) Nomenclature 204(1) References 205(4) Motion Control with Induction Motors 209(68) R. D. Lorenz T. A. Lipo D. W. Novotny Introduction 209(1) Inverters for Adjustable Speed 210(13) Basic Six-Step Voltage Source Inverter 210(5) The Pulse Width Modulated VSI Inverter 215(4) The Current Source Inverter Drive 219(4) Motion Conrol Systems 223(12) Classical, Industry Standard, Digital Motion Control with FO-IM 224(1) State Variable, Digital Motion Control with FO-IM 225(2) Zero Tracking Error, State Variable, Digital Motion Control with FO-IM 227(1) Feedback Sensor Issues for Motion Control with FO-IM 228(3) Observer-Based Feedback Issues for Motion Cotrol with FO-IM 231(1) State Variable, FO-IM, Digital Motion Cotrol with Acceleration Feedback 232(1) Summary of Motion Control Requirements for FO-IM 233(2) Field Orientation (FO) Control Principles for Induction Motors 235(4) Direct Field Orientation 237(1) Indirect (Feedforward) Field Orientation 237(1) Influence of Parameter Errors 238(1) Selection of Flux Level 239(1) Current Regulators for Motion Control with FO-IM 239(12) Hysteresis and Bang-Bang Current Regulators 240(3) PI Current Control with Ramp Comparison, Constant Frequency PWM 243(5) Predictive (Optimal) Current Controllers 248(2) Summary of Current Regulators for Motion Control with FO-IM 250(1) Advanced Flux and Torque Regulation Methods for Motion Control with FO-IM 251(7) Flux Accessory Issues 251(1) Open Loop Flux Observers for Direct Field Orientation at Zero Speed 251(1) Open Loop Flux Observers in Indirect Field Orientation 252(1) Closed Loop Flux Observers and Direct Field Orientation-Rotor Flux 253(2) Closed Loop Flux Observers and Direct Field Orientation-Stator Flux 255(2) Direct Rotor Flux Orientation, Stator Flux Regulation, and Closed Loop Flux Observers 257(1) Summary of Advanced Flux and Torque Regulation Methods for Motion Control Using FO-IM 257(1) Self-Commissioning and Continuous Self-Tuning for FO-IM 258(12) Statistical Approaches to Parameter Estimation 260(1) Statistical Regression Model Formulation-Induction Motor Estimation at Constant Speed 261(2) Rotor Time Constant and Resistance and Inductance Parameter Extraction 263(1) Statistical Regression Model Formulation-Mechanical Load Parameters 263(1) Operating Condition and Input Excitation Limitations for Statistical Estimation 264(1) Summary of Statistical Methods for FO-IM 265(1) Adaptive Control Approaches to Parameter Estimation for FO-IM 266(1) Recursive, Least Squares 266(1) MRAC Approaches 266(1) Deadbeat, Adaptive Control Approaches 267(3) Conclusion 270(7) Acknowledgment 271(1) Nomenclature 272(1) References 273(4) Variable Frequency Permanent Magnet AC Machine Drives 277(55) T. M. Jahns Introduction 277(4) Background 279(1) Motion Control Performance Requirements 279(2) PMAC Machine Control Fundamentals 281(9) Sinusoidal Versus Trapezoidal PMAC Machines 281(1) Converter Configurations 282(3) Position Synchronization 285(2) Mechanical Drive Configurations 287(1) PMAC Drive Control Structure 287(3) Trapezoidal PMAC Machine Control 290(11) Machine Control Characteristics 290(1) Basic Control Approach 291(6) Torque Ripple 297(1) High-Speed Operation 298(3) Sinusoidal PMAC Machine Control 301(12) Machine Characteristics 301(2) Basic Control Approach 303(5) Torque Ripple 308(1) High-Speed Operation 309(4) Advanced Control Techniques 313(4) Position Sensor Elimination 313(3) Current Sensor Elimination and Advanced Regulators 316(1) Robust Control 317(1) PMAC Drive Application Issues 317(7) Motor Drive Comparisons 317(1) PMAC Drive Application Trends 318(5) Future Application Trends 323(1) Conclusion 324(8) References 325(7) High Power Industrial Drives 332(68) H. Stemmler Introduction 332(1) Classification with Speed and Power Ratings 333(1) Short Review of the Evolution of Large Drives 334(2) Motors for Large Drives 336(9) Types of Motors Used 336(1) Mathematical Representation of AC Motors 337(8) Converters for Large Drives 345(5) Basic Circuits 345(3) Converter Configurations 348(2) Synchronous Motors, Fed by Externally Commutated Current Source Converters 350(12) Basic Principle 350(1) Operation Modes 351(4) Practical Implementations of the System 355(4) Applications 359(1) Future Trends 360(2) Induction Motors Fed by Current Source Converters 362(7) Basic Principle 362(1) Operation Modes 362(3) Resonance Problems 365(1) How to Avoid Resonance Problems 366(1) Basic Control Stucture 367(1) Applications-Practical Implementations 368(1) Future Trends 368(1) The Cycloconverter-Fed Synchronous Motor 369(6) Basic Principle 369(1) Mode of Operation 369(4) Practical Implementations of the System 373(1) Applications 373(1) Future Trends 374(1) Large Voltage Source Inverter Drives 375(11) Characteristics of Todays Voltage Source Inverters 375(2) Two-Level Inverter Drives 377(2) Optimization Goal 379(1) Three-Level Inverter Drives 380(3) Low-Inductance Design 383(1) Controls 384(1) Future Trends 384(2) Slip Power-Controlled Drives 386(9) Introduction 386(1) Sub- and Hpersynchronous Cascades 387(8) Conclusion 395(5) Nomenclature 396(1) References 397(3) Simulation of Power Electronic and Motion Control Systems 400(54) N. Mohan W. P. Robbins L. A. Aga M. Rastogi R. Naik Introduction 400(2) Power Electronics Environment 400(1) Need for Simulation 401(1) Simulation in the Design Process 402(1) Frequency Domain versus Time Domain Analysis 403(1) Challenges in Simulation 404(3) Requirements on a Simulation Program 404(1) Challenges to the User of Simulation Tools 405(2) Classification of Simulation Tools and Historical Overview 407(4) Transient Network Analyzers and DC (HVDC) Simulators 407(1) Analog and Hybrid Computers 408(1) Digital Simulators 408(3) Issues in Numerical Solution 411(6) Numerical Intergration Methods 411(3) Nonlinear Differential Equations 414(1) Automatic Time-Step Control 414(1) Treatment of Switches 415(2) Overview of Some Widely Used Simulation Programs 417(3) Spice 417(1) EMTP 418(1) Matlab/Simulink 419(1) Overview of Simulator Capabilities by Examples 420(16) Reprensentation of Switching Action Using PSpice 420(2) Thyristor Converter Representation Using EMTP 422(2) Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drives 424(12) Power Semiconductor Device Models for Circuit Simulation 436(7) Introduction 436(1) Currently Available Models and Their Shortcomings 436(1) Difficulties in Modeling Bipolar Devices 437(1) Improvements in Bipolar Device Modeling 438(2) Problems in Modeling Majority Carrier Devices 440(2) Future Outlook 442(1) Conclusion 443(11) References 443(4) Appendix 447(7) Estimation, Identification, and Sensorless Control of AC Drives 454(26) K. Ohnishi N. Matsui Y. Hori Introduction 454(1) Parameter Estimation in AC Drives 455(10) Parameter Indentification in Brushless Motors 455(6) Parameter Identification in Induction Motor 461(4) Sensorless Drives of AC Motors 465(5) Sensorless Drives of Brushless Motors 465(2) Sensorless Drives of Vector-Controlled Induction Motors 467(3) Robust Motion Control by Estimation of Mechanical Parameters 470(7) Estimation of Disturbance Torque 470(4) Estimation of Instantaneous Speed and Varied Inertia 474(3) Conclusion 477(3) References 478(2) Microprocessors and Digital ICs for Control of Power Electronics and Drives 480(79) H. Le-Huy Introduction 480(2) Microcomputer Control of Power Electronic Systems 482(11) Controlling Power Electronic Systems 482(3) Microcomputer Control of Power Electronic Systems 485(4) Processor Selection 489(3) Digital Versus Analog Control 492(1) Microcomputer Basics 493(7) Microcomputer Architecture 493(4) Microprocessors 497(2) Memory 499(1) Input/Output 500(1) Real-Time Control Using Microcomputers 500(12) Digital Input-Output 502(2) Analog Input-Output 504(3) Interrupt Controller 507(1) Time Processing Devices 508(2) Communication Interface 510(2) Microcontrollers 512(4) Intel Microcontrollers 512(3) Motorola Microcontrollers 515(1) Advanced Microprocessors for Control of Power Electronic Systems 516(18) Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) 518(7) Reduced Instruction Set Computing Processors 525(4) Parallel Processors: Transputers and Parallel DSPs 529(5) Asics for Control of Power Electronic Systems 534(5) ASIC Terminology 535(1) ASIC Design 536(1) Field-Programmable Gate Arrays and Programmable Logic Devices 537(1) Examples of ASICs for Control of Power Electronic Systems 538(1) Design of Microprocessor-Based Control Systems 539(6) Development Cycle 540(1) System Requirements and Preliminary Design 540(1) Hardware and Software Partitioning and Trade-offs 541(1) Hardware Design 541(2) Software Design 543(1) System Integration and Performance Evaluation 544(1) Development Tools 545(3) Development System 545(2) Software Development Tools 547(1) Application Examples 548(3) Conclusion 551(8) References 552(7) Expert System, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Networks in Power Electronics and Drives 559(72) B. K. Bose Introduction 559(1) Expert System 560(17) Expert System Principles 561(3) Knowledge Base 564(2) Expert System Shell 566(4) Design Methodology 570(1) Application in Power Electronics and Drives 570(7) Fuzzy Logic 577(25) Fuzzy Logic Principles 578(2) Fuzzy Control 580(5) Modeling and Estimation 585(1) Design Methodology and Control Implementation 586(1) Application in Power Electronics and Drives 587(15) Neural Network 602(22) Neural Network Principles 604(3) Tranining of Feedforward Neural Network 607(4) Fuzzy Neural Network 611(1) Design Methodology and Implementation 612(1) Application in Power Electronics and Drives 613(11) Summary 624(1) Glossary 624(7) References 627(4) Index 631(8) Biography of Dr. Bose 639
Bimal K. Bose currently holds the Condra Chair of Excellence in Power Electronics at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, where he has been responsible for organizing the power electronics teaching and research program since 1987. Dr. Bose has published more than 125 papers and holds 18 U.S. patents. He is the author of the best-seller Modern Power Electronics (1992), Microcomputer Control of Power Electronics and Drives (1987), and Power Electronics and AC Drives (1986), and editor of Adjustable Speed AC Drive Systems (1981). Dr. Bose is also the Distinguished Scientist of Power Electronics Applications Center, Knoxville, Tennessee; Honorary Professor of Shanghai University, China; and Senior Advisor of the Beijing Power Electronics Research and Development Center, China. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, has held numerous leadership positions in IEEE and its societies, and has won several IEEE awards for outstanding achievements in the field of power electronics including the IAS Outstanding Achievement Award, IES Eugene Mittelmann Award, Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award, and the Lamme Gold Medal.
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